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Oropeza-Valdez JJ, Hernandez JDLCM, Jaime-Sánchez E, López-Ramos E, Lara-Ramírez EE, Hernández YL, Castañeda-Delgado JE, Moreno JAE. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Oxidative Stress Injury Biomarkers for Diabetic Nephropathy. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:17-26. [PMID: 36564298 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is essential for improving the prognosis and effectively manage patients affected with this disease. The standard biomarkers, including albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate, are not very precise. New molecular biomarkers are needed to more accurately identify DN and better predict disease progression. Characteristic DN biomarkers can be identified using transcriptomic analysis. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the transcriptomic profile of controls (CTRLs, n = 15), patients with prediabetes (PREDM, n = 15), patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2, n = 15), and patients with DN (n = 15) by microarray analysis to find new biomarkers. RT-PCR was then used to confirm gene biomarkers specific for DN. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were used to isolate RNA for microarray expression analysis. 26,803 unique gene sequences and 30,606 LncRNA sequences were evaluated-Selected gene biomarkers for DN were validated using qPCR assays. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated as measures of diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS The DN transcriptome was composed of 300 induced genes, compared to CTRLs, PREDM, and DM-2 groups. RT-qPCR assays validated that METLL22, PFKL, CCNB1 and CASP2 genes were induced in the DN group compared to CTRLs, PREDM, and DM-2 groups. The ROC analysis for these four genes showed 0.9719, 0.8853, 0.8533 and 0.7748 AUC values, respectively. CONCLUSION Among induced genes in the DN group, we found that CASP2, PFKL and CCNB1 may potentially be used as biomarkers to diagnose DN. Of these, METLL22 had the highest AUC score, at 0.9719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Oropeza-Valdez
- Laboratorio de Metabolómica y Proteómica, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | | | - Elena Jaime-Sánchez
- Área de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara, Zacatecas, México
| | - Ernesto López-Ramos
- Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos No. 18, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zac, México
| | - Edgar E Lara-Ramírez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología-Laboratorio de Metabolómica y Proteómica, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Yamilé López Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
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Sealfon R, Mariani L, Avila-Casado C, Nair V, Menon R, Funk J, Wong A, Lerner G, Hayashi N, Troyanskaya O, Kretzler M, Beck LH. Molecular Characterization of Membranous Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1208-1221. [PMID: 35477557 PMCID: PMC9161788 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular characterization of nephropathies may facilitate pathophysiologic insight, development of targeted therapeutics, and transcriptome-based disease classification. Although membranous nephropathy (MN) is a common cause of adult-onset nephrotic syndrome, the molecular pathways of kidney damage in MN require further definition. METHODS We applied a machine-learning framework to predict diagnosis on the basis of gene expression from the microdissected kidney tissue of participants in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) cohort. We sought to identify differentially expressed genes between participants with MN versus those of other glomerulonephropathies across the NEPTUNE and European Renal cDNA Bank (ERCB) cohorts, to find MN-specific gene modules in a kidney-specific functional network, and to identify cell-type specificity of MN-specific genes using single-cell sequencing data from reference nephrectomy tissue. RESULTS Glomerular gene expression alone accurately separated participants with MN from those with other nephrotic syndrome etiologies. The top predictive classifier genes from NEPTUNE participants were also differentially expressed in the ERCB participants with MN. We identified a signature of 158 genes that are significantly differentially expressed in MN across both cohorts, finding 120 of these in a validation cohort. This signature is enriched in targets of transcription factor NF-κB. Clustering these MN-specific genes in a kidney-specific functional network uncovered modules with functional enrichments, including in ion transport, cell projection morphogenesis, regulation of adhesion, and wounding response. Expression data from reference nephrectomy tissue indicated 43% of these genes are most highly expressed by podocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, relative to other glomerulonephropathies, MN has a distinctive molecular signature that includes upregulation of many podocyte-expressed genes, provides a molecular snapshot of MN, and facilitates insight into MN's underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sealfon
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Laura Mariani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Viji Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Julien Funk
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York
| | - Aaron Wong
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Gabriel Lerner
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norifumi Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Olga Troyanskaya
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey,Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laurence H. Beck
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Woziwodzka K, Małyszko J, Koc-Żórawska E, Żórawski M, Dumnicka P, Jurczyszyn A, Batko K, Mazur P, Banaszkiewicz M, Krzanowski M, Gołasa P, Małyszko JA, Drożdż R, Krzanowska K. Transgelin-2 in Multiple Myeloma: A New Marker of Renal Impairment? Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010079. [PMID: 35011306 PMCID: PMC8746652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgelin is a 22-kDa protein involved in cytoskeletal organization and expressed in smooth muscle tissue. According to animal studies, it is a potential mediator of kidney injury and fibrosis, and moreover, its role in tumorigenesis is emerging in a variety of cancers. The study included 126 ambulatory patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Serum transgelin-2 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. We evaluated associations between baseline transgelin and kidney function (serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate—eGFR, urinary markers of tubular injury: cystatin-C, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin—NGAL monomer, cell cycle arrest biomarkers IGFBP-7 and TIMP-2) and markers of MM burden. Baseline serum transgelin was also evaluated as a predictor of kidney function after a follow-up of 27 months from the start of the study. Significant correlations were detected between serum transgelin-2 and serum creatinine (R = 0.29; p = 0.001) and eGFR (R = −0.25; p = 0.007). Transgelin significantly correlated with serum free light chains lambda (R = 0.18; p = 0.047) and serum periostin (R = −0.22; p = 0.013), after exclusion of smoldering MM patients. Patients with decreasing eGFR had higher transgelin levels (median 106.6 versus 83.9 ng/mL), although the difference was marginally significant (p = 0.05). However, baseline transgelin positively correlated with serum creatinine after the follow-up period (R = 0.37; p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with eGFR after the follow-up period (R = −0.33; p < 0.001). Moreover, higher baseline serum transgelin (beta = −0.11 ± 0.05; p = 0.032) significantly predicted lower eGFR values after the follow-up period, irrespective of baseline eGFR and follow-up duration. Our study shows for the first time that elevated serum transgelin is negatively associated with glomerular filtration in MM and predicts a decline in renal function over long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Woziwodzka
- Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.W.); (K.B.); (M.B.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Jolanta Małyszko
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Koc-Żórawska
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Marcin Żórawski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-254 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Paulina Dumnicka
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (P.D.); (P.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Artur Jurczyszyn
- Chair and Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Batko
- Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.W.); (K.B.); (M.B.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Paulina Mazur
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (P.D.); (P.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Małgorzata Banaszkiewicz
- Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.W.); (K.B.); (M.B.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Marcin Krzanowski
- Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.W.); (K.B.); (M.B.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Paulina Gołasa
- Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.W.); (K.B.); (M.B.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Jacek A. Małyszko
- First Department of Nephrology and Transplantology with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Ryszard Drożdż
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (P.D.); (P.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Krzanowska
- Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.W.); (K.B.); (M.B.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-124002850
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Sharma A, Khan H, Singh TG, Grewal AK, Najda A, Kawecka-Radomska M, Kamel M, Altyar AE, Abdel-Daim MM. Pharmacological Modulation of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathways in Oncogenic Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111971. [PMID: 34769401 PMCID: PMC8584958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is involved in regulating several biological functions, including cell cycle control, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and apoptosis. It is widely known for its role in degrading abnormal protein substrates and maintaining physiological body functions via ubiquitinating enzymes (E1, E2, E3) and the proteasome. Therefore, aberrant expression in these enzymes results in an altered biological process, including transduction signaling for cell death and survival, resulting in cancer. In this review, an overview of profuse enzymes involved as a pro-oncogenic or progressive growth factor in tumors with their downstream signaling pathways has been discussed. A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on modulation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathways in oncogenic signaling. Various in vitro, in vivo studies demonstrating the involvement of ubiquitin-proteasome systems in varied types of cancers and the downstream signaling pathways involved are also discussed in the current review. Several inhibitors of E1, E2, E3, deubiquitinase enzymes and proteasome have been applied for treating cancer. Some of these drugs have exhibited successful outcomes in in vivo studies on different cancer types, so clinical trials are going on for these inhibitors. This review mainly focuses on certain ubiquitin-proteasome enzymes involved in developing cancers and certain enzymes that can be targeted to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (H.K.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (H.K.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (H.K.); (A.K.G.)
- Correspondence: or (T.G.S.); (M.M.A.-D.); Tel.: +91-9815951171 (T.G.S.); +966-580192142 (M.M.A.-D.)
| | - Amarjot Kaur Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (H.K.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 50A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland; (A.N.); (M.K.-R.)
| | - Małgorzata Kawecka-Radomska
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 50A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland; (A.N.); (M.K.-R.)
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed E. Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (T.G.S.); (M.M.A.-D.); Tel.: +91-9815951171 (T.G.S.); +966-580192142 (M.M.A.-D.)
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5
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Ding Y, Diao Z, Cui H, Yang A, Liu W, Jiang L. Bioinformatics analysis reveals the roles of cytoskeleton protein transgelin in occurrence and development of proteinuria. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:2250-2268. [PMID: 34733666 PMCID: PMC8506063 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinuria is a sensitive hallmark for progressive renal dysfunction. Transgelin (TAGLN) has been demonstrated to participate in etiology of proteinuria and dynamics of podocyte foot process; however, the mechanism of TAGLN involvement in proteinuria is unknown. The present study aimed to explore the roles of TAGLN in the development of proteinuria. METHODS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected from microarray expression profiling datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus, and analyzed by the short time series expression miner to cluster the DEGs in proteinuria progression. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis was used to determine the top 20 enriched pathways, and construct a gene interaction network. RESULTS In total, 2,409 DEGs for nephropathy and 10,612 DEGs for podocyte foot process and proteinuria were detected. Additionally, 76 common DEGs (25 upregulated and 41 downregulated) between nephropathy and podocyte foot process were primarily involved in innate immunity, positive regulation of transcription-DNA-templated, immunity and negative regulation of cell proliferation, enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, axon guidance, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS We discovered a TAGLN-mediated regulatory network involved in proteinuria progression. These findings provide novel insight to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Ding
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongli Diao
- Nephrology Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cui
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Yang
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhu Liu
- Nephrology Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Jiang
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Lerner GB, Virmani S, Henderson JM, Francis JM, Beck LH. A conceptual framework linking immunology, pathology, and clinical features in primary membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2021; 100:289-300. [PMID: 33857571 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary membranous nephropathy is a leading cause of adult nephrotic syndrome. The field took a major step forward with the identification of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) as a target antigen in the majority of cases and with the ability to measure circulating autoantibodies to PLA2R. Since then, the existence of additional target antigens such as thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A, exostosin 1 and 2, neural EGFL like 1, and semaphorin 3B has been demonstrated. The ability to detect and monitor levels of circulating autoantibodies has opened a new window onto the humoral aspect of primary membranous nephropathy. Clinicians now rely on clinical parameters such as proteinuria, as well as levels of circulating autoantibodies against PLA2R and the results of immunofluorescence staining for PLA2R within kidney biopsy tissue, to guide the management of this disease. The relationship between immunologic and clinical disease course is consistent, but not necessarily intuitive. In addition, kidney biopsy provides only a single snapshot of disease that needs to be interpreted in light of changing clinical and serological findings. A clear understanding of these dynamic parameters is essential for staging, treatment, and management of this disease. This review aims to shed light on current knowledge regarding the development and time course of changes in the serum levels of autoantibodies against PLA2R, proteinuria, and histological findings that underlie the pathophysiology of primary membranous nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel B Lerner
