1
|
Crowe A. Transcriptomic and western blot characterisation of the human CLEFF4 clone, a new rapid cell line replacement for the Caco2 model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114291. [PMID: 38641230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The CLEFF4 sub clone from stock late passage Caco2 cells has a unique property of being able to develop polarised cell monolayers with high P-gp expression and tight junctions much quicker than the original cell line. Instead of being useful for transport studies 21-24 days after initiating culture, the CLEFF4 cell line matures in 5-6 days with tight junctions surpassing that of 3 week old Caco2 cells in that time frame [1]. This has enabled the CLEFF4 cell line to provide measures of apparent permeability for potential drug candidates, so important for pre-clinical drug development, 4 times faster than the original cell line. RNA samples were collected and analysed at days 4 and 7 of culture over a 3 year period and had full RNA transcriptome analysed by the ranaseq.eu open bioinformatics platform. Protein was also collected from day 4 to day 22 of culture. Differential expression data from the FASTQ files have shown significant differences in expression in multiple genes involved with drug efflux, tight junctions, phase 2 metabolism and growth factors, which have been confirmed from protein determination that may hold the key to understanding accelerated human cell maturation. These gene expression results may be significant for other tissues beyond the gastrointestinal tract, and potentially for accelerated cell growth for the new field of laboratory grown tissues for organ replacement. The data also confirms the different genetic expression in CLEFF4 cells compared to Caco2 and the stable nature of the different expression over many years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Crowe
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845 Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Sun T, Lin B, Wu B, Wu J. The Essential Role of Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Odontogenesis. J Dent Res 2024; 103:345-358. [PMID: 38407002 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231224228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tooth development and regeneration are regulated through a complex signaling network. Previous studies have focused on the exploration of intracellular signaling regulatory networks, but the regulatory roles of extracellular networks have only been revealed recently. Proteoglycans, which are essential components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and pivotal signaling molecules, are extensively involved in the process of odontogenesis. Proteoglycans are composed of core proteins and covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chains (GAGs). The core proteins exhibit spatiotemporal expression patterns during odontogenesis and are pivotal for dental tissue formation and periodontium development. Knockout of core protein genes Biglycan, Decorin, Perlecan, and Fibromodulin has been shown to result in structural defects in enamel and dentin mineralization. They are also closely involved in the development and homeostasis of periodontium by regulating signaling transduction. As the functional component of proteoglycans, GAGs are negatively charged unbranched polysaccharides that consist of repeating disaccharides with various sulfation groups; they provide binding sites for cytokines and growth factors in regulating various cellular processes. In mice, GAG deficiency in dental epithelium leads to the reinitiation of tooth germ development and the formation of supernumerary incisors. Furthermore, GAGs are critical for the differentiation of dental stem cells. Inhibition of GAGs assembly hinders the differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts. In summary, core proteins and GAGs are expressed distinctly and exert different functions at various stages of odontogenesis. Given their unique contributions in odontogenesis, this review summarizes the roles of proteoglycans and GAGs throughout the process of odontogenesis to provide a comprehensive understanding of tooth development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - T Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Medical University-Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), ShenZhen, China
| | - J Wu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sao K, Risbud MV. Proteoglycan Dysfunction: A Common Link Between Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Skeletal Dysplasia. Neurospine 2024; 21:162-178. [PMID: 38569642 PMCID: PMC10992626 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2347342.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans through their sulfated glycosaminoglycans regulate cell-matrix signaling during tissue development, regeneration, and degeneration processes. Large extracellular proteoglycans such as aggrecan, versican, and perlecan are especially important for the structural integrity of the intervertebral disc and cartilage during development. In these tissues, proteoglycans are responsible for hydration, joint flexibility, and the absorption of mechanical loads. Loss or reduction of these molecules can lead to disc degeneration and skeletal dysplasia, evident from loss of disc height or defects in skeletal development respectively. In this review, we discuss the common proteoglycans found in the disc and cartilage and elaborate on various murine models and skeletal dysplasias in humans to highlight how their absence and/or aberrant expression causes accelerated disc degeneration and developmental defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimheak Sao
