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Akhlaghi M. The role of dietary fibers in regulating appetite, an overview of mechanisms and weight consequences. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3139-3150. [PMID: 36193993 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibers prevent obesity through reduction of hunger and prolongation of satiety. A number of mechanical and endocrine signals from gastrointestinal tract are stimulated by fibers and their fermentation products, reach regions of brain involved in the regulation of appetite, and ultimately reduce food intake. Gastric distention, delayed gastric emptying, prevention of hypoglycemic, increased amounts of unabsorbed nutrients reaching to the ileum, and stimulation of enteroendocrine cells for secretion of cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY are among mechanisms of fibers in decreasing hunger and prolongation of satiety. Fermentation of fibers produces short-chain fatty acids that also stimulates enteroendocrine cells to secrete GLP-1 and PYY. Randomized controlled trials have shown reductions in energy intake and body weight along with increased satiation and reduced hunger following consumption of fibers. Prospective cohort studies have confirmed these results but the extent of weight loss in some studies has been small. Controversies exist between studies particularly for the effect of fibers on the gastrointestinal hormones, subsequent food intake, and the resultant weight loss. More studies are needed before a clear conclusion can be drawn especially for the effect of fibers on appetite-related hormones and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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2
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Brown L, Rose K, Campbell A. Healthy plant‐based diets and their short‐term effects on weight loss, nutrient intake and serum cholesterol levels. NUTR BULL 2022; 47:199-207. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brown
- Centre for Public Health Research, School of Health and Life sciences Teesside University Middlesbrough UK
| | - Kelly Rose
- Centre for Public Health Research, School of Health and Life sciences Teesside University Middlesbrough UK
- Fuse ‐ Centre for Translational Research in Public Health Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Centre for Public Health Research, School of Health and Life sciences Teesside University Middlesbrough UK
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3
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Hammer HF, Fox MR, Keller J, Salvatore S, Basilisco G, Hammer J, Lopetuso L, Benninga M, Borrelli O, Dumitrascu D, Hauser B, Herszenyi L, Nakov R, Pohl D, Thapar N, Sonyi M. European guideline on indications, performance, and clinical impact of hydrogen and methane breath tests in adult and pediatric patients: European Association for Gastroenterology, Endoscopy and Nutrition, European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, and European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition consensus. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 10:15-40. [PMID: 34431620 PMCID: PMC8830282 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Measurement of breath hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) excretion after ingestion of test‐carbohydrates is used for different diagnostic purposes. There is a lack of standardization among centers performing these tests and this, together with recent technical developments and evidence from clinical studies, highlight the need for a European guideline. Methods This consensus‐based clinical practice guideline defines the clinical indications, performance, and interpretation of H2‐CH4‐breath tests in adult and pediatric patients. A balance between scientific evidence and clinical experience was achieved by a Delphi consensus that involved 44 experts from 18 European countries. Eighty eight statements and recommendations were drafted based on a review of the literature. Consensus (≥80% agreement) was reached for 82. Quality of evidence was evaluated using validated criteria. Results The guideline incorporates new insights into the role of symptom assessment to diagnose carbohydrate (e.g., lactose) intolerances and recommends that breath tests for carbohydrate malabsorption require additional validated concurrent symptom evaluation to establish carbohydrate intolerance. Regarding the use of breath tests for the evaluation of oro‐cecal transit time and suspected small bowel bacterial overgrowth, this guideline highlights confounding factors associated with the interpretation of H2‐CH4‐breath tests in these indications and recommends approaches to mitigate these issues. Conclusion This clinical practice guideline should facilitate pan‐European harmonization of diagnostic approaches to symptoms and disorders, which are very common in specialist and primary care gastroenterology practice, both in adult and pediatric patients. In addition, it identifies areas of future research needs to clarify diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz F Hammer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark R Fox
- Centre for Integrative Gastroenterology, Digestive Function: Basel, Laboratory and Clinic for Motility Disorders and Functional Gastrointestinal Diseases, Klinik Arlesheim, Arlesheim, Switzerland.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Keller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Israelitic Hospital, Academic Hospital of the University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Salvatore
- Pediatric Department, Hospital "F. Del Ponte", University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Guido Basilisco
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Johann Hammer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Loris Lopetuso
- UOC Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italia.,Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marc Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Department of Gastroenterology, Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dan Dumitrascu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinica Medicala 2, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bruno Hauser
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, KidZ Health Castle UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laszlo Herszenyi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Centre, Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Radislav Nakov
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Tsaritsa Yoanna University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Pohl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Department of Gastroenterology, Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.,Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marc Sonyi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria.,Clinic for General Medicine, Gastroenterology, and Infectious Diseases, Augustinerinnen Hospital, Cologne, Germany
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The Effect of Functional Fiber on Microbiota Composition in Different Intestinal Segments of Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126525. [PMID: 34207032 PMCID: PMC8234870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a heterogeneous ecosystem with distinct, stratified environments, which leads to different microbial composition in different intestinal segments. The regional heterogeneity of intestinal microbiota complicates the relationship between diet and microbiota. Few studies have focused on the effects of different diets on microbiota in different intestinal segments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of functional fiber on the microbial composition in multiple intestinal segments from a high-fat diet compared with a normal chow diet. We found that the response of microbiota from different intestinal segments to diet was related to the intestinal physiologic function and the physicochemical properties of dietary nutrients. A high-fat diet drove changes in the microbial composition in the hindgut, possibly by affecting the digestive environment of the foregut, and increased the regional heterogeneity of the whole intestinal microbiota. The supplementation of functional fiber promoted the microbial transfer and colonization from the anterior to the posterior intestinal segments, and increased the regional similarity of intestinal microbiota accordingly, particularly within the hindgut. The gut fermentation of the functional fiber, which mainly occurred in the hindgut, resulted in a significant change in the microbial composition and metabolism in the cecum and colon, with richer carbohydrate metabolism-related bacteria, including Mucispirillum, Prevotella, Anaerostipes, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus (Lachnospiraceae), and Allobaculum, and higher production of acetate and butyrate. We concluded that multiple regulatory mechanisms of diets which affect microbiota composition exist, including microbial metabolism, microbial migration, and the regulation of the intestinal environment.