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samarth Virmani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean M Francis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurence H Beck
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Jiang L, Cui H, Ding J, Yang A, Zhang Y. Puromycin aminonucleoside-induced podocyte injury is ameliorated by the Smad3 inhibitor SIS3. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1601-1611. [PMID: 32583562 PMCID: PMC7396432 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad3 signaling and transgelin expression are often activated during puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)‐induced podocyte injury. Here, we investigated whether the Smad3 inhibitor SIS3 can ameliorate damage to injured podocytes. A model of PAN‐induced podocyte injury was constructed using the MPC5 cell line. The effects of SIS3 on the expression of the podocyte cytoskeletal proteins transgelin, p15INK4B, phosphor‐smad3, phosphor‐JAK/stat3, the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase 3, and c‐myc were investigated using western blot. The distribution of F‐actin in PAN‐induced podocyte injury was observed under an immunofluorescence microscope. PAN‐induced podocyte injury altered the distribution of F‐actin and transgelin, and colocalization of these two proteins was observed. Transgelin expression and Smad3 phosphorylation were increased in the MPC5 cell line with prolonged PAN treatment. In addition, c‐myc expression, p15INK4B, and JAK phosphorylation were all increased after treatment with PAN. Treatment with the Smad3 inhibitor SIS3 reversed these phenomena and protected against PAN‐induced podocyte injury. Moreover, stimulating podocytes directly with TGFβ‐1 also led to enhanced expression of transgelin or phosphor‐JAK/stat3, and this could be inhibited by SIS3. In conclusion, transgelin expression was induced through the Smad3 signaling pathway during PAN‐induced podocyte injury, and the resulting abnormal distribution of F‐actin and the enhanced expression of transgelin could be reversed by blockade of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jiang
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cui
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Yang
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lipid metabolism participates in human membranous nephropathy identified by whole-genome gene expression profiling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1255-1269. [PMID: 31160422 DOI: 10.1042/cs20181110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A genomics approach is an effective way to understand the possible mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of disease. However, very limited results have been published regarding whole-genome expression analysis of human idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN) using renal tissue. In the present study, gene expression profiling using renal cortex tissue from iMN patients and healthy controls was conducted; differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered out, and 167 up- and 291 down-regulated genes were identified as overlapping DEGs (ODEGs). Moreover, enrichment analysis and protein-protein network construction were performed, revealing enrichment of genes mainly in cholesterol metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, among others, with 38 hub genes obtained. Furthermore, we found several associations between circulating lipid concentrations and hub gene signal intensities in the renal cortex. Our findings indicate that lipid metabolism, including cholesterol metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, may participate in iMN pathogenesis through key genes, including apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), apolipoprotein B (APOB), apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and phospholipase A2 group XIIB (PLA2G12B).
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9
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Zhang C, Leng L, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Li Z. Comprehensive identification of immune-associated biomarkers based on network and mRNA expression patterns in membranous glomerulonephritis. J Transl Med 2018; 16:210. [PMID: 30041664 PMCID: PMC6056925 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adult patients. Despite extensive evidences suggested that many immune-related genes could serve as effective biomarkers in MGN, the potential has not been sufficiently understood because of most previous studies have concentrated on individual gene and not the entire interaction network. METHODS Here, we integrated multiple levels of data containing immune-related genes, MGN-related genes, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and gene expression profiling data to construct an immune or MGN-directed neighbor network (IOMDN network) and an MGN-related genes-directed network (MGND network). RESULTS Our analysis suggested that immune-related genes in the PPI network have special topological characteristics and expression pattern related to MGN. We also identified five network modules which showed tighter network structure and stronger correlation of expression. In addition, functional and drug target analyses of genes in modules indicated that the potential mechanism for MGN. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results indicated that the strong associations between immune and MGN and showed the potential of immune-related genes as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for MGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Leng
- The Second Hospital of Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Xiangan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 710000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaozheng Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Wu B, Gong X, Kennedy WA, Brooks JD. Identification of transcripts associated with renal damage due to ureteral obstruction as candidate urinary biomarkers. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F16-F26. [PMID: 29488389 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00382.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal obstruction is a common cause of renal failure in adults and children and is suspected when hydronephrosis is detected on imaging. Because not all cases of hydronephrosis are associated with renal damage, biomarkers are needed to guide intervention to relieve obstruction. We performed gene expression profiling on the kidneys from adult mice over a detailed time course after obstruction and compared these data with a neonatal model of bilateral high-grade obstruction induced by conditional deletion of the calcineurin β1 gene. Having identified a set of 143 transcripts modulated in both adult and neonatal obstruction, we tested their expression in a model of short-term obstruction (1 day), where renal damage is transient and reversible, and long-term obstruction (5 days), where significant renal damage is permanent. A significant number of transcripts increased early after obstruction, and later normalized, while 26 transcripts remained elevated 10 and 28 days after relief of 5 days of ureteral obstruction. With the use of qPCR, elevated levels of several of these candidate RNA biomarkers of renal damage were detected in urine from obstructed mice. In addition, several of these candidate RNA biomarkers of damage resulting from obstruction were detectable in catheterized urine samples from children undergoing surgery for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Measurement of urinary transcripts modulated in response to renal obstruction could serve as biomarkers of renal damage with important clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Urology, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | | | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University , Stanford, California
