1
|
Luo H, Lao L, Au KS, Northrup H, He X, Forget D, Gauthier MS, Coulombe B, Bourdeau I, Shi W, Gagliardi L, Fragoso MCBV, Peng J, Wu J. ARMC5 controls the degradation of most Pol II subunits, and ARMC5 mutation increases neural tube defect risks in mice and humans. Genome Biol 2024; 25:19. [PMID: 38225631 PMCID: PMC10789052 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03147-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are caused by genetic and environmental factors. ARMC5 is part of a novel ubiquitin ligase specific for POLR2A, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). RESULTS We find that ARMC5 knockout mice have increased incidence of NTDs, such as spina bifida and exencephaly. Surprisingly, the absence of ARMC5 causes the accumulation of not only POLR2A but also most of the other 11 Pol II subunits, indicating that the degradation of the whole Pol II complex is compromised. The enlarged Pol II pool does not lead to generalized Pol II stalling or a generalized decrease in mRNA transcription. In neural progenitor cells, ARMC5 knockout only dysregulates 106 genes, some of which are known to be involved in neural tube development. FOLH1, critical in folate uptake and hence neural tube development, is downregulated in the knockout intestine. We also identify nine deleterious mutations in the ARMC5 gene in 511 patients with myelomeningocele, a severe form of spina bifida. These mutations impair the interaction between ARMC5 and Pol II and reduce Pol II ubiquitination. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in ARMC5 increase the risk of NTDs in mice and humans. ARMC5 is part of an E3 controlling the degradation of all 12 subunits of Pol II under physiological conditions. The Pol II pool size might have effects on NTD pathogenesis, and some of the effects might be via the downregulation of FOLH1. Additional mechanistic work is needed to establish the causal effect of the findings on NTD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Luo
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Linjiang Lao
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kit Sing Au
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) and Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) and Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao He
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Diane Forget
- Department of Translational Proteomics, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Soleil Gauthier
- Department of Translational Proteomics, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Department of Translational Proteomics, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wei Shi
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lucia Gagliardi
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso
- Unidade de Suprarrenal Disciplina de Endocrinologia E Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junzheng Peng
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fazea M, Alhameli M, Ahmed F, Askarpour MR, Murshed W, Jarwsh A, Alkbous A. Pentalogy of Cantrell Associated with Ectopia Cordis: A Case Report. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2022; 13:283-287. [PMID: 35996555 PMCID: PMC9391988 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s374289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentalogy of Cantrell is a congenital anomaly of the median mesodermal constructions with a poor prognosis. It is characterized by defects of the anterior diaphragm, the lower sternum, the abdominal wall, pericardium, and various congenital heart malformations. We present a case of ectopia cordis and Pentalogy of Cantrell in a newborn of a healthy 35-year-old woman with no history of embryotoxic exposure or smoking. The infant was first diagnosed with the anomaly in the second trimester of pregnancy and was delivered at 35 weeks of gestational age via a caesarian section. Shortly after birth, he was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) due to progressive respiratory failure, which ultimately, along with septicemia, led to infant death on the second day. In conclusion, the Pentalogy of Cantrell should be appropriately assessed for effective prenatal counseling and postnatal management with a multidisciplinary team; since infant survival assessment and early diagnosis give the parents the option of terminating the pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Fazea
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Sciences, Ibb, Yemen.,Department of Radiology, Al-Ma'amon Diagnostic Center, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Mansour Alhameli
- Department of Radiology, Al-Ma'amon Diagnostic Center, Sana'a, Yemen.,Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sana'a University of Medical Sciences, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Faisal Ahmed
- Urology Research Center, Al-Thora General Hospital, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Sciences, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Mohammad Reza Askarpour
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Wafa Murshed
- Department of Radiology, Al-Ma'amon Diagnostic Center, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Azizh Jarwsh
- Department of Radiology, Al-Ma'amon Diagnostic Center, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Amal Alkbous
- Department of Radiology, Al-Ma'amon Diagnostic Center, Sana'a, Yemen
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samaniego Haro V. Pentalogía de Cantrell. Reporte de un caso en el Hospital San Vicente de Paúl de Ibarra, Ecuador. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
4
|
Using Genipin to Immobilize Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 on Zirconia Surface for Enhancing Cell Adhesion and Mineralization in Dental Implant Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112639. [PMID: 33182709 PMCID: PMC7697914 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective in this study was to promote cell responses through the immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on roughened zirconia (ZrO2) through using the natural cross-linker genipin in dental implant applications. Field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface characterizations, including the topography, chemistry, and functional groups, respectively, of the test specimens. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were used to detect cell responses (adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization). The surface characterizations analysis results revealed that genipin was effective in immobilizing BMP-2 on roughened zirconia surfaces. BMP-2 proved effective in promoting the adhesion and mineralization of hMSCs on roughened zirconia. The surface modification proposed has potential in zirconia dental implant applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang X, Zhang Z, Peng T, Wang G, Xu Q, Li G. miR‑204 inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by targeting bone morphogenetic protein 2. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:43-50. [PMID: 31746352 PMCID: PMC6896275 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used to investigate regeneration and differentiation. MicroRNA-204 (miR-204) in involved in the Runt-related transcription factor 2/alkaline phosphatase/bone morphogenic protein 2 (Runx2/ALP/BMP2) signaling pathway that regulates bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) differentiation; however, the mechanisms underlying the effects of miR-204 are yet to be determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of miR-204 on BMSC differentiation. BMSCs were derived from rat bone marrow. The expression levels of Runx2, ALP and BMP2 were measured via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses following transfection of BMSCs with miR-204 agomir or BMP2 expression vector. The ability of the miR-204 gene to directly bind BMP2 mRNA was assessed using dual-luciferase assays. Ossification was measured via alizarin red stain assays. It was observed that the expression levels of Runx2 and ALP increased over time, whereas those of miR-204 decreased; additionally, miR-204 agomir upregulation inhibited the expression of Runx2, ALP and BMP2 in BMSCs. It was revealed that miR-204 directly interacted with BMP2 mRNA, and that transfection with miR-204 agomir suppressed ossification in BMSCs by targeting the BMP2/Runx2/ALP signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Zuofu Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Pingdu People's Hospital, Pingdu, Shandong 266700, P.R. China
| | - Guangda Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Guangrun Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tobin M, Gunaji R, Walsh JC, Grice GP. A review of genetic factors underlying craniorachischisis and omphalocele: Inspired by a unique trisomy 18 case. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1642-1651. [PMID: 31184807 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Very few cases of craniorachischisis (CRN) with concomitant omphalocele (OMP) in the setting of trisomy 18 are reported in literature. Solitary midline closure defects are estimated to be more prevalent in trisomy 18 compared to the general population. Neurulation defect comparisons include anencephaly 0-2% versus 0.0206%, spina bifida 1-3% versus 0.0350%, and encephalocele 0-2% versus 0.0082% [Parker et al. (2010); Birth Defects Research. Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 88:1008-1016; Springett et al. (2015); American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A, 167A:3062-3069]. The solitary anterior malformation OMP has been reported as high as 6% with trisomy 18 [Springett et al. (2015); American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A, 167A:3062-3069]. We report the third published case of CRN with concomitant OMP observed in a likely trisomy 18 fetus that screened positive by noninvasive prenatal screening. Furthermore, we review and analyze the current literature to augment understanding of the genetic basis for anterior and posterior closure defects such as CRN and OMP. Although the current genetic lexicon lacks any definitive association with the simultaneous defects presented, previous research elucidated various genes related to anterior or posterior closure interruption individually. By consolidating current research, the authors advance knowledge of interconnected genetic pathology and direct future genetic mapping efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tobin
- CPT, Medical Corps, US Army, PGY-1 Emergency Medicine Resident, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington
| | - Rajesh Gunaji
- LT, Medical Corps, US Navy, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Class of 2019, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - John C Walsh
- Laboratory Department, LCDR, Medical Corps (FS), US Navy, PGY-5 Pathology Resident, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California
| | - Guerard P Grice
- Laboratory Department, CAPT (Ret.), Medical Corps, US Navy, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Establishment of an Immortalized Mouse Bmp2 Knockout Dental Papilla Mesenchymal Cell Line. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30838560 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9012-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) is essential for dentin formation. Bmp2 cKO mice exhibited similar phenotype to dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI), showing dental pulp exposure, hypomineralized dentin, and delayed odontoblast differentiation. As it is relatively difficult to obtain primary Bmp2 cKO dental papilla mesenchymal cells and to maintain a long-term culture of these primary cells, availability of immortalized deleted Bmp2 dental papilla mesenchymal cells is critical for studying the underlying mechanism of Bmp2 signal in odontogenesis. Here we describe the generation of an immortalized deleted Bmp2 dental papilla mesenchymal (iBmp2ko/ko-dp) cell line by introducing Cre fluorescent protein (GFP) into the immortalized mouse floxed Bmp2 dental papilla mesenchymal (iBmp2flox/flox-dp) cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hwang CH, Keller J, Renner C, Ohta S, Wu DK. Genetic interactions support an inhibitory relationship between bone morphogenetic protein 2 and netrin 1 during semicircular canal formation. Development 2019; 146:dev.174748. [PMID: 30770380 PMCID: PMC6398446 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The semicircular canals of the mammalian inner ear are derived from epithelial pouches in which epithelial cells in the central region of each pouch undergo resorption, leaving behind the region at the rim to form a tube-shaped canal. Lack of proliferation at the rim and/or over-clearing of epithelial cells in the center of the pouch can obliterate canal formation. Otic-specific knockout of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) results in absence of all three semicircular canals; however, the common crus and ampullae housing the sensory tissue (crista) are intact. The lack of Bmp2 causes Ntn1 (which encodes netrin 1), which is required for canal resorption, to be ectopically expressed at the canal rim. Ectopic Ntn1 results in reduction of Dlx5 and Lmo4, which are required for rim formation. These phenotypes can be partially rescued by removing one allele of Ntn1 in the Bmp2 mutants, indicating that Bmp2 normally negatively regulates Ntn1 for canal formation. Additionally, non-resorption of the canal pouch in Ntn1−/− mutants is partially rescued by removing one allele of Bmp2. Thus, reciprocal inhibition between Bmp2 and netrin 1 is involved in canal formation of the vestibule. Summary:Bmp2-conditional mutant analyses support the hypothesis that presumptive crista induces canal genesis zone in the canal pouch to express Bmp2, which promotes canal formation by restricting Ntn1 expression to the resorption domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Hwang