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Fibromodulin (FMOD) is an archetypal member of the class II small leucine-rich proteoglycan family. By directly binding to extracellular matrix structural components, such as collagen and lysyl oxidase, FMOD regulates collagen cross-linking, packing, assembly, and fibril architecture via a multivalent interaction. Meanwhile, as a pluripotent molecule, FMOD acts as a ligand of various cytokines and growth factors, especially those belonging to the transforming growth factor (TGF) β superfamily, by interacting with the corresponding signaling molecules involved in cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, migration, invasion, differentiation, and metastasis. Consequently, FMOD exhibits promigratory, proangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrogenic properties and plays essential roles in cell fate determination and maturation, progenitor cell recruitment, and tissue regeneration. The multifunctional nature of FMOD thus enables it to be a promising therapeutic agent for a broad repertoire of diseases, including but not limited to arthritis, temporomandibular joint disorders, caries, and fibrotic diseases among different organs, as well as to be a regenerative medicine candidate for skin, muscle, and tendon injuries. Moreover, FMOD is also considered a marker for tumor diagnosis and prognosis prediction and a potential target for cancer treatment. Furthermore, FMOD itself is sufficient to reprogram somatic cells into a multipotent state, creating a safe and efficient cell source for various tissue reconstructions and thus opening a new avenue for regenerative medicine. This review focuses on the recent preclinical efforts bringing FMOD research and therapies to the forefront. In addition, a contemporary understanding of the mechanism underlying FMOD's function, particularly its interaction with TGFβ superfamily members, is also discussed at the molecular level to aid the discovery of novel FMOD-based treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zheng
- David Geffen School of Medicine,
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Dentistry, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H.S. Granado
- Department of Orthodontics, School of
Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C. Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of
Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hynek R, Michalus I, Cejnar P, Šantrůček J, Seidlová S, Kučková Š, Sázelová P, Kašička V. In-bone protein digestion followed by LC-MS/MS peptide analysis as a new way towards the routine proteomic characterization of human maxillary and mandibular bone tissue in oral surgery. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2552-2562. [PMID: 34453862 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic characterization of alveolar bones in oral surgery represents an analytical challenge due to their insoluble character. The implementation of a straightforward technique could lead to the routine use of proteomics in this field. This work thus developed a simple technique for the characterization of bone tissue for human maxillary and mandibular bones. It is based on the direct in-bone tryptic digestion of proteins in both healthy and pathological human maxillary and mandibular bone samples. The released peptides were then identified by the LC-MS/MS. Using this approach, a total of 1120 proteins were identified in the maxillary bone and 1151 proteins in the mandibular bone. The subsequent partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) of protein data made it possible to reach 100% discrimination between the samples of healthy alveolar bones and those of the bone tissue surrounding the inflammatory focus. These results indicate that the in-bone protein digestion followed by the LC-MS/MS and subsequent statistical analysis can provide a deeper insight into the field of oral surgery at the molecular level. Furthermore, it could also have a diagnostic potential in the differentiation between the proteomic patterns of healthy and pathological alveolar bone tissue. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD026775.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Hynek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Michalus
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, Prague 2, 121 08, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Cejnar