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López M, Ríos-Silva M, Huerta M, Cárdenas Y, Bricio-Barrios JA, Díaz-Reval MI, Urzúa Z, Huerta-Trujillo M, López-Quezada K, Trujillo X. Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powder on metabolic syndrome induced in male Wistar rats: a preliminary study. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:3327-3336. [PMID: 29962304 PMCID: PMC6134658 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518781726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the preventive effects of Moringa oleifera on metabolic syndrome (MS) in male Wistar rats. Methods MS was induced by feeding rats a high-fat diet and drinking water containing 10% fructose for 6 weeks. In the preventive group, M. oleifera was orally administered for 3 weeks prior to the induction of MS, while in the treatment group, M. oleifera was administered for 3 weeks after the onset of MS. The treatment groups were compared with a control group of untreated rats with induced MS. Fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, total cholesterol, triglycerides, abdominal circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before and after MS induction and/or M. oleifera treatment. Results After the induction of MS, the control group had higher fasting glucose levels than the preventive group. No significant differences were observed in insulin tolerance, oral glucose tolerance, cholesterol, triglycerides, abdominal circumference, or systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Compared with untreated controls, rats in the treatment group had significantly improved glucose tolerance, triglycerides, and abdominal circumference. Conclusions M. oleifera treatment attenuates MS in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa López
- 1 Universidad de Colima, Unidad de Investigación Dr. Enrico Stefani, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México
| | - Mónica Ríos-Silva
- 1 Universidad de Colima, Unidad de Investigación Dr. Enrico Stefani, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México.,2 Universidad de Colima-Cátedras CONACyT, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México
| | - Miguel Huerta
- 1 Universidad de Colima, Unidad de Investigación Dr. Enrico Stefani, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México
| | - Yolitzy Cárdenas
- 1 Universidad de Colima, Unidad de Investigación Dr. Enrico Stefani, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México
| | | | - María Irene Díaz-Reval
- 1 Universidad de Colima, Unidad de Investigación Dr. Enrico Stefani, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México
| | - Zorayda Urzúa
- 1 Universidad de Colima, Unidad de Investigación Dr. Enrico Stefani, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México.,4 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Medicina Familiar #17, Manzanillo, Colima, México
| | - Miguel Huerta-Trujillo
- 1 Universidad de Colima, Unidad de Investigación Dr. Enrico Stefani, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México.,3 Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Col. Las Víboras, Colima, COL, México
| | - Karla López-Quezada
- 1 Universidad de Colima, Unidad de Investigación Dr. Enrico Stefani, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México.,3 Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Col. Las Víboras, Colima, COL, México
| | - Xóchitl Trujillo
- 1 Universidad de Colima, Unidad de Investigación Dr. Enrico Stefani, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, México
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Tan C, Wei H, Zhao X, Xu C, Zhou Y, Peng J. Soluble Fiber with High Water-Binding Capacity, Swelling Capacity, and Fermentability Reduces Food Intake by Promoting Satiety Rather Than Satiation in Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100615. [PMID: 27706095 PMCID: PMC5084003 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand whether soluble fiber (SF) with high water-binding capacity (WBC), swelling capacity (SC) and fermentability reduces food intake and whether it does so by promoting satiety or satiation or both, we investigated the effects of different SFs with these properties on the food intake in rats. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to four equal groups and fed the control diet or diet containing 2% konjac flour (KF), pregelatinized waxy maize starch (PWMS) plus guar gum (PG), and PWMS starch plus xanthan gum (PX) for three weeks, with the measured values of SF, WBC, and SC in the four diets following the order of PG > KF > PX > control. Food intake, body weight, meal pattern, behavioral satiety sequence, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal content were evaluated. KF and PG groups reduced the food intake, mainly due to the decreased feeding behavior and increased satiety, as indicated by decreased meal numbers and increased inter-meal intervals. Additionally, KF and PG groups increased concentrations of acetate acid, propionate acid, and SCFAs in the cecal contents. Our results indicate that SF with high WBC, SC, and fermentability reduces food intake—probably by promoting a feeling of satiety in rats to decrease their feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Tan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xichen Zhao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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van de Vijver LPL, van Vliet MET. Health effects of an organic diet--consumer experiences in the Netherlands. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2923-2927. [PMID: 22331850 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health is one of the main reasons for consumers to buy organic; however, scientific evidence for a health effect is still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceived health effects experienced by consumers of organic food using a free access online questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 566 respondents participated, of whom 30% reported no health effects. The other respondents reported better general health, including feeling more energetic and having better resistance to illness (70%), a positive effect on mental well-being (30%), improved stomach and bowel function (24%), improved condition of skin, hair and/or nails (19%), fewer allergic complaints (14%) and improved satiety (14%). Furthermore, it was found that the switch to organic food was often accompanied by the use of more freshly prepared foods and other lifestyle changes. CONCLUSION This research provided insight into the experienced health effects of consumers of organic food. Although the study design does not permit direct conclusions on health effects of organic food, the results can serve as a basis for the generation of new hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P L van de Vijver
- Department of Health Care and Nutrition, Louis Bolk Institute, Driebergen, The Netherlands.