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James Keller
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles Renner
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sho Ohta
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Doris K Wu
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang J, Mishina Y. Generation and Identification of Genetically Modified Mice for BMP Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1891:165-177. [PMID: 30414132 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8904-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BMP signaling is critical in embryogenesis and in the development of numerous tissues. Many genetically modified (knockout and transgenic) mice have been established to study BMP function in development and disease. Mice with altered BMP receptor genes (including global knockout, conditional knockout, and conditional constitutively active transgenic mouse lines) have been particularly informative. In this chapter, we describe how the genetically modified mice were generated and introduce genotyping methods. These methods include regular PCR and genomic real-time PCR using specific primers based on different constructs in different mice strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mortada I, Mortada R. Dental pulp stem cells and osteogenesis: an update. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1479-1486. [PMID: 29938380 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells constitute an attractive source of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells owing to their high proliferation rate and multilineage differentiation potential. Osteogenesis is initiated by osteoblasts, which originate from mesenchymal stem cells. These cells express specific surface antigens that disappear gradually during osteodifferentiation. In parallel, the appearance of characteristic markers, including alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, osteocalcin and osteopontin characterize the osteoblastic phenotype of dental pulp stem cells. This review will shed the light on the osteogenic differentiation potential of dental pulp stem cells and explore the culture medium components, and markers associated with osteodifferentiation of these cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
van der Ven AT, Vivante A, Hildebrandt F. Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Monogenic Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:36-50. [PMID: 29079659 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a large spectrum of congenital malformations ranging from severe manifestations, such as renal agenesis, to potentially milder conditions, such as vesicoureteral reflux. CAKUT causes approximately 40% of ESRD that manifests within the first three decades of life. Several lines of evidence indicate that CAKUT is often caused by recessive or dominant mutations in single (monogenic) genes. To date, approximately 40 monogenic genes are known to cause CAKUT if mutated, explaining 5%-20% of patients. However, hundreds of different monogenic CAKUT genes probably exist. The discovery of novel CAKUT-causing genes remains challenging because of this pronounced heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance. We here give an overview of known genetic causes for human CAKUT and shed light on distinct renal morphogenetic pathways that were identified as relevant for CAKUT in mice and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie T van der Ven
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
BMP2 expression in the endocardial lineage is required for AV endocardial cushion maturation and remodeling. Dev Biol 2017; 430:113-128. [PMID: 28790014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Distal outgrowth, maturation and remodeling of the endocardial cushion mesenchyme in the atrioventricular (AV) canal are the essential morphogenetic events during four-chambered heart formation. Mesenchymalized AV endocardial cushions give rise to the AV valves and the membranous ventricular septum (VS). Failure of these processes results in several human congenital heart defects. Despite this clinical relevance, the mechanisms governing how mesenchymalized AV endocardial cushions mature and remodel into the membranous VS and AV valves have only begun to be elucidated. The role of BMP signaling in the myocardial and secondary heart forming lineage has been well studied; however, little is known about the role of BMP2 expression in the endocardial lineage. To fill this knowledge gap, we generated Bmp2 endocardial lineage-specific conditional knockouts (referred to as Bmp2 cKOEndo) by crossing conditionally-targeted Bmp2flox/flox mice with a Cre-driver line, Nfatc1Cre, wherein Cre-mediated recombination was restricted to the endocardial cells and their mesenchymal progeny. Bmp2 cKOEndo mouse embryos did not exhibit failure or delay in the initial AV endocardial cushion formation at embryonic day (ED) 9.5-11.5; however, significant reductions in AV cushion size were detected in Bmp2 cKOEndo mouse embryos when compared to control embryos at ED13.5 and ED16.5. Moreover, deletion of Bmp2 from the endocardial lineage consistently resulted in membranous ventricular septal defects (VSDs), and mitral valve deficiencies, as evidenced by the absence of stratification of mitral valves at birth. Muscular VSDs were not found in Bmp2 cKOEndo mouse hearts. To understand the underlying morphogenetic mechanisms leading to a decrease in cushion size, cell proliferation and cell death were examined for AV endocardial cushions. Phospho-histone H3 analyses for cell proliferation and TUNEL assays for apoptotic cell death did not reveal significant differences between control and Bmp2 cKOEndo in AV endocardial cushions. However, mRNA expression of the extracellular matrix components, versican, Has2, collagen 9a1, and periostin was significantly reduced in Bmp2 cKOEndo AV cushions. Expression of transcription factors implicated in the cardiac valvulogenesis, Snail2, Twist1 and Sox9, was also significantly reduced in Bmp2 cKOEndo AV cushions. These data provide evidence that BMP2 expression in the endocardial lineage is essential for the distal outgrowth, maturation and remodeling of AV endocardial cushions into the normal membranous VS and the stratified AV valves.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shah TA, Zhu Y, Shaikh NN, Harris MA, Harris SE, Rogers MB. Characterization of new bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)-2 regulatory alleles. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28401685 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2, HGNC:1069, GeneID: 650) is a classical morphogen; a molecule that acts at a distance and whose concentration influences cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Key events requiring precise Bmp2 regulation include heart specification and morphogenesis and neural development. In mesenchymal cells, the concentration of BMP2 influences myogenesis, adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. Because the amount, timing, and location of BMP2 synthesis influence pattern formation and organogenesis, the mechanisms that regulate Bmp2 are crucial. A sequence within the 3'UTR of the Bmp2 mRNA termed the "ultra-conserved sequence" (UCS) has been largely unchanged since fishes and mammals diverged. Cre-lox mediated deletion of the UCS in a reporter transgene revealed that the UCS may repress Bmp2 in proepicardium, epicardium, and epicardium-derived cells (EPDC) and in tissues with known epicardial contributions (coronary vessels and valves). The UCS also repressed the transgene in the aorta, outlet septum, posterior cardiac plexus, cardiac and extra-cardiac nerves, and neural ganglia. We used homologous recombination and conditional deletion to generate three new alleles in which the Bmp2 3'UTR was altered as follows: a UCS flanked by loxP sites with or without a neomycin resistance targeting vector, or a deleted UCS. Deletion of the UCS was associated with elevated Bmp2 mRNA and BMP signaling levels, reduced fitness, and embryonic malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan A Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers NJMS, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Youhua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers NJMS, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Nadia N Shaikh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers NJMS, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Marie A Harris
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stephen E Harris
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Melissa B Rogers
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers NJMS, Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Naren Satya SM, Mayilvaganan KR, Prathyusha IS, Gautam MS, Raidu D, Amogh VN. A Recurrent Case of Pentalogy of Cantrell: A Rare Case with Sonological Findings and Review of Literature. Pol J Radiol 2017; 82:28-31. [PMID: 28203309 PMCID: PMC5267621 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.900086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentalogy of Cantrell (POC) is an extremely rare and complex congenital anomaly. Ultrasound is a valuable, safe, nonionizing, cost effective, widely available, and easily reproducible imaging tool and is indispensible in the diagnosis of POC. Despite the rarity of POC, it is imperative for a radiologist to be aware of its wide spectrum of presentation on ultrasound in first trimester of gestation. Most reported cases in literature till now have been sporadic. In this paper, we aimed to report for the first time in literature, a recurrent case of POC detected in the first trimester in a mother whose previous pregnancy also was terminated in the second trimester medically due to the ultrasound diagnosis of POC. We also discuss the role of ultrasound and other imaging modalities in a case of POC as well as the differential diagnoses which can mimic POC. CASE REPORT A 23-year-old G2P0A1 (Gravida2, para0, abortion1) woman with a gestational age of around 12 weeks was referred for a routine first trimester ultrasound scan. The antenatal ultrasound scan showed a single, live, intrauterine gestation corresponding to a gestational age of 11 weeks and 5 days. The fetal heart was visualized outside the chest through a defect in the lower sternum in association with anterior diaphragmatic and ventral abdominal wall defects suggestive of thoraco-abdominal variety of ectopia cardis. There was a membrane covered, midline, abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical cord insertion containing the herniated abdominal organs including the liver, bowel loops and the ectopic cardia. There was a breach in the normal outline of the lower sternum indicating a sternal deficiency. The fetal pericardium was absent. The nuchal translucency was grossly increased. Pentalogy of Cantrell was diagnosed on ultrasound and the patient was explained about the poor prognosis of this condition. An informed consent was obtained after she opted for medical termination of pregnancy. The autopsy confirmed all the above mentioned ultrasound features. CONCLUSIONS Pentalogy of Cantrell (POC) is an extremely rare and complex syndrome of numerous fetal anomalies but should always be borne in the mind during the ultrasound evaluation of either of an omphalocele, ectopia cordis, distal sternal defect, pericardial defect, anterior diaphragmatic defect or intracardiac anomalies. Ultrasound is a valuable, safe, nonionizing, cost effective, widely available, and easily reproducible imaging tool for diagnosis of POC. Ultrasound should always be the primary mode of diagnosis in POC because although Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help in better delineation of fetal anomalies, it does not significantly alter the course of the pregnancy or the management of POC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas M Naren Satya
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, M.V. Jayaram Medical College and Research Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Ivvala Sai Prathyusha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Deepthi Raidu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, M.V. Jayaram Medical College and Research Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - V N Amogh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Madžarac V, Matijević R, Škrtić A, Duić Ž, Fistonić N, Partl JZ. Pentalogy of Cantrell with Unilateral Kidney Evisceration: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2016; 35:43-9. [PMID: 26720496 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2015.1122123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pentalogy of Cantrell (PC) is a congenital malformation syndrome characterized by midline thoracoabdominal wall defect resulting from defective development in the septum transversum. Major hallmarks of this rare anomaly are omphalocele and ectopic heart. In most cases, the diagnosis is made by two-dimensional ultrasound in second trimester. The prognosis of PC relies on the presence and severity of cardiac anomalies but in most cases outcome is fatal. To the best of our knowledge, the presence of kidneys into the omphalocele in Cantrells' pentalogy has not been reported yet. In this article, we report a case of PC associated with unilateral kidney evisceration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anita Škrtić
- b University Department of Pathology , University Hospital Merkur , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Željko Duić
