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The Response of Tissue Mast Cells to TLR3 Ligand Poly(I:C) Treatment. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2140694. [PMID: 32185237 PMCID: PMC7060451 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2140694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are found mainly at the anatomical sites exposed to the external environment; thus, they are localized close to blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and a multitude of immune cells. Moreover, those cells can recognize invading pathogens through a range of surface molecules known as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), mainly Toll-like receptors (TLRs). MCs are extensively engaged in the control and clearance of bacterial infections, but much less is known about their contribution to antiviral host response as well as pathomechanisms of virus-induced diseases. In the study, we employed in vivo differentiated mature tissue mast cells freshly isolated from rat peritoneal cavity. Here, we demonstrated that rat peritoneal mast cells (rPMCs) express viral dsRNA-specific TLR3 molecule (intracellularly and on the cell surface) as well as other proteins associated with cellular antiviral response: IRF3, type I and II IFN receptors, and MHC I. We found that exposure of rPMCs to viral dsRNA mimic, i.e., poly(I:C), induced transient upregulation of surface TLR3 (while temporarily decreased TLR3 intracellular expression), type II IFN receptor, and MHC I. TLR3 ligand-stimulated rPMCs did not degranulate but generated and/or released type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFNβ) as well as proinflammatory lipid mediators (cysLTs), cytokines (TNF, IL-1β), and chemokines (CCL3, CXCL8). We documented that rPMC priming with poly(I:C) did not affect FcεRI-dependent degranulation. However, their costimulation with TLR3 agonist and anti-IgE led to a significant increase in cysLT and TNF secretion. Our findings confirm that MCs may serve as active participants in the antiviral immune response. Presented data on modulated FcεRI-mediated MC secretion of mediators upon poly(I:C) treatment suggests that dsRNA-type virus infection could influence the severity of allergic reactions.
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Duroudier N, Markaide P, Cajaraville MP, Bilbao E. Season influences the transcriptomic effects of dietary exposure to PVP/PEI coated Ag nanoparticles on mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 222:19-30. [PMID: 30940556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity of AgNPs has been widely studied in waterborne exposed aquatic organisms. However, toxic effects caused by AgNPs ingested through the diet and depending on the season are still unexplored. The first cell response after exposure to xenobiotics occurs at gene transcription level. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess transcription level effects in the digestive gland of female mussels after dietary exposure to AgNPs both in autumn and in spring. Mussels were fed daily for 21 days with Isochrysis galbana microalgae previously exposed for 24 h to a dose close to environmentally relevant concentrations of 1 μg Ag/L PVP/PEI coated 5 nm AgNPs (in spring) and to a higher dose of 10 μg Ag/L of the same AgNPs both in autumn and in spring. After 1 and 21 days, mussels RNA was hybridized in a custom microarray containing 7806 annotated genes. Mussels were more responsive to the high dose compared to the low dose of AgNPs and a higher number of probes were altered in autumn than in spring. In both seasons, significantly regulated genes were involved in the cytoskeleton and lipid transport and metabolism COG categories, among others, while genes involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism were specifically altered in autumn. Overall, transcription patterns were differently altered depending on the exposure time and season, indicating that season should be considered in ecotoxicological studies of metal nanoparticles in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Duroudier
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Pablo Markaide
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Miren P Cajaraville
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eider Bilbao
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Basque Country, Spain.
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Toll-like receptors-mediated pathways activate inflammatory responses in the esophageal mucosa of adult