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Cai R, Wang P, Zhao X, Lu X, Deng R, Wang X, Su Z, Hong C, Lin J. LTBP1 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression through epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer-associated fibroblasts transformation. J Transl Med 2020; 18:139. [PMID: 32216815 PMCID: PMC7098101 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, it is urgent to find a molecular target that contributes to esophageal carcinogenesis and progression. In this research, we aimed to investigate the functions of Latent transforming growth factor β binding protein 1(LTBP1) in ESCC progression and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic approach was applied to screen the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between 3 cases of ESCC tumor samples and paired normal tissues. Then the DEPs were validated in human ESCC tissues using western blot assays and GEPIA database respectively. The expression level of LTBP1 was detected in 152 cases of ESCC tissues and paired normal tissues. Loss-of-function assays were performed to detect the function of LTBP1 in vivo and in vitro. Immunofluorescence and Western blot assays were used to detect the expression of apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) markers. RESULTS A total of 39 proteins were screened to be up-regulated (ratio > 2.0) in all three ESCC tissues. The results of immunohistochemistry assays indicated that the expression level of LTBP1 was higher in ESCC tissues than that in paired normal tissues (p < 0.001). Overexpression of LTBP1 was positively associated with lymphatic metastasis in ESCC (p = 0.002). Down-regulation of LTBP1 inhibited the invasion and migration as well as metastatic abilities in vitro and in vivo. It was also observed the down-regulation of LTBP1 not only decreased the mesenchymal phenotypes but also inhibited TGFβ-induced EMT in ESCC cells. We further found that down-regulation of LTBP1 enhanced ESCC cells' sensitivity to 5-FU treatment. Inhibition of LTBP1 expression could also attenuate induction of CAFs transformation and restrain fibroblast express fibronectin (FN1) in ESCC cells. CONCLUSION Overexpression of LTBP1 was associated with lymph node metastasis in ESCC. Our results indicated that LTBP1 not only increased the malignant behaviors of ESCC cells but also induced EMT and CAFs transformation. Our studies suggested an oncogenic role of LTBP1 in ESCC progression and it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cai
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiansheng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruxia Deng
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoji Su
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Hong
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Weiskirchen R, Moser M, Günther K, Weiskirchen S, Gressner AM. The murine latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein (Ltbp-1) is alternatively spliced, and maps to a region syntenic to human chromosome 2p21-22. Gene 2003; 308:43-52. [PMID: 12711389 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding protein-1 belongs to a family of matrix glycoproteins that is functionally associated with the assembly and secretion of TGF-beta. We have isolated and sequenced a murine approximately 15-kbp contig containing part of Ltbp-1 and used a mouse-hamster radiation hybrid panel to determine its chromosomal localization on distal mouse chromosome 17. This map location is syntenic to human chromosomal subband 2p21-22. Similarly, human LTBP-1 was mapped to 2p21-22 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Like in humans, the murine Ltbp-1 gene directs the synthesis of two different transcript sizes encoding two alternatively spliced isoforms (Ltbp-1S and Ltbp-1L), which are regulated in a tissue-and stage-dependent manner. Sequence analysis and database searches further reveal that the upstream regions of both isoforms are devoid of TATA and CAAT boxes but contain other putative binding sites for several transcription factors conserved in mouse and human. The utilization of different promoters and their evolutionarily conservation further emphasize the complex regulation of Ltbp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany.
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Kanzaki T, Otabe M. Latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein-1, a component of latent transforming growth factor-beta complex, accelerates the migration of aortic smooth muscle cells in diabetic rats through integrin-beta3. Diabetes 2003; 52:824-8. [PMID: 12606526 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.3.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of diabetic animals have unique properties, including the overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor, fibronectin, and platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor. TGF-beta1 is produced and secreted as latent high-molecular weight complex consisting of mature TGF-beta1, latency-associated peptide (LAP), and a latent TGF-beta1 binding protein (LTBP-1). LAP has an important function in the latency of TGF-beta complex, but the role of LTBP-1 is not known in diabetic angiopathy. SMC migration from the medial layer to the intimal layer of an artery is an initial major process of the formation of intimal thickening of an artery. Migration activities of SMCs from diabetic rat with 1-500 pg/ml of LTBP-1 increased significantly compared with that without LTBP-1. LTBP-1 at 10-500 pg/ml stimulated the migration of diabetic SMCs more than SMCs from control rat. An anti-integrin-beta(3) antibody reduced LTBP-1-stimulated migration of diabetic SMCs to 51% compared with no antibody, but it did not reduce that of control SMCs. Furthermore, cross-linking experiments show that LTBP-1 binds integrin-beta(3) in diabetic SMCs much more than in control SMCs in coincidence with the increase of integrin-beta(3) in diabetic aorta by immunohistochemistry. Taken together, these observations suggest that LTBP-1 plays a critical role in intimal thickening of diabetic artery through the acceleration of SMC migration via integrin-beta(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuto Kanzaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa City 272-8516, Japan.