- Department of Computing and Control Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Sabina Seidlová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpánka Kučková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Sázelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo 542/2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo 542/2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Guan Q, Han X, Bai D, Li D, Tian Y. Proteoglycans in the periodontium: A review with emphasis on specific distributions, functions, and potential applications. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:617-632. [PMID: 33458817 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are largely glycosylated proteins, consisting of a linkage sugar, core proteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, more than 40 kinds of PGs have been identified, and they can be classified as intracellular, cell surface, pericellular, and extracellular PGs according to cellular locations. To illustrate, extracellular PGs are known for regulating the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix; cell-surface PGs play a role in mediating cell adhesion and binding various growth factors. In the field of periodontology, PGs are implicated in cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, contractility, and anoikis, thereby exerting a profound influence on periodontal tissue development, wound repair, the immune response, biomechanics, and pathological process. Additionally, the expression patterns of some PGs are dynamic and cell-specific. Therefore, determining the roles and spatial-temporal expression patterns of PGs in the periodontium could shed light on treatments for wound healing, tissue regeneration, periodontitis, and gingival overgrowth. In this review, close attention is paid to the distributions, functions, and potential applications of periodontal PGs. Related genetically modified animal experiments and involved signal transduction cascades are summarized for improved understanding of periodontal PGs. To date, however, there is a large amount of speculation on this topic that requires rigorous experiments for validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuyue Guan
- Department of Geriatrics, People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Defu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Farina AP, Cecchin D, Vidal CMP, Leme-Kraus AA, Bedran-Russo AK. Removal of water binding proteins from dentin increases the adhesion strength of low-hydrophilicity dental resins. Dent Mater 2020; 36:e302-e308. [PMID: 32811665 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of proteoglycans (PGs) on the physical properties of the dentin matrix and the bond strength of methacrylate resins with varying hydrophilicities. METHODS Dentin were obtained from crowns of human molars. Enzymatic removal of PGs followed a standard protocol using 1 mg/mL trypsin (Try) for 24 h. Controls were incubated in ammonium bicarbonate buffer. Removal of PGs was assessed by visualization of glycosaminoglycan chains (GAGs) in dentin under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dentin matrix swelling ratio was estimated using fully demineralized dentin. Dentin wettability was assessed on wet, dry and re-wetted dentin surfaces through water contact angle measurements. Microtensile bond strength test (TBS) was performed with experimental adhesives containing 6% HEMA (H6) and 18% HEMA (H18) and a commercial dental adhesive. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS The enzymatic removal of PGs was confirmed by the absence and fragmentation of GAGs. There was statistically significant difference between the swelling ratio of Try-treated and control dentin (p < 0.001). Significantly lower contact angle was found for Try-treated on wet and dry dentin (p < 0.002). The contact angle on re-wet dentin was not recovered in Try-treated group (p = 0.9). Removal of PGs significantly improved the TBS of H6 (109% higher, p < 0.001) and H18 (29% higher, p = 0.002) when compared to control. The TBS of commercial adhesive was not affected by trypsin treatment (p = 0.9). SIGNIFICANCE Changing the surface energy of dentin by PGs removal improved resin adhesion, likely due to more efficient water displacement, aiding to improved resin infiltration and polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Farina
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Passo Fundo Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Doglas Cecchin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Passo Fundo Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina M P Vidal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ariene Arcas Leme-Kraus
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ana K Bedran-Russo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kram V, Shainer R, Jani P, Meester JAN, Loeys B, Young MF. Biglycan in the Skeleton. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:747-762. [PMID: 32623936 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), including Biglycan, have key roles in many organ and tissue systems. The goal of this article is to review the function of Biglycan and other related SLRPs in mineralizing tissues of the skeleton. The review is divided into sections that include Biglycan's role in structural biology, signaling, craniofacial and long bone homeostasis, remodeled skeletal tissues, and in human genetics. While many cell types in the skeleton are now known to be affected by Biglycan, there are still unanswered questions about its mechanism of action(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vardit Kram
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Reut Shainer
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Priyam Jani
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Josephina A N Meester
- Laboratory of Cardiogenetics, Center of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Loeys
- Laboratory of Cardiogenetics, Center of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marian F Young