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11
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Liu T, Liu M, Shang P, Jin X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Li X, Ding Y, Li Y, Wen A. Investigation into the underlying molecular mechanisms of hypertensive nephrosclerosis using bioinformatics analyses. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4440-4448. [PMID: 29328390 PMCID: PMC5802219 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HNS) is a major risk factor for end-stage renal disease. However, the underlying pathogenesis of HNS remains to be fully determined. The gene expression profile of GSE20602, which consists of 14 glomeruli samples from patients with HNS and 4 normal glomeruli control samples, was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed in order to investigate the functions and pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Pathway relation and co‑expression networks were constructed in order to identify key genes and signaling pathways involved in HNS. In total, 483 DEGs were identified to be associated with HNS, including 302 upregulated genes and 181 downregulated genes. Furthermore, GO analysis revealed that DEGs were significantly enriched in the small molecule metabolic process. In addition, pathway analysis also revealed that DEGs were predominantly involved in metabolic pathways. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was identified as the hub pathway in the pathway relation network, whereas the sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) and cubulin (CUBN) genes were revealed to be the hub genes in the co‑expression network. The present study revealed that the SORD, CUBN and albumin genes as well as the TCA cycle and metabolic pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of HNS. The results of the present study may contribute to the determination of the molecular mechanisms underlying HNS, and provide insight into the exploration of novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of HNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Minna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Peijin Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yikai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xinfang Li
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Schena FP, Nistor I, Curci C. Transcriptomics in kidney biopsy is an untapped resource for precision therapy in nephrology: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 33:1094-1102. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ionut Nistor
- Nephrology Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Methods Support Team ERBP, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claudia Curci
- University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Schena Foundation, Valenzano, Italy
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Protein Array-Based Detection of Proteins in Kidney Tissues from Patients with Membranous Nephropathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7843584. [PMID: 28337458 PMCID: PMC5350302 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7843584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease in which proteins related with plenty of biological processes play an important role. However, the role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of MN is still unclear. This study aimed to screen differential proteins in kidney tissue samples from MN patients by using protein arrays and determine the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of MN. This study first tested a quantitative protein array (QAH-INF-3) and two semiquantitative protein arrays (L-493 and L-507) with normal renal tissue and identified L-493 as the most appropriate assay to compare protein levels between MN tissues and normal control tissues. The L-493 array identified 66 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that may be associated with MN. The gene oncology (GO) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses revealed several processes potentially involved in MN, including extracellular matrix disassembly and organization, cell adhesion, cell-cell signaling, cellular protein metabolic process, and immune response (P < 0.05). We suggest that these different pathways work together via protein signaling and result in the pathogenesis and progression of MN.
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Park JW, Kim YJ, Shin IS, Kwon OK, Hong JM, Shin NR, Oh SR, Ha UH, Kim JH, Ahn KS. Type III Secretion System of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Affects Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) and MMP-13 Expression via Nuclear Factor κB Signaling in Human Carcinoma Epithelial Cells and a Pneumonia Mouse Model. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:962-9. [PMID: 27377745 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been linked to severe disease and poor clinical outcomes in animal and human studies. We aimed to investigate whether the ExoS and ExoT effector proteins of P. aeruginosa affect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) and MMP-13 via nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. To understand the T3SS, we used ΔExoS, ΔExoT, and ExsA::Ω mutants, as well as P. aeruginosa strain K (PAK)-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. We investigated the effects of ΔExoS, ΔExoT, and ExsA::Ω on the development of pneumonia in mouse models. We examined the effects of ΔExoS, ΔExoT, and ExsA::Ω on MMP-12 and MMP-13 production in NCI-H292 cells. ΔExoS and ΔExoT markedly decreased the neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with a reduction in proinflammatory mediators, MMP-12, and MMP-13. ΔExoS and ΔExoT reduced NF-κB phosphorylation, together with MMP-12 and MMP-13 expression in PAK-infected mouse models and NCI-H292 cells. To conclude, P. aeruginosa infection induced the expression of MMPs, and P. aeruginosa T3SS appeared to be a key player in MMP-12 and MMP-13 expression, which is further controlled by NF-κB signaling. These findings might be useful in devising a novel therapeutic approach to chronic pulmonary infections that involves decreasing the ExoS and ExoT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
| | - Yong-Jae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon
| | - Ju Mi Hong
- Division of Life sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon
| | - Na-Rae Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si
| | - Un-Hwan Ha
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si
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Biomarkers for Refractory Lupus Nephritis: A Microarray Study of Kidney Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14276-90. [PMID: 26110394 PMCID: PMC4490552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of severe lupus nephritis (LN) is very different among individual patients. None of the current biomarkers can be used to predict the development of refractory LN. Because kidney histology is the gold standard for diagnosing LN, the authors hypothesize that molecular signatures detected in kidney biopsy tissue may have predictive value in determining the therapeutic response. Sixty-seven patients with biopsy-proven severely active LN by International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) classification III/IV were recruited. Twenty-three kidney tissue samples were used for RNA microarray analysis, while the remaining 44 samples were used for validation by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gene expression analysis. From hundreds of differential gene expressions in refractory LN, 12 candidates were selected for validation based on gene expression levels as well as relevant functions. The candidate biomarkers were members of the innate immune response molecules, adhesion molecules, calcium-binding receptors, and paracellular tight junction proteins. S100A8, ANXA13, CLDN19 and FAM46B were identified as the best kidney biomarkers for refractory LN, and COL8A1 was identified as the best marker for early loss of kidney function. These new molecular markers can be used to predict refractory LN and may eventually lead to novel molecular targets for therapy.