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Corradini SG, Ferri F, Mordenti M, Iuliano L, Siciliano M, Burza MA, Sordi B, Caciotti B, Pacini M, Poli E, Santis AD, Roda A, Colliva C, Simoni P, Attili AF. Beneficial effect of sulphate-bicarbonate-calcium water on gallstone risk and weight control. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:930-7. [PMID: 22408352 PMCID: PMC3297052 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i9.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of drinking sulphate-bicarbonate-calcium thermal water (TW) on risk factors for atherosclerosis and cholesterol gallstone disease.
METHODS: Postmenopausal women with functional dyspepsia and/or constipation underwent a 12 d cycle of thermal (n = 20) or tap (n = 20) water controlled drinking. Gallbladder fasting volume at ultrasound, blood vitamin E, oxysterols (7-β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol), bile acid (BA), triglycerides, total/low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Food consumption, stool frequency and body weight were recorded daily.
RESULTS: Blood lipids, oxysterols and vitamin E were not affected by either thermal or tap water consumption. Fasting gallbladder volume was significantly (P < 0.005) smaller at the end of the study than at baseline in the TW (15.7 ± 1.1 mL vs 20.1 ± 1.7 mL) but not in the tap water group (19.0 ± 1.4 mL vs 19.4 ± 1.5 mL). Total serum BA concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher at the end of the study than at baseline in the TW (5.83 ± 1.24 μmol vs 4.25 ± 1.00 μmol) but not in the tap water group (3.41 ± 0.46 μmol vs 2.91 ± 0.56 μmol). The increased BA concentration after TW consumption was mainly accounted for by glycochenodeoxycholic acid. The number of pasta (P < 0.001), meat (P < 0.001) and vegetable (P < 0.005) portions consumed during the study and of bowel movements per day (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the TW than in the tap water group. Body weight did not change at the end of the study as compared to baseline in both groups.
CONCLUSION: Sulphate-bicarbonate-calcium water consumption has a positive effect on lithogenic risk and intestinal transit and allows maintenance of a stable body weight despite a high food intake.
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Mbikay M. Therapeutic Potential of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Chronic Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:24. [PMID: 22403543 PMCID: PMC3290775 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is an angiosperm plant, native of the Indian subcontinent, where its various parts have been utilized throughout history as food and medicine. It is now cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The nutritional, prophylactic, and therapeutic virtues of this plant are being extolled on the Internet. Dietary consumption of its part is therein promoted as a strategy of personal health preservation and self-medication in various diseases. The enthusiasm for the health benefits of M. oleifera is in dire contrast with the scarcity of strong experimental and clinical evidence supporting them. Fortunately, the chasm is slowly being filled. In this article, I review current scientific data on the corrective potential of M. oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, as symptoms of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Reported studies in experimental animals and humans, although limited in number and variable in design, seem concordant in their support for this potential. However, before M. oleifera leaf formulations can be recommended as medication in the prevention or treatment of diabetes and CVD, it is necessary that the scientific basis of their efficacy, the therapeutic modalities of their administration and their possible side effects be more rigorously determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majambu Mbikay
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada
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10
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Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in rats fed dietary fibres differing in their susceptibility to large intestine fermentation. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Calame W, Thomassen F, Hull S, Viebke C, Siemensma AD. Evaluation of satiety enhancement, including compensation, by blends of gum arabic. A methodological approach. Appetite 2011; 57:358-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schroeder N, Gallaher DD, Arndt EA, Marquart L. Influence of whole grain barley, whole grain wheat, and refined rice-based foods on short-term satiety and energy intake. Appetite 2009; 53:363-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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