- a University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu L, Wang F, Donly KJ, Wan C, Luo D, Harris SE, MacDougall M, Chen S. Establishment of Immortalized Mouse Bmp2 Knock-Out Dental Papilla Mesenchymal Cells Necessary for Study of Odontoblastic Differentiation and Odontogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2588-95. [PMID: 26037045 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bmp2 is essential for dentin formation. Bmp2 cKO mice exhibited similar phenotype to dentinogenesis imperfecta, showing dental pulp exposure, hypomineralized dentin, and delayed odontoblast differentiation. As it is relatively difficult to obtain lot of primary Bmp2 cKO dental papilla mesenchymal cells and to maintain a long-term culture of these primary cells, availability of immortalized deleted Bmp2 dental papilla mesenchymal cells is critical for studying the underlying mechanism of Bmp2 signal in odontogenesis. In this study, our goal was to generate an immortalized deleted Bmp2 dental papilla mesenchymal (iBmp2(ko/ko)dp) cell line by introducing Cre recombinase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the immortalized mouse floxed Bmp2 dental papilla mesenchymal (iBmp2(fx/fx)dp) cells. iBmp2(ko/ko)dp cells were confirmed by GFP and PCR. The deleted Bmp2 cells exhibited slow cell proliferation rate and cell growth was arrested in G2 phase. Expression of tooth-related marker genes and cell differentiation were decreased in the deleted cells. Importantly, extracellular matrix remodeling was impaired in the iBmp2(ko/ko)dp cells as reflected by the decreased Mmp-9 expression. In addition, with exogenous Bmp2 induction, these cell differentiation and mineralization were rescued as well as extracellular matrix remodeling was enhanced. Therefore, we for the first time described establishment of iBmp(ko/ko) cells that are useful for study of mechanisms in regulating dental papilla mesenchymal cell lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi-an, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kevin J Donly
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chunyan Wan
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Daoshu Luo
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stephen E Harris
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mary MacDougall
- Department of Oral/Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo F, Feng J, Wang F, Li W, Gao Q, Chen Z, Shoff L, Donly KJ, Gluhak-Heinrich J, Chun YHP, Harris SE, MacDougall M, Chen S. Bmp2 deletion causes an amelogenesis imperfecta phenotype via regulating enamel gene expression. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1871-82. [PMID: 25545831 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although Bmp2 is essential for tooth formation, the role of Bmp2 during enamel formation remains unknown in vivo. In this study, the role of Bmp2 in regulation of enamel formation was investigated by the Bmp2 conditional knock out (Bmp2 cKO) mice. Teeth of Bmp2 cKO mice displayed severe and profound phenotypes with asymmetric and misshaped incisors as well as abrasion of incisors and molars. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the enamel layer was hypoplastic and enamel lacked a typical prismatic pattern. Teeth from null mice were much more brittle as tested by shear and compressive moduli. Expression of enamel matrix protein genes, amelogenin, enamelin, and enamel-processing proteases, Mmp-20 and Klk4 was reduced in the Bmp2 cKO teeth as reflected in a reduced enamel formation. Exogenous Bmp2 up-regulated those gene expressions in mouse enamel organ epithelial cells. This result for the first time indicates Bmp2 signaling is essential for proper enamel development and mineralization in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patil AR, Praveen LS, Ambica V. Pentalogy of Cantrell: a case report. BJR Case Rep 2015; 1:20140002. [PMID: 30363170 PMCID: PMC6159125 DOI: 10.1259/bjrcr.20140002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentalogy of Cantrell is a rare condition comprising anterior diaphragmatic defect, ventral abdominal wall defect, pericardial defect, intracardiac anomalies and lower sternal defect. Both sporadic and genetic causes are proposed. Prognosis depends on the severity of the defects and the associated cardiac anomalies. Two-dimensional sonography is sufficient for the diagnosis of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Patil
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Apollo Hospitals, Bangalore, India
| | - L S Praveen
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Clumax Diagnostics, Bangalore, India
| | - V Ambica
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clumax Diagnostics, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Folate deficiency decreases apoptosis of endometrium decidual cells in pregnant mice via the mitochondrial pathway. Nutrients 2015; 7:1916-32. [PMID: 25781218 PMCID: PMC4377890 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that maternal folate deficiency results in adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition to aspects in embryonic development, maternal uterine receptivity and the decidualization of stromal cells is also very important for a successful pregnancy. In this study, we focused on endometrium decidualization and investigated whether apoptosis, which is essential for decidualization, was impaired. Flow cytometry and TUNEL detection revealed that apoptosis of mouse endometrium decidual cells was suppressed in the dietary folate-deficient group on Days 7 and 8 of pregnancy (Day 1 = vaginal plug) when decidua regression is initiated. The endometrium decidual tissue of the folate deficiency group expressed less Bax compared to the normal diet group while they had nearly equal expression of Bcl2 protein. Further examination revealed that the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) decreased, and the fluorescence of diffuse cytoplasmic cytochrome c protein was detected using laser confocal microscopy in normal decidual cells. However, no corresponding changes were observed in the folate-deficient group. Western blotting analyses confirmed that more cytochrome c was released from mitochondria in normal decidual cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that folate deficiency could inhibit apoptosis of decidual cells via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, thereby restraining decidualization of the endometrium and further impairing pregnancy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang W, Guo D, Harris MA, Cui Y, Gluhak-Heinrich J, Wu J, Chen XD, Skinner C, Nyman JS, Edwards JR, Mundy GR, Lichtler A, Kream BE, Rowe DW, Kalajzic I, David V, Quarles DL, Villareal D, Scott G, Ray M, Liu S, Martin JF, Mishina Y, Harris SE. Bmp2 in osteoblasts of periosteum and trabecular bone links