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16
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Identification of a common molecular pathway in hypertensive renal damage. J Hypertens 2015; 33:584-96; discussion 596. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Naito S, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. The glomerular parietal epithelial cell's responses are influenced by SM22 alpha levels. BMC Nephrol 2014; 15:174. [PMID: 25376243 PMCID: PMC4247743 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown in several diseases initially affecting podocytes, that the neighboring glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are secondarily involved. The PEC response might be reparative under certain circumstances, yet injurious under others. The factors governing these are not well understood. We have shown that SM22α, an actin-binding protein considered a marker of smooth muscle differentiation, is upregulated in podocytes and PECs in several models of podocyte disease. However, the impact of SM22α levels on PECs is not known. Methods Experimental glomerular disease, characterized by primary podocyte injury, was induced in aged-matched SM22α +/+ and SM22α -/- mice by intraperitoneal injection of sheep anti-rabbit glomeruli antibody. Immunostaining methods were employed on days 7 and 14 of disease. Results The number of PEC transition cells, defined as cells co-expressing a PEC protein (PAX2) and podocyte protein (Synaptopodin) was higher in diseased SM22α -/- mice compared with SM22α +/+ mice. WT1 staining along Bowman’s capsule is higher in diseased SM22α -/- mice. This was accompanied by increased PEC proliferation (measured by ki-67 staining), and an increase in immunostaining for the progenitor marker NCAM, in a subpopulation of PECs in diseased SM22α -/- mice. In addition, immunostaining for vimentin and alpha smooth muscle actin, markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), was lower in diseased SM22α -/- mice compared to diseased SM22α+/+ mice. Conclusion SM22α levels may impact how PECs respond following a primary podocyte injury in experimental glomerular disease. Absent/lower levels favor an increase in PEC transition cells and PECs expressing a progenitor marker, and a lower EMT rate compared to SM22α +/+ mice, where SM22 levels are markedly increased in PECs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356521, 1959 NE Pacific St,, Seattle, WA 98195-6521, USA.
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Transcriptional landscape of glomerular parietal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105289. [PMID: 25127402 PMCID: PMC4134297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the function of glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs). In this study, we performed genome-wide expression analysis on PEC-enriched capsulated vs. PEC-deprived decapsulated rat glomeruli to determine the transcriptional state of PECs under normal conditions. We identified hundreds of differentially expressed genes that mapped to distinct biologic modules including development, tight junction, ion transport, and metabolic processes. Since developmental programs were highly enriched in PECs, we characterized several of their candidate members at the protein level. Collectively, our findings confirm that PECs are multifaceted cells and help define their diverse functional repertoire.
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Abstract
Complement activation and recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes is an important defense mechanism against bacterial infection. However, complement also can mediate cellular injury and contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases. With the appreciation that the C5b-9 membrane attack complex can injure cells in the absence of leukocytes, a role for the terminal complement pathway in inducing cell injury and kidney disease was shown in several experimental models, including the rat passive Heymann nephritis model of human membranous nephropathy. In podocytes, sublytic C5b-9 activates a variety of downstream pathways including protein kinases, lipid metabolism, reactive oxygen species, growth factors/gene transcription, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and it impacts the integrity of the cytoskeleton and slit diaphragm proteins. C5b-9 also injures other kidney cells, including mesangial, glomerular endothelial, and tubular epithelial cells, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of mesangial-proliferative glomerulonephritis, thrombotic microangiopathy, and acute kidney injury. Conversely, certain C5b-9 signals limit complement-induced injury, or promote recovery of cells. In addition to C5b-9, complement cleavage products, such as C5a and C1q, can injure kidney cells. Thus, the complement system contributes to various kidney pathologies by causing cellular damage in both an inflammation-dependent and inflammation-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takano
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
Our understanding of the pathogenesis of most primary glomerular diseases, including IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, is limited. Advances in molecular technology now permit genome-wide, high-throughput characterization of genes and gene products from biological samples. Comprehensive examinations of the genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome (collectively known as omics analyses), have been applied to the study of IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in both animal models and human patients. However, most omics studies of primary glomerular diseases, with the exception of large genomic studies, have been limited by inadequate sample sizes and the lack of kidney-specific data sets derived from kidney biopsy samples. Collaborative efforts to develop a standardized approach for prospective recruitment of patients, scheduled monitoring of clinical outcomes, and protocols for sampling of kidney tissues will be instrumental in uncovering the mechanisms that drive these diseases. Integration of molecular data sets with the results of clinical and histopathological studies will ultimately enable these diseases to be characterized in a comprehensive and systematic manner, and is expected to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
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Cybulsky AV. The intersecting roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress, ubiquitin–proteasome system, and autophagy in the pathogenesis of proteinuric kidney disease. Kidney Int 2013; 84:25-33. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Karagianni F, Prakoura N, Kaltsa G, Politis P, Arvaniti E, Kaltezioti V, Psarras S, Pagakis S, Katsimboulas M, Abed A, Chatziantoniou C, Charonis A. Transgelin Up-Regulation in Obstructive Nephropathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66887. [PMID: 23840546 PMCID: PMC3694161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a complex and multifactorial process, affecting the structure and compromising the function of several organs. Among those, renal fibrosis is an important pathological change, eventually leading to renal failure. Proteomic analysis of the renal parenchyma in the well-established rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO model) suggested that transgelin was up-regulated during the development of fibrosis. Transgelin up-regulation was confirmed both at the protein and at the mRNA level. It was observed that at early stages of fibrosis transgelin was mainly expressed in the interstitial compartment and, more specifically, in cells surrounding the glomeruli. Subsequently, it was confirmed that transgelin expressing cells were activated fibroblasts, based on their extensive co-expression of α-SMA and their complete lack of co-distribution with markers of other cell types (endothelial, epithelial and cells of the immune system). These periglomerular fibroblasts exhibited staining for transgelin mainly cytoplasmic but occasionally nuclear as well. In addition, transgelin expression in periglomerular fibroblasts was absent in renal fibrosis developed in a hypertensive model, compared to the UUO model. Promoter analysis indicated that there are several conserved motifs for transcription factor binding. Among those, Kruppel-like factor 6 was found to be up-regulated in transgelin positive periglomerular activated fibroblasts, suggesting a possible involvement in the mechanism of transgelin up-regulation. These data strongly suggest that transgelin is up-regulated in the obstructive nephropathy and could be used as a novel marker for renal fibrosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Karagianni