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Randilini A, Fujikawa K, Shibata S. Expression, localization and synthesis of small leucine-rich proteoglycans in developing mouse molar tooth germ. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 32046476 PMCID: PMC7029624 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene expression and protein synthesis of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), including decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican, was analyzed in the context of the hypothesis that they are closely related to tooth formation. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and organ culture with metabolic labeling of [35S] were carried out in mouse first molar tooth germs of different developmental stages using ICR mice at embryonic day (E) 13.5 to postnatal day (P)7.0. At the bud and cap stage, decorin mRNA was expressed only in the surrounding mesenchyme, but not within the tooth germ. Biglycan mRNA was then expressed in the condensing mesenchyme and the dental papilla of the tooth germ. At the apposition stage (late bell stage), both decorin and biglycan mRNA were expressed in odontoblasts, resulting in a switch of the pattern of expression within the different stages of odontoblast differentiation. Decorin mRNA was expressed earlier in newly differentiating odontoblasts than biglycan. With odontoblast maturation and dentin formation, decorin mRNA expression was diminished and localized to the newly differentiating odontoblasts at the cervical region. Simultaneously, biglycan mRNA took over and extended its expression throughout the new and mature odontoblasts. Both mRNAs were expressed in the dental pulp underlying the respective odontoblasts. At P7.0, both mRNAs were weakly expressed but maintained their spatial expression patterns. Immunostaining showed that biglycan was localized in the dental papillae and pulp. In addition, all four SLRPs showed clear immunostaining in predentin, although the expressions of fibromodulin and lumican mRNAs were not identified in the tooth germs examined. The organ culture data obtained supported the histological findings that biglycan is more predominant than decorin at the apposition stage. These results were used to identify biglycan as the principal molecule among the SLRPs investigated. Our findings indicate that decorin and biglycan show spatial and temporal differential expressions and play their own tissue-specific roles in tooth development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angammana Randilini
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo .
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Farina AP, Vidal CMP, Cecchin D, Aguiar TR, Bedran-Russo AK. Structural and biomechanical changes to dentin extracellular matrix following chemical removal of proteoglycans. Odontology 2019; 107:316-323. [PMID: 30710179 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-018-00408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are biomacromolecules with significant biomineralization and structural roles in the dentin extracellular matrix. This study comprehensively assessed the mechanical properties and morphology of the dentin extracellular matrix following chemical removal of proteoglycans to elucidate the structural roles of proteoglycans in dentin. Dentin extracellular matrix was prepared from extracted teeth after complete tissue demineralization. Chemical removal of proteoglycans was carried-out using guanidine hydrochloride for up to 10 days. The removal of proteoglycans was determined by dimethylmethylene blue colorimetric assay and histological staining analyses using transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The modulus of elasticity of dentin matrix was determined by a 3-point bending test method. Partial removal of proteoglycans induced significant modifications to the dentin matrix, particularly to type I collagen. Removal of proteoglycans significantly decreased the modulus of elasticity of dentin extracellular matrix (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the subtle disruption of proteoglycans induces pronounced changes to the collagen network packing and the bulk modulus of elasticity of dentin matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Farina
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, Passo Fundo Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina M P Vidal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Doglas Cecchin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, Passo Fundo Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaiane R Aguiar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana K Bedran-Russo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Room 531, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stankoska K, Sarram L, Smith S, Bedran-Russo AK, Little CB, Swain MV, Bertassoni LE. Immunolocalization and distribution of proteoglycans in carious dentine. Aust Dent J 2017; 61:288-97. [PMID: 26435422 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen type I, proteoglycans (PG) and non-collagenous proteins represent important building blocks of the dentine matrix. While different PGs have been identified in dentine, changes in the distribution of these macromolecules with the progression of caries have been poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to compare the immunolocalization of three small collagen-binding PGs (biglycan, fibromodulin and lumican) as well as collagen (types I and VI) in