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Duc Nguyen H, Pal Yu B, Hoang NHM, Jo WH, Young Chung H, Kim MS. Prolactin and Its Altered Action in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:427-445. [PMID: 34126620 DOI: 10.1159/000517798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) is one of the most diverse pituitary hormones and is known to modulate normal neuronal function and neurodegenerative conditions. Many studies have described the influence that PRL has on the central nervous system and addressed its contribution to neurodegeneration, but little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the effects of PRL on neurodegenerative disorders, especially on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). SUMMARY We review and summarize the existing literature and current understanding of the roles of PRL on various PRL aspects of AD and PD. KEY MESSAGES In general, PRL is viewed as a promising molecule for the treatment of AD and PD. Modulation of PRL functions and targeting of immune mechanisms are needed to devise preventive or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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Orrillo SJ, de Dios N, Asad AS, De Fino F, Imsen M, Romero AC, Zárate S, Ferraris J, Pisera D. Anterior pituitary gland synthesises dopamine from l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12885. [PMID: 32671919 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone principally secreted by lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. Although the synthesis and exocytosis of this hormone are mainly under the regulation of hypothalamic dopamine (DA), the possibility that the anterior pituitary synthesises this catecholamine remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine if the anterior pituitary produces DA from the precursor l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). Accordingly, we investigated the expression of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzyme and the transporter vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in the anterior pituitary, AtT20 and GH3 cells by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Moreover, we investigated the production of DA from l-dopa and its release in vitro. Then, we explored the effects of l-dopa with respect to the secretion of PRL from anterior pituitary fragments. We observed that the anterior pituitary, AtT20 and GH3 cells express both AADC and VMAT2. Next, we detected an increase in DA content after anterior pituitary fragments were incubated with l-dopa. Also, the presence of l-dopa increased DA levels in incubation media and reduced PRL secretion. Likewise, the content of cellular DA increased after AtT20 cells were incubated with l-dopa. In addition, l-dopa reduced corticotrophin-releasing hormone-stimulated adrenocorticotrophic hormone release from these cells after AADC activity was inhibited by NSD-1015. Moreover, DA formation from l-dopa increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. However, in the presence of NSD-1015, l-dopa decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation rates. These results suggest that the anterior pituitary synthesises DA from l-dopa by AADC and this catecholamine can be released from this gland contributing to the control of PRL secretion. In addition, our results suggest that l-dopa exerts direct actions independently from its metabolisation to DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Jordi Orrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nataly de Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonela Sofía Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda De Fino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Imsen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Clara Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Ferraris
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Pisera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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β-asarone and levodopa coadministration increases striatal levels of dopamine and levodopa and improves behavioral competence in Parkinson's rat by enhancing dopa decarboxylase activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:666-678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Nitkowska M, Tomasiuk R, Czyżyk M, Friedman A. Prolactin and sex hormones levels in males with Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 131:411-6. [PMID: 25399742 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role that oestradiol and testosterone play in Parkinson's disease and their potential to influence the course of the disease has been covered in medical literature. The aim of this work was to compare oestradiol, testosterone, sex hormone-binding protein and prolactin blood levels in males affected with Parkinson's disease and in an age-matched control group, and to show possible dependence between concentrations of plasma hormones and the progression of symptoms of Parkinson's disease. METHODS The plasma levels of oestradiol, testosterone, prolactin and sex hormone-binding protein were examined in 36 patients affected with Parkinson's disease and in 69 age-matched control subjects, using chemiluminescent reactions. Patients with Parkinson's disease were examined using scales assessing their clinical state. RESULTS The level of prolactin was higher in the affected group. Concentrations of oestradiol and testosterone in the control group exceeded those found in patients. The level of sex hormones was positively correlated with better mood and quality of life in patients affected with Parkinson's disease; prolactin levels correlated negatively with sex steroid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Lower blood levels of sex steroids and higher concentrations of prolactin and its antigonadotrophic activity in males affected with Parkinson's disease may result in a bigger susceptibility to the disease in men. The level of hormones may influence patients' cognition, mood and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nitkowska
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Warsaw; Mazowiecki Szpital Bródnowski; Warsaw Poland
| | - R. Tomasiuk
- Biochemistry Laboratory; Mazowiecki Szpital Bródnowski; Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Czyżyk
- Department of Physiotherapy; Mazowiecki Szpital Bródnowski; Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Friedman
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Warsaw; Mazowiecki Szpital Bródnowski; Warsaw Poland
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Jin J, Hara S, Sawai K, Fülöp F, Nagy GM, Hashizume T. Effects of hypothalamic dopamine (DA) on salsolinol (SAL)-induced prolactin (PRL) secretion in male goats. Anim Sci J 2013; 85:461-7. [PMID: 24329779 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to clarify the effects of hypothalamic dopamine (DA) on salsolinol (SAL)-induced prolactin (PRL) release in goats. The PRL-releasing response to an intravenous (i.v.) injection of SAL was examined after treatment with augmentation of central DA using carbidopa (carbi) and L-dopa in male goats under 8-h (8 h light, 16 h dark) or 16-h (16 h light, 8 h dark) photoperiod conditions. The carbi and L-dopa treatments reduced basal PRL concentrations in the 16-h photoperiod group (P < 0.05), while a reduction was not observed in the 8-h photoperiod group. The mean basal plasma PRL concentration in the control group for the 8-h photoperiod was lower than that for the 16-h photoperiod (P < 0.05). SAL significantly stimulated the release of PRL promptly after the injection in both the 8- and 16-h photoperiod groups (P < 0.05). PRL-releasing responses for the 16-h photoperiod were greater than those for the 8-h photoperiod (P < 0.05). The carbi and L-dopa treatments blunted SAL-induced PRL release in both the 8- and 16-h photoperiods (P < 0.05). These results indicate that hypothalamic DA blunts the SAL-induced release of PRL in male goats, regardless of the photoperiod, which suggests that both SAL and DA are involved in regulating the secretion of PRL in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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Keränen T, Gordin A, Koulu M, Scheinin M, Antila S, Sundberg S, Wikberg T. COMT inhibition by entacapone does not affect growth hormone or prolactin secretion in healthy volunteers. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1996; 103:729-36. [PMID: 8836934 DOI: 10.1007/bf01271232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of entacapone, a novel inhibitor of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), on spontaneous and levodopa (LD) modulated secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in 12 healthy male volunteers. The study had a double-blind, cross-over design with two experimental settings. In the first setting the subjects received a single oral dose of 400 mg of entacapone or matching placebo in a randomized order. In the second setting, a single oral dose of 300 mg of LD and 75 mg of carbidopa was administered concomitantly with either 400 mg of entacapone or matching placebo in a randomized order. Entacapone had no effect on resting levels of GH, but PRL concentrations in plasma were slightly lower after entacapone than after placebo. As expected, LD/carbidopa increased the concentration of GH and decreased that of PRL. The effects of LD were not influenced by concomitant administration of entacapone. Compared with the administration of LD/carbidopa together with placebo, concomitant administration of entacapone increased the AUC of LD by 29% and reduced the AUC of 3-O-methyldopa (a metabolite of LD produced by COMT) by 69%. Entacapone appears not to enhance the effects of LD on hypothalamic-pituitary function, although the LD dose used may have been bigger than optimal for detection of a small modulatory influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Keränen
- Orion Research Center, Orion-Farmos, Espoo, Finland
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