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Section of Histology, Center for Basic Research I, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Prakoura
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Section of Histology, Center for Basic Research I, Athens, Greece
| | - Garyfallia Kaltsa
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Section of Histology, Center for Basic Research I, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Politis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Section of Histology, Center for Basic Research I, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Arvaniti
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Section of Histology, Center for Basic Research I, Athens, Greece
| | - Valeria Kaltezioti
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Section of Histology, Center for Basic Research I, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Psarras
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Section of Histology, Center for Basic Research I, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatis Pagakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Biological Imaging Unit, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis Katsimboulas
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Center for Experimental Surgery, Athens, Greece
| | - Ahmed Abed
- INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, Paris, France
| | | | - Aristidis Charonis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Section of Histology, Center for Basic Research I, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Transgelin is a marker of repopulating mesangial cells after injury and promotes their proliferation and migration. J Transl Med 2012; 92:812-26. [PMID: 22469697 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesangial cell (MC) migration is essential during glomerular repair and kidney development. The aim of the study was to identify marker/player for glomerular progenitor/reserve cells migrating into the glomerulus after MC injury and during glomerulogenesis in the rat. Experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by intravenous injection of OX-7 antibody. We investigated mRNA expression profiles in isolated glomeruli from on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 after induction of anti-Thy1 nephritis using Affymetrix microarray technology. Using self-organizing maps, transgelin was identified as a new marker for repopulating glomerular cells. Expression of transgelin during anti-Thy1 nephritis was investigated by northern blot, real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Migration and proliferation assays using isolated MCs after transgelin knockdown by siRNA were performed to investigate the potential role of transgelin during glomerular repopulation. Transgelin mRNA was not detected in healthy glomeruli. It was strongly upregulated during the repopulation process starting on day 1, continued to be increased until day 5 and disappeared on day 7. Transgelin was specifically expressed at the edge of the migratory front during glomerular repopulation as indicated by transgelin/OX-7 double staining. Transgelin expression was similar in migrating vs non-migrating MCs in vitro. Blocking of transgelin expression by siRNA treatment resulted in inhibition of MC migration and proliferation. Transgelin was also expressed in MCs during glomerulogenesis and in biopsies from patients with IgA nephritis. In conclusion, transgelin in the kidney is upregulated in repopulating MCs in vivo and supports their migratory and proliferative repair response after injury.
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Kitzler TM, Papillon J, Guillemette J, Wing SS, Cybulsky AV. Complement modulates the function of the ubiquitin–proteasome system and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation in glomerular epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1007-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marshall CB, Krofft RD, Blonski MJ, Kowalewska J, Logar CM, Pippin JW, Kim F, Feil R, Alpers CE, Shankland SJ. Role of smooth muscle protein SM22α in glomerular epithelial cell injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F1026-42. [PMID: 21289056 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00187.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are considered terminally differentiated cells in the mature kidney under normal conditions. In the face of injury, podocytes may proceed along several possible pathways, including dedifferentiation and proliferation, persistent cell cycle arrest, hypertrophy, apoptosis, or necrosis. There is mounting evidence that transdifferentiation into a dysregulated phenotype may also be a potential cell fate. We have previously reported that the transcript of SM22α, an actin-binding protein considered one of the earliest markers of smooth muscle differentiation, is upregulated nearly 70-fold in glomeruli of rats with passive Heymann nephritis (PHN). In contrast, the SM22α transcript is absent in normal adult rat glomeruli. The purpose of this study was to define SM22α's expression during kidney development and its role in glomerular diseases characterized by podocyte injury and proteinuria. During glomerulogenesis and podocyte differentiation, SM22α was expressed in glomeruli. This expression disappeared with glomerular maturation. Along with SM22α induction in PHN, confirmed at both mRNA and protein levels, SM22α was also induced across a broad range of proteinuric diseases, including experimental animal models (puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy, adriamycin nephropathy, passive nephrotoxic nephritis, and diet-induced obesity) and human diseases (collapsing glomerulopathy, diabetic nephropathy, classic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, minimal-change disease, membranous nephropathy, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis). Crescentic glomerulonephritis was induced in SM22α +/+ and SM22α -/- mice by intraperitoneal injection of sheep anti-rabbit glomeruli antibody 12.5 mg/20 g body wt × 2 doses (n = 12-15/group), with mice euthanized at 7 and 14 days. Compared with SM22α -/- mice, SM22α +/+ mice demonstrated worse disease by histopathological parameters. In addition, there was greater apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining), fewer podocytes (Wilms' tumor-1 immunostaining), and less proliferation (Ki-67 immunostaining) in diseased SM22α +/+ mice. Furthermore, there was decreased activation of Erk1/2 in diseased SM22α +/+ mice. We conclude that the de novo expression of SM22α in glomerular epithelial cells affects the course of crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Marshall
- Div. of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Gerolymos M, Karagianni F, Papasotiriou M, Kalliakmani P, Sotsiou F, Charonis A, Goumenos D. Expression of Transgelin in Human Glomerulonephritis of Various Etiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 119:c74-82. [DOI: 10.1159/000324655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sedor JR, Madhavan SM, Kim JH, Konieczkowski M. Out on a LIM: chronic kidney disease, podocyte phenotype and the Wilm's tumor interacting protein (WTIP). TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2011; 122:184-197. [PMID: 21686224 PMCID: PMC3116355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Normal function of the glomerular filtration barrier requires wild-type differentiation of the highly specialized glomerular epithelial cell, the podocyte. Podocytes express three distinct domains, consisting of a cell body, primary processes, and secondary foot processes (FP). These FP express slit diaphragms, which are highly specialized cell-cell contacts critical for filtration-barrier function. Foot processes are dynamic structures that reorganize within minutes through actin cytoskeletal rearrangement. Glomerular diseases are characterized by a persistent simplification in podocyte domain structure with loss of FP, a phenotype described as FP effacement. The generation of such phenotypic plasticity requires that signaling pathways in subcellular compartments be integrated dynamically for a cell to respond appropriately to information flow from its microenvironment. We have identified a LIM-domain-containing protein, Wilm's tumor interacting protein (WTIP), that regulates podocyte actin dynamics to maintain stable cell contacts. After glomerular injury, the WTIP molecule shuttles to the podocyte nucleus in response to changes in slit-diaphragm assembly, and changes gene transcription to permit podocyte remodeling. Defining regulatory pathways of podocyte differentiation identifies novel, druggable targets for chronic kidney diseases characterized by glomerular scarring.