bone formation to vascularization and mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4085-98. [PMID: 23843612 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.118596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a new Bmp2 conditional-knockout allele without a neo cassette that removes the Bmp2 gene from osteoblasts (Bmp2-cKO(ob)) using the 3.6Col1a1-Cre transgenic model. Bones of Bmp2-cKO(ob) mice are thinner, with increased brittleness. Osteoblast activity is reduced as reflected in a reduced bone formation rate and failure to differentiate to a mature mineralizing stage. Bmp2 in osteoblasts also indirectly controls angiogenesis in the periosteum and bone marrow. VegfA production is reduced in Bmp2-cKO(ob) osteoblasts. Deletion of Bmp2 in osteoblasts also leads to defective mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which correlates with the reduced microvascular bed in the periosteum and trabecular bones. Expression of several MSC marker genes (α-SMA, CD146 and Angiopoietin-1) in vivo, in vitro CFU assays and deletion of Bmp2 in vitro in α-SMA(+) MSCs support our conclusions. Critical roles of Bmp2 in osteoblasts and MSCs are a vital link between bone formation, vascularization and mesenchymal stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuchen Yang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ranganath P, Pradhan M. Complete Pentalogy of Cantrell with craniorachischisis: a case report. J Prenat Med 2012; 6:10-12. [PMID: 22905305 PMCID: PMC3414245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentalogy of Cantrell is a rare malformation syndrome consisting of a specific combination of ventral midline defects, uncommonly found to be associated with other anomalies. CASE We report a case of complete Pentalogy of Cantrell with craniorachischisis diagnosed in-utero at 19 weeks of gestation through antenatal ultrasonography. Fetal autopsy following termination of the pregnancy confirmed the presence of the sonographically detected malformations and also revealed associated transposition of great vessels (TGV) in the fetus. CONCLUSION Co-occurrence of such ventral and dorsal midline defects suggests the possibility that common genetic and environmental factors influence the early stages of development of the ventral as well as dorsal embryonic midline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prajnya Ranganath
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mandakini Pradhan
- Department of Maternal and Reproductive Health, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kruithof BPT, Xu J, Fritz DT, Cabral CS, Gaussin V, Rogers MB. An in vivo map of bone morphogenetic protein 2 post-transcriptional repression in the heart. Genesis 2011; 49:841-50. [PMID: 21504044 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Bmp2 3'untranslated region (UTR) sequence bears a sequence conserved between mammals and fishes that can post-transcriptionally activate or repress protein synthesis. We developed a map of embryonic cells in the mouse where this potent Bmp2 regulatory sequence functions by using a lacZ reporter transgene with a 3'UTR bearing two loxP sites flanking the ultra-conserved sequence. Cre-recombinase-mediated deletion of the ultra-conserved sequence caused strong ectopic expression in proepicardium, epicardium and epicardium-derived cells (EPDC) and in tissues with known epicardial contributions (coronary vessels and valves). Transient transfections of reporters in the epicardial/mesothelial cell (EMC) line confirmed this repression. Ectopic expression of the recombined transgene also occurred in the aorta, outlet septum, posterior cardiac plexus, cardiac and extracardiac nerves and neural ganglia. Bmp2 is dynamically regulated in the developing heart. 3'UTR-mediated mechanisms that restrain BMP2 synthesis may be relevant to congenital heart and vasculature malformations and to adult diseases involving aberrant BMP2 synthesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Conserved Sequence
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/physiology
- Embryonic Development
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Heart/embryology
- Heart/innervation
- Heart/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Integrases/metabolism
- Lac Operon
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic/metabolism
- Neurofilament Proteins/genetics
- Neurofilament Proteins/metabolism
- Pericardium/cytology
- Pericardium/embryology
- Pericardium/metabolism
- Pericardium/physiology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Rats
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Deletion
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Transgenes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang W, Harris MA, Cui Y, Mishina Y, Harris SE, Gluhak-Heinrich J. Bmp2 is required for odontoblast differentiation and pulp vasculogenesis. J Dent Res 2011; 91:58-64. [PMID: 21984706 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511424409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the Bmp2 floxed/3.6Col1a1-Cre (Bmp2-cKO(od)) mouse model, we have observed severe defects in odontogenesis and dentin formation with the removal of the Bmp2 gene in early-polarizing odontoblasts. The odontoblasts in the Bmp2-cKO(od) do not mature properly and fail to form proper dentin with normal dentinal tubules and activate terminal differentiation, as reflected by decreased Osterix, Col1a1, and Dspp expression. There is less dentin, and the dentin is hypomineralized and patchy. We also describe an indirect effect of the Bmp2 gene in odontoblasts on formation of the vascular bed and associated pericytes in the pulp. This vascular niche and numbers of CD146+ pericytes are likely controlled by odontogenic and Bmp2-dependent VegfA production in odontoblasts. The complex roles of Bmp2, postulated to be both direct and indirect, lead to permanent defects in the teeth throughout life, and result in teeth with low quantities of dentin and dentin of poor quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shu B, Zhang M, Xie R, Wang M, Jin H, Hou W, Tang D, Harris SE, Mishina Y, O'Keefe RJ, Hilton MJ, Wang Y, Chen D. BMP2, but not BMP4, is crucial for chondrocyte proliferation and maturation during endochondral bone development. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3428-40. [PMID: 21984813 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.083659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The BMP signaling pathway has a crucial role in chondrocyte proliferation and maturation during endochondral bone development. To investigate the specific function of the Bmp2 and Bmp4 genes in growth plate chondrocytes during cartilage development, we generated chondrocyte-specific Bmp2 and Bmp4 conditional knockout (cKO) mice and Bmp2,Bmp4 double knockout (dKO) mice. We found that deletion of Bmp2 and Bmp4 genes or the Bmp2 gene alone results in a severe chondrodysplasia phenotype, whereas deletion of the Bmp4 gene alone produces a minor cartilage phenotype. Both dKO and Bmp2 cKO mice exhibit severe disorganization of chondrocytes within the growth plate region and display profound defects in chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. To understand the mechanism by which BMP2 regulates these processes, we explored the specific relationship between BMP2 and Runx2, a key regulator of chondrocyte differentiation. We found that BMP2 induces Runx2 expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. BMP2 enhances Runx2 protein levels through inhibition of CDK4 and subsequent prevention of Runx2 ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Our studies provide novel insights into the genetic control and molecular mechanism of BMP signaling during cartilage development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Shu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kruithof BPT, Fritz DT, Liu Y, Garsetti DE, Frank DB, Pregizer SK, Gaussin V, Mortlock DP, Rogers MB. An autonomous BMP2 regulatory element in mesenchymal cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:666-74. [PMID: 21268088 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BMP2 is a morphogen that controls mesenchymal cell differentiation and behavior. For example, BMP2 concentration controls the differentiation of mesenchymal precursors into myocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. Sequences within the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of the Bmp2 mRNA mediate a post-transcriptional block of protein synthesis. Interaction of cell and developmental stage-specific trans-regulatory factors with the 3'UTR is a nimble and versatile mechanism for modulating this potent morphogen in different cell types. We show here, that an ultra-conserved sequence in the 3'UTR functions independently of promoter, coding region, and 3'UTR context in primary and immortalized tissue culture cells and in transgenic mice. Our findings indicate that the ultra-conserved sequence is an autonomously functioning post-transcriptional element that may be used to modulate the level of BMP2 and other proteins while retaining tissue specific regulatory elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rizzo R, Vercammen M, van de Velde H, Horn PA, Rebmann V. The importance of HLA-G expression in embryos, trophoblast cells, and embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:341-52. [PMID: 21080028 PMCID: PMC11114702 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The nonclassical HLA-G molecule is a trophoblast-specific molecule present in almost every pregnancy. It differs from classical HLA class I molecules by the low degree of allelic variants and the high diversity of protein structures. HLA-G is reported to be a tolerogenic molecule that acts on cells of both innate and adaptive immunity. At the maternal-fetal interface HLA-G seems to be responsible largely for the reprogramming of local maternal immune response. This review will focus on the HLA-G gene expression profile in pregnancy, in preimplantation embryos, and in human embryonic stem cells with emphasis on the structural diversity of the HLA-G protein and its potential functional and diagnostic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martine Vercammen
- Department of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hilde van de Velde
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45122 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu LA, Feng J, Wang L, Mu YD, Baker A, Donly KJ, Harris SE, MacDougall M, Chen S. Development and characterization of a mouse floxed Bmp2 osteoblast cell line that retains osteoblast genotype and phenotype. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 343:545-58. [PMID: 21271257 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) is essential for osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis. Generation of floxed Bmp2 osteoblast cell lines is a valuable tool for studying the effects of Bmp2 on osteoblast differentiation and its signaling pathways during skeletal metabolism. Due to relatively limited sources of primary osteoblasts, we have developed cell lines that serve as good surrogate models for the study of osteoblast cell differentiation and bone mineralization. In this study, we established and characterized immortalized mouse floxed Bmp2 osteoblast cell lines. Primary mouse floxed Bmp2 osteoblasts were transfected with pSV3-neo and clonally selected. These transfected cells were verified by PCR and immunohistochemistry. To determine the genotype and phenotype of the immortalized cells, cell morphology, proliferation, differentiation and mineralization were analyzed. Also, expression of osteoblast-related gene markers including Runx2, Osx, ATF4, Dlx3, bone sialoprotein, dentin matrix protein 1, osteonectin, osteocalcin and osteopontin were examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. These results showed that immortalized floxed Bmp2 osteoblasts had a higher proliferation rate but preserved their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics similar to the primary cells. Thus, we, for the first time, describe the development of immortalized mouse floxed Bmp2 osteoblast cell lines and present a useful model to study osteoblast biology mediated by BMP2 and its downstream signaling transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-an Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Harris MJ, Juriloff DM. An update to the list of mouse mutants with neural tube closure defects and advances toward a complete genetic perspective of neural tube closure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:653-69. [PMID: 20740593 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The number of mouse mutants and strains with neural tube defects (NTDs) now exceeds 240, including 205 representing specific genes, 30 for unidentified genes, and 9 multifactorial strains. These mutants identify genes needed for embryonic neural tube closure. Reports of 50 new NTD mutants since our 2007 review (Harris and Juriloff, 2007) were considered in relation to the previously reviewed mutants to obtain new insights into mechanisms of NTD etiology. In addition to null mutations, some are hypomorphs or conditional mutants. Some mutations do not cause NTDs on their own, but do so in digenic, trigenic, and oligogenic combinations, an etiology that likely parallels the nature of genetic etiology of human NTDs. Mutants that have only exencephaly are fourfold more frequent than those that have spina bifida aperta with or without exencephaly. Many diverse cellular functions and biochemical pathways are involved; the NTD mutants draw new attention to chromatin modification (epigenetics), the protease-activated receptor cascade, and the ciliopathies. Few mutants directly involve folate metabolism. Prevention of NTDs by maternal folate supplementation has been tested in 13 mutants and reduces NTD frequency in six diverse mutants. Inositol reduces spina bifida aperta frequency in the curly tail mutant, and three new mutants involve inositol metabolism. The many NTD mutants are the foundation for a future complete genetic understanding of the processes of neural fold elevation and fusion along mechanistically distinct cranial-caudal segments of the neural tube, and they point to several candidate processes for study in human NTD etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel J Harris