healthy versus carious dentine. METHODS Longitudinal demineralized sections of extracted teeth were stained with antibodies recognizing specific PG core proteins and collagens, as well as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with toluidine blue. RESULTS In healthy dentine, PGs appeared to be more abundant near the tubule walls and directly under the cusps. Conversely, in carious dentine, specific locations appeared to be more prone to PG degradation than others. These degradation patterns were well correlated with the progression of caries into the tissue, and also appeared to trigger interesting morphological changes in the tissue structure, such as the deformation of dentine tubules near highly infected areas and the lower concentration of PG in tertiary dentine. CONCLUSIONS This study presents new insights into the involvement of PGs in the progression of caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Stankoska
- Bioengineering, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Sarram
- Bioengineering, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A K Bedran-Russo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - C B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M V Swain
- Bioengineering, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - L E Bertassoni
- Bioengineering, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bertassoni LE. Dentin on the nanoscale: Hierarchical organization, mechanical behavior and bioinspired engineering. Dent Mater 2017; 33:637-649. [PMID: 28416222 PMCID: PMC5481168 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge of the structural organization and mechanical properties of dentin has expanded considerably during the past two decades, especially on a nanometer scale. In this paper, we review the recent literature on the nanostructural and nanomechanical properties of dentin, with special emphasis in its hierarchical organization. METHODS We give particular attention to the recent literature concerning the structural and mechanical influence of collagen intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar mineral in healthy and remineralized tissues. The multilevel hierarchical structure of collagen, and the participation of non-collagenous proteins and proteoglycans in healthy and diseased dentin are also discussed. Furthermore, we provide a forward-looking perspective of emerging topics in biomaterials sciences, such as bioinspired materials design and fabrication, 3D bioprinting and microfabrication, and briefly discuss recent developments on the emerging field of organs-on-a-chip. RESULTS The existing literature suggests that both the inorganic and organic nanostructural components of the dentin matrix play a critical role in various mechanisms that influence tissue properties. SIGNIFICANCE An in-depth understanding of such nanostructural and nanomechanical mechanisms can have a direct impact in our ability to evaluate and predict the efficacy of dental materials. This knowledge will pave the way for the development of improved dental materials and treatment strategies. CONCLUSIONS Development of future dental materials should take into consideration the intricate hierarchical organization of dentin, and pay particular attention to their complex interaction with the dentin matrix on a nanometer scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen L, Liao J, Klineberg E, Leung VYL, Huang S. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs): characteristics and function in the intervertebral disc. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:602-608. [PMID: 26370612 DOI: 10.1002/term.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Research Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jingwen Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Eric Klineberg
- Department of Orthopaedics; University of California at Davis; Sacramento California USA
| | - Victor YL Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Shishu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; West China Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Research Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science; Shenzhen 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bertassoni LE, Swain MV. The contribution of proteoglycans to the mechanical behavior of mineralized tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 38:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Nastase MV, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Key roles for the small leucine-rich proteoglycans in renal and pulmonary pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2460-70. [PMID: 24508120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are molecules that have signaling roles in a multitude of biological processes. In this respect, SLRPs play key roles in the evolution of a variety of diseases throughout the human body. SCOPE OF REVIEW We will critically review current developments in the roles of SLRPs in several types of disease of the kidney and lungs. Particular emphasis will be given to the roles of decorin and biglycan, the best characterized members of the SLRP gene family. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In both renal and pulmonary disorders, SLRPs are essential elements that regulate several pathophysiological processes including fibrosis, inflammation and tumor progression. Decorin has remarkable antifibrotic and antitumorigenic properties and is considered a valuable potential treatment of these diseases. Biglycan can modulate inflammatory processes in lung and renal inflammation and is a potential target in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE SLRPs can serve as either treatment targets or as potential treatment in renal or lung disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mormone E, Lu Y, Ge X, Fiel MI, Nieto N. Fibromodulin, an oxidative stress-sensitive proteoglycan, regulates the fibrogenic response to liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:612-621.e5. [PMID: 22138190 PMCID: PMC3800000 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Collagen I deposition contributes to liver fibrosis, yet little is known about other factors that mediate this process. Fibromodulin is a liver proteoglycan that regulates extracellular matrix organization and is induced by fibrogenic stimuli. We propose that fibromodulin contributes to the pathogenesis of fibrosis by regulating the fibrogenic phenotype of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS We analyzed liver samples from patients with hepatitis C-associated cirrhosis and healthy individuals (controls). We used a coculture model to study interactions among rat HSCs, hepatocytes, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. We induced fibrosis in livers of wild-type and Fmod(-/-) mice by bile duct ligation, injection of CCl(4), or administration of thioacetamide. RESULTS Liver samples from patients with cirrhosis had higher levels of fibromodulin messenger RNA and protein than controls. Bile duct ligation, CCl(4), and thioacetamide each increased levels of fibromodulin protein in wild-type mice. HSCs, hepatocytes, and sinusoidal endothelial cells produced and secreted fibromodulin. Infection of HSCs with an adenovirus that expressed fibromodulin increased expression of collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin, indicating increased activation of HSCs and fibrogenic potential. Recombinant fibromodulin promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of HSCs, contributing to their fibrogenic activity. Fibromodulin was sensitive to reactive oxygen species. HepG2 cells that express cytochrome P450 2E1 produced fibromodulin, and HSCs increased fibromodulin production in response to pro-oxidants. In mice, administration of an antioxidant prevented the increase in fibromodulin in response to CCl(4). Coculture of hepatocytes or sinusoidal endothelial cells with HSCs increased the levels of reactive oxygen species in the culture medium, along with collagen I and fibromodulin proteins; this increase was prevented by catalase. Fibromodulin bound to collagen I, but the binding did not prevent collagen I degradation by matrix metalloproteinase 13. Bile duct ligation caused liver fibrosis in wild-type but not Fmod(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Fibromodulin levels are increased in livers of patients with cirrhosis. Hepatic fibromodulin activates HSCs and promotes collagen I deposition, which leads to liver fibrosis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mormone
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yongke Lu
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Igwe JC, Gao Q, Kizivat T, Kao WW, Kalajzic I. Keratocan is expressed by osteoblasts and can modulate osteogenic differentiation. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:401-7. [PMID: 21405980 PMCID: PMC3574643 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.546536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Keratocan is an extracellular matrix protein that belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family that also includes lumican, biglycan, decorin, mimecan, and fibromodulin. Members of this family are known to play a role in regulating cellular processes such as proliferation and modulation of osteoprogenitor lineage differentiation. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression pattern of the keratocan within the osteoprogenitor lineage and to assess its role in regulating osteoblast maturation and function. Results from gene expression analyses of cells at different maturation stages within the osteoblast lineage indicate that keratocan is differentially expressed by osteoblasts and shows little or no expression by osteocytes. During primary osteoblast cultures, high keratocan mRNA expression was observed on day 14, whereas lower expression was detected at days 7 and 21. To assess the effects of keratocan on osteoprogenitor cell differentiation, we evaluated primary calvarial cell cultures from keratocan-deficient mice. The mineralization of calvarial osteoblast cultures derived from keratocan null (Kera-/-) mice was lower than in wild-type osteoblast cultures. Furthermore, analysis of RNA derived from Kera-/- calvarial cell cultures showed a reduction in the mature osteoblast differentiation markers, that is, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin. In addition, we have evaluated the bone formation in keratocan-deficient mice. Histomorphometric analysis indicated that homozygous knockout mice have significantly decreased rates of bone formation and mineral apposition. Taken together, our results demonstrate the expression of keratocan by osteoblast lineage cells and its ability to modulate osteoblast function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Igwe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tomislav Kizivat