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Approaching biomarkers of membranous nephropathy from a murine model to human disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:581928. [PMID: 21234329 PMCID: PMC3018661 DOI: 10.1155/2011/581928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Membranous glomerulonephropathy (MN) is the most prevalent cause of nephrotic syndrome in adult humans. However, the specific biomarkers of MN have not been fully elucidated. We examined the alterations in gene expression associated with the development of MN. Methods. Murine MN was induced by cationic bovine serum albumin (cBSA). After full-blown MN, cDNA microarray analysis was performed to identify gene expression changes, and highly expressed genes were evaluated as markers both in mice and human kidney samples. Results. MN mice revealed clinical proteinuria and the characteristic diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. There were 175 genes with significantly different expressions in the MN kidneys compared with the normal kidneys. Four genes, metallothionein-1 (Mt1), cathepsin D (CtsD), lymphocyte 6 antigen complex (Ly6), and laminin receptor-1 (Lamr1), were chosen and quantified. Mt1 was detected mainly in tubules, Lamr1 was highly expressed in glomeruli, and CtsD was detected both in tubules and glomeruli. The high expressions of Lamr1 and CtsD were also confirmed in human kidney biopsies. Conclusion. The murine MN model resembled the clinical and pathological features of human MN and may provide a tool for investigating MN. Applying cDNA microarray analysis may help to identify biomarkers for human MN.
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Yagil Y, Hessner M, Schulz H, Gosele C, Lebedev L, Barkalifa R, Sapojnikov M, Hubner N, Yagil C. Geno-transcriptomic dissection of proteinuria in the uninephrectomized rat uncovers a molecular complexity with sexual dimorphism. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:301-16. [PMID: 20876844 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00149.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of proteinuria, whose pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, is confounded by differences in the phenotype between males and females. We initiated a sex-specific geno-transcriptomic dissection of proteinuria in uninephrectomized male and female Sabra rats that spontaneously develop focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, testing the hypothesis that different mechanisms might underlie the pathophysiology of proteinuria between the sexes. In the genomic arm, we scanned the genome of 136 male and 111 female uninephrectomized F2 populations derived from crosses between SBH/y and SBN/y. In males, we identified proteinuria-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on RNO2 and 20 and protective QTLs on RNO6 and 9. In females, we detected proteinuria-related QTLs on RNO11, 13, and 20. The only QTL overlap between the sexes was on RNO20. Using consomic strains, we confirmed the functional significance of this QTL in both sexes. In the transcriptomic arm, we searched on a genomewide scale for genes that were differentially expressed in kidneys of SBH/y and SBN/y with and without uninephrectomy. These studies identified within each sex differentially expressed genes of relevance to proteinuria. Integrating genomics with transcriptomics, we identified differentially expressed genes that mapped within the boundaries of the proteinuria-related QTLs, singling out 24 transcripts in males and 30 in females, only 4 of which (Tubb5, Ubd, Psmb8, and C2) were common to both sexes. Data mining revealed that these transcripts are involved in multiple molecular mechanisms, including immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, matrix deposition, and protease activity, with no single molecular pathway predominating in either sex. These results suggest that the pathophysiology of proteinuria is highly complex and that some of the underlying mechanisms are shared between the sexes, while others are sex specific and may account for the difference in the proteinuric phenotype between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Yagil
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Israeli Rat Genome Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Barzilai Medical Center Campus, Ashkelon, Israel.