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Koski C, Saharinen J, Keski-Oja J. Independent promoters regulate the expression of two amino terminally distinct forms of latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein-1 (LTBP-1) in a cell type-specific manner. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:32619-30. [PMID: 10551816 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.46.32619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-binding proteins (LTBPs) are components of the extracellular matrix and large latent TGF-beta complexes are secreted by various cells. Human LTBP-1 is known to exist in different forms. LTBP-1L (long) has an amino-terminal extension, which is not found in the smaller LTBP-1S isoform. To study the formation and transcriptional regulation of LTBP-1S and LTBP-1L isoforms, we determined the nucleotide sequences of their 5'-flanking regions. The upstream regions of both isoforms are devoid of TATA boxes but contain other putative binding sites for several transcription factors. Genomic sequencing revealed that LTBP-1L transcript is alternatively spliced to an internal splice acceptor inside exon 1 of LTBP-1S and thus defined the genomic organization of the isoforms. Reporter gene analysis of upstream regions indicated the presence of independent, functional promoters, which regulate the transcription of the isoforms by cell-specific manner. Deletion analyses of the promoter regions revealed specific elements modulating their basal and cell type-specific expression. In SV-40 virus-transformed WI-38 lung fibroblasts a regulatory element repressed the transcription of LTBP-1S by a cell-specific manner. In amniotic epithelial cells, transcription of the LTBP-1S reporter gene construct was down-regulated by a distal upstream element. mRNA levels of the isoforms of LTBP-1 were stimulated in response to TGF-beta1 in WI-38 cells. However, since TGF-beta1 failed to stimulate the transcription of LTBP-1 reporter gene constructs, TGF-beta1 may mediate the induction of the isoforms by post-transcriptional mechanisms. Chromosomal localization of the LTBP-1 gene was refined to 2p22-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koski
- Department of Virology, The Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Saharinen J, Hyytiäinen M, Taipale J, Keski-Oja J. Latent transforming growth factor-beta binding proteins (LTBPs)--structural extracellular matrix proteins for targeting TGF-beta action. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1999; 10:99-117. [PMID: 10743502 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(99)00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors of the transforming growth factor-beta family are potent regulators of the extracellular matrix formation, in addition to their immunomodulatory and regulatory roles for cell growth. TGF-beta s are secreted from cells as latent complexes containing TGF-beta and its propeptide, LAP (latency-associated peptide). In most cells LAP is covalently linked to an additional protein, latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP), forming the large latent complex. LTBPs are required for efficient secretion and correct folding of TGF-beta s. The secreted large latent complexes associate covalently with the extracellular matrix via the N-termini of the LTBPs. LTBPs belong to the fibrillin-LTBP family of extracellular matrix proteins, which have a typical repeated domain structure consisting mostly of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats and characteristic eight cysteine (8-Cys) repeats. Currently four different LTBPs and two fibrillins have been identified. LTBPs contain multiple proteinase sensitive sites, providing means to solubilize the large latent complex from the extracellular matrix structures. LTBPs are now known to exist both as soluble molecules and in association with the extracellular matrix. An important consequence of this is LTBP-mediated deposition and targeting of latent, activatable TGF-beta into extracellular matrices and connective tissues. LTBPs have a dual function, they are required both for the secretion of the small latent TGF-beta complex as well as directing bound latent TGF-beta to extracellular matrix microfibrils. However, it is not known at present whether LTBPs are capable of forming microfibrils independently, or whether they are a part of the fibrillin-containing fibrils. Most LTBPs possess RGD-sequences, which may have a role in their interactions with the cell surface. At least LTBP-1 is chemotactic to smooth muscle cells, and is involved in vascular remodelling. Analyses of the expressed LTBPs have revealed considerable variations throughout the molecules, generated both by alternative splicing and utilization of multiple promoter regions. The significance of this structural diversity is mostly unclear at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saharinen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Yin W, Smiley E, Germiller J, Mecham RP, Florer JB, Wenstrup RJ, Bonadio J. Isolation of a novel latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein gene (LTBP-3). J Biol Chem 1995; 270:10147-60. [PMID: 7730318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.17.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the molecular cloning of a novel gene in the mouse that shows structural similarities to the microfibril protein fibrillin and to the latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding protein (LTBP), a component of the latent TGF-beta complex. The gene was initially isolated during a low stringency polymerase chain reaction screen of a NIH 3T3 cell cDNA library using primers that amplify a human fibrillin-1 epidermal growth factor-like repeat. Three lines of evidence suggest that the mouse gene is a third member of the LTBP gene family, which we designate LTBP-3. First, the deduced polypeptide, which consists of 15 epidermal growth factor-like repeats, 3 TGF binding protein repeats, and 2 proline- and glycine-rich sequences, shows 38.4% identity with LTBP-1 but only 27% identity with fibrillin-1. Second, the gene appears to be co-expressed in developing mouse tissues with TGF-beta. Third, immunoprecipitation studies using mouse preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and a specific anti-peptide polyclonal antiserum reveal that the mouse polypeptide forms a complex with the TGF-beta 1 precursor. Finally, we note that the LTBP-3 gene was recently localized to a distinct genetic locus (Li, X., Yin, W., Perez-Jurado, L., Bonadio, J., and Francke, U. (1995) Mamm. Genome 6, 42-45). Identification of a third binding protein provides further insight into a mechanism by which latent TGF-beta complexes can be targeted to connective tissue matrices and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0650, USA
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