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu LA, Feng J, Wang L, Mu YD, Baker A, Donly KJ, Gluhak-Heinrich J, Harris SE, MacDougall M, Chen S. Immortalized mouse floxed Bmp2 dental papilla mesenchymal cell lines preserve odontoblastic phenotype and respond to BMP2. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:132-9. [PMID: 20458728 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) is essential for odontogensis and dentin mineralization. Generation of floxed Bmp2 dental mesenchymal cell lines is a valuable application for studying the effects of Bmp2 on dental mesenchymal cell differentiation and its signaling pathways during dentinogenesis. Limitation of the primary culture of dental mesenchymal cells has led to the development of cell lines that serve as good surrogate models for the study of dental mesenchymal cell differentiation into odontoblasts and mineralization. In this study, we established and characterized immortalized mouse floxed Bmp2 dental papilla mesenchymal cell lines, which were isolated from 1st mouse mandibular molars at postnatal day 1 and immortalized with pSV40 and clonally selected. These transfected cell lines were characterized by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and analyzed for alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization nodule formation. One of these immortalized cell lines, iBmp2-dp, displayed a higher proliferation rate, but retained the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics similar to primary cells as determined by expression of tooth-specific markers as well as demonstrated the ability to differentiate and form mineralized nodules. In addition, iBmp2-dp cells were inducible and responded to BMP2 stimulation. Thus, we for the first time described the establishment of an immortalized mouse floxed Bmp2 dental papilla mesenchyma cell line that might be used for studying the mechanisms of dental cell differentiation and dentin mineralization mediated by Bmp2 and other growth factor signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-an Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hwang CH, Guo D, Harris MA, Howard O, Mishina Y, Gan L, Harris SE, Wu DK. Role of bone morphogenetic proteins on cochlear hair cell formation: analyses of Noggin and Bmp2 mutant mice. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:505-13. [PMID: 20063299 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian organ of Corti of the inner ear is a highly sophisticated sensory end organ responsible for detecting sound. Noggin is a secreted glycoprotein, which antagonizes bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 (Bmp2 and Bmp4). The lack of this antagonist causes increased rows of inner and outer hair cells in the organ of Corti. In mice, Bmp2 is expressed transiently in nascent cochlear hair cells. To investigate whether Noggin normally modulates the levels of Bmp2 for hair cell formation, we deleted Bmp2 in the cochlear hair cells using two cre strains, Foxg1(cre/+) and Gfi1(cre/+). Bmp2 conditional knockout cochleae generated using these two cre strains show normal hair cells. Furthermore, Gfi1(cre/+);Bmp2(lox/-) mice are viable and have largely normal hearing. The combined results of Noggin and Bmp2 mutants suggest that Noggin is likely to regulate other Bmps in the cochlea such as Bmp4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Uchimura T, Komatsu Y, Tanaka M, McCann KL, Mishina Y. Bmp2 and Bmp4 genetically interact to support multiple aspects of mouse development including functional heart development. Genesis 2009; 47:374-84. [PMID: 19391114 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have multiple roles during embryogenesis. Current data indicate that the dosage of BMPs is tightly regulated for normal development in mice. Since Bmp2 or Bmp4 homozygous mutant mice show early embryonic lethality, we generated compound heterozygous mice for Bmp2 and Bmp4 to explore the impact of lowered dosage of these BMP ligands. Genotyping pups bred between Bmp2 and Bmp4 heterozygous mice revealed that the ratio of adult compound heterozygous mice for Bmp2 and Bmp4 is much lower than expected. During embryogenesis, the compound heterozygous embryos showed several abnormalities, including defects in eye formation, body wall closure defects, and ventricular septal defects (VSD) in the heart. However, the ratio of the compound heterozygous embryos was the same as expected. Caesarean sections at E18.5 revealed that half of the compound heterozygotes died soon after birth, and the majority of the dead individuals exhibited VSD. Survivors were able to grow to adults, but their body weight was significantly lower than control littermates. They demonstrated progressive abnormalities in the heart, eventually showing a branched leaflet in atrioventricular valves. These results suggest that the dosage of both BMP2 and 4 is critical for functional heart formation during embryogenesis and after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uchimura
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Castranio T, Mishina Y. Bmp2 is required for cephalic neural tube closure in the mouse. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:110-22. [PMID: 19097048 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BMPs have been shown to play a role in neural tube development particularly as dorsalizing factors. To explore the possibility that BMP2 could play a role in the developing neural tube (NT) beyond the lethality of Bmp2 null embryos, we created Bmp2 chimeras from Bmp2 null ES cells and WT blastocysts. Analysis of Bmp2 chimeras reveals NT defects at day 9.5 (E9.5). We found that exclusion of Bmp2 null ES cells from the dorsal NT did not always prevent defects. For further comparison, we used a Bmp2 mutant line in a mixed background. Phenotypes observed were similar to chimeras including open NT defects, postneurulation defects, and abnormal neural ectoderm in heterozygous and homozygous null embryos demonstrating a pattern of dose-dependent signaling. Our data exposes BMP2 as a unique player in the developing NT for dorsal patterning and identity, and normal cephalic neural tube closure in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Castranio
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|