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Factor inhibiting HIF limits the expression of hypoxia-inducible genes in podocytes and distal tubular cells. Kidney Int 2010; 78:857-67. [PMID: 20720525 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The two hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) are transcription factors that regulate the response to hypoxia. Recently, the factor inhibiting HIF (FIH1) was identified as a molecular oxygen-dependent dioxygenase that blunts the transcriptional activity of HIF and has also been implicated in HIF-dependent and -independent hypoxia responses. Interestingly, HIF accumulation in the kidney has been shown to confer renal protection and to also cause glomerular injury or enhance renal fibrosis. In order to better understand the regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes, we determined the expression of FIH1 in the kidney and its functional role in isolated renal cells. FIH1 was expressed only in distal tubules and in podocytes, thus showing a very distinct expression pattern, partially overlapping with sites of HIF-1α expression. In tubular cells, RNA silencing of FIH1 caused transcriptional activation of HIF target genes during hypoxia. In contrast, FIH1 silencing in podocytes enhanced transcription of hypoxia-inducible genes in an HIF-independent manner. Using the anti-Thy.1 rat model of glomerulonephritis, we found a gradual decrease of glomerular FIH1 expression during disease progression paralleled by an increase in hypoxia-inducible genes including CXCR4, a mediator of glomerular inflammation. Thus, FIH1 appears to be a suppressor of oxygen-dependent genes in the kidney, operating through HIF-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Kim JH, Konieczkowski M, Mukherjee A, Schechtman S, Khan S, Schelling JR, Ross MD, Bruggeman LA, Sedor JR. Podocyte injury induces nuclear translocation of WTIP via microtubule-dependent transport. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9995-10004. [PMID: 20086015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.061671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte structural and transcriptional phenotype plasticity characterizes glomerular injury. Transcriptional activity of WT1 (Wilm's tumor 1) is required for normal podocyte structure and is repressed by the podocyte adherens junction protein, WTIP (WT1 interacting protein). Here we show that WTIP translocated into podocyte nuclei in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, a model of transient nephrotic syndrome. Cultured podocytes, which stably expressed an epitope-tagged WTIP, were treated with LPS. Imaging and cellular fractionation studies demonstrated that WTIP translocated from podocyte cell contacts into nuclei within 6 h and relocalized to cell contacts within 24 h after LPS treatment. LPS-stimulated WTIP nuclear translocation required JNK activity, which assembled a multiprotein complex of the scaffolding protein JNK-interacting protein 3 and the molecular motor dynein. Intact microtubule networks and dynein activity were necessary for LPS-stimulated WTIP translocation. Podocytes expressing sh-Wtip change morphology and demonstrate altered actin assembly in cell spreading assays. Stress signaling pathways initiate WTIP nuclear translocation, and the concomitant loss of WTIP from cell contacts changes podocyte morphology and dynamic actin assembly, suggesting a mechanism that transmits changes in podocyte morphology to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane H Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Martha Konieczkowski
- Case Western Reserve University Center for the Study of Kidney Disease and Biology, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Case Western Reserve University Center for the Study of Kidney Disease and Biology, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Sam Schechtman
- Case Western Reserve University Center for the Study of Kidney Disease and Biology, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Shenaz Khan
- Case Western Reserve University Center for the Study of Kidney Disease and Biology, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Jeffrey R Schelling
- Case Western Reserve University Center for the Study of Kidney Disease and Biology, Cleveland, Ohio 44109; Department of Medicine, MetroHealth System Campus, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Michael D Ross
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Leslie A Bruggeman
- Case Western Reserve University Center for the Study of Kidney Disease and Biology, Cleveland, Ohio 44109; Department of Medicine, MetroHealth System Campus, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - John R Sedor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109; Case Western Reserve University Center for the Study of Kidney Disease and Biology, Cleveland, Ohio 44109; Department of Medicine, MetroHealth System Campus, Cleveland, Ohio 44109.
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Zaza G, Granata S, Sallustio F, Grandaliano G, Schena FP. Pharmacogenomics: a new paradigm to personalize treatments in nephrology patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:268-80. [PMID: 19968662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although notable progress has been made in the therapeutic management of patients with chronic kidney disease in both conservative and renal replacement treatments (dialysis and transplantation), the occurrence of medication-related problems (lack of efficacy, adverse drug reactions) still represents a key clinical issue. Recent evidence suggests that adverse drug reactions are major causes of death and hospital admission in Europe and the United States. The reasons for these conditions are represented by environmental/non-genetic and genetic factors responsible for the great inter-patient variability in drugs metabolism, disposition and therapeutic targets. Over the years several genetic settings have been linked, using pharmacogenetic approaches, to the effects and toxicity of many agents used in clinical nephrology. However, these strategies, analysing single gene or candidate pathways, do not represent the gold standard, being the overall pharmacological effects of medications and not typically monogenic traits. Therefore, to identify multi-genetic influence on drug response, researchers and clinicians from different fields of medicine and pharmacology have started to perform pharmacogenomic studies employing innovative whole genomic high-throughput technologies. However, to date, only few pharmacogenomics reports have been published in nephrology underlying the need to enhance the number of projects and to increase the research budget for this important research field. In the future we would expect that, applying the knowledge about an individual's inherited response to drugs, nephrologists will be able to prescribe medications based on each person's genetic make-up, to monitor carefully the efficacy/toxicity of a given drug and to modify the dosage or number of medications to obtain predefined clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zaza
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Department of Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Miao J, Fan Q, Cui Q, Zhang H, Chen L, Wang S, Guan N, Guan Y, Ding J. Newly identified cytoskeletal components are associated with dynamic changes of podocyte foot processes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:3297-305. [PMID: 19617259 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinuria, one of the main manifestations of nephrotic syndrome, is an important risk factor for the progression of renal diseases. Podocyte foot processes (FPs) injury induces proteinuria in most renal diseases. The podocyte cytoskeleton plays important roles in maintaining the normal morphology of FPs. However, the underlying cytoskeletal component that initiates and regulates the dynamic changes of FPs is still unclear. Here, the involved podocyte cytoskeletal molecules were explored on different days in puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy rats. METHODS Microarray analysis of isolated glomeruli was performed at Day 2, Day 10 and Day 15 in puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy rats. Cytoskeletal genebank was established by sorting with the keyword 'cytoskeleton' from PUBMED genebank to identify the differential cytoskeleton genes. Microarray results were further confirmed by real-time PCR, western blot and double immunolabelling to validate their localizations. RESULTS Nine different cytoskeletal genes were found to be involved in the dynamic changes of FPs in puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy rats, including six up-regulated (Tagln, Actr2, Dnm3, Arc, Vcl and Birc5) and three down-regulated (Krt2-7, Nebl and Tnnc1). The differential expression of transgelin, survivin, arp2, cytokeratin7 and vinculin was verified by real-time PCR and western blot. Double immunolabelling revealed that five cytoskeletal proteins indeed colocalized with podocyte specific markers synaptopodin or alpha-actinin-4. In addition, similar expression and distribution changes were detected in patients with proteinuric renal diseases and puromycin aminonucleoside-treated podocytes. CONCLUSIONS We identified five novel podocyte cytoskeletal proteins and found that they were associated with the dynamic changes of FPs in podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Miao
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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