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Winston W. Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goldberg M, Marchadier A, Vidal C, Harichane Y, Kamoun-Goldrat A, Kellermann O, Kilts T, Young M. Differential effects of fibromodulin deficiency on mouse mandibular bones and teeth: a micro-CT time course study. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 194:205-10. [PMID: 21597266 DOI: 10.1159/000324397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromodulin (Fmod) is a keratan sulfate small leucine-rich proteoglycan which is enriched in bones and teeth. In order to determine its functions on bone and tooth mineralization we characterized the phenotype of Fmod-deficient (Fmod-KO) mice using a new-generation microfocus computerized tomography system (micro-CT) and software allowing advanced visualization of 3-D data. Three-week-old and 10- week-old Fmod-KO mandibles and teeth were compared with those of age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. In both young and mature mice the Fmod-KO mandibles were hypomineralized, especially the posterior (proximal) part of the mandible as it appeared to be the main target of the molecule deficiency whereas less extensive alterations were found in the alveolar bone. In transverse sections, larger marrow spaces were observed in the Fmod-KO mice compared with age-matched young or mature WT mice. Quantitative evaluation of the pulp volume of the first molar and 3-D reconstructions suggested that dentinogenesis was diminished in 3-week-old Fmod-KO teeth. In contrast, increased dentin formation was found in 10-week-old Fmod-KO mice and it was accompanied by a reduced pulp volume. Thus, the differential effects of Fmod deficiency on bones and teeth appear to diverge in adult mice. This may result from the previously reported differences in the molecular weight of Fmod in the 2 tissues or from compensatory mechanisms due to the overexpression of DSP and DMP-1 in the dental pulp of Fmod-KO. It is also possible that a single molecule plays diverging roles in a tissue-specific or region-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Goldberg
- UMR-S U 747 INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Biomédicale des Saints-Pères, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goldberg M, Kulkarni AB, Young M, Boskey A. Dentin: structure, composition and mineralization. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2011; 3:711-35. [PMID: 21196346 DOI: 10.2741/e281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We review firstly the specificities of the different types of dentin present in mammalian teeth. The outer layers include the mantle dentin, the Tomes' granular and the hyaline Hopewell-Smith's layers. Circumpulpal dentin forming the bulk of the tooth, comprises intertubular and peritubular dentin. In addition to physiological primary and secondary dentin formation, reactionary dentin is produced in response to pathological events. Secondly, we evaluate the role of odontoblasts in dentin formation, their implication in the synthesis and secretion of type I collagen fibrils and non-collagenous molecules. Thirdly, we study the composition and functions of dentin extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules implicated in dentinogenesis. As structural proteins they are mineralization promoters or inhibitors. They are also signaling molecules. Three different forms of dentinogenesis are identified: i) matrix vesicles are implicated in early dentin formation, ii) collagen and some proteoglycans are involved in the formation of predentin, further transformed into intertubular dentin, iii) the distal secretion of some non-collagenous ECM molecules and some serum proteins contribute to the formation of peritubular dentin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Goldberg
- UMR-S 747, INSERM, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen S, Oldberg A, Chakravarti S, Birk DE. Fibromodulin regulates collagen fibrillogenesis during peripheral corneal development. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:844-54. [PMID: 20108350 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromodulin regulates collagen fibrillogenesis, but its existence/role(s) in the cornea is controversial. We hypothesize that fibromodulin regulates fibrillogenesis during postnatal development of the anterior eye. Fibromodulin is weakly expressed in the limbus at post-natal day (P) 4, increases and extends into the central cornea at P14, becomes restricted to the limbus at P30, and decreases at P60. This differential spatial and temporal expression of fibromodulin is coordinated with emmetropization; the developmental increase in axial length and globe size. Genetic analysis demonstrated that fibromodulin regulates fibrillogenesis in a region-specific manner. At the limbus, fibromodulin is dominant in regulating fibril growth during postnatal development. In the posterior peripheral cornea, cooperative interactions of fibromodulin and lumican regulate fibrillogenesis. These data indicate that fibromodulin plays important roles in the regulation of region-specific fibrillogenesis required for the integration of the corneal and scleral matrices and sulcus development required for establishment of the visual axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612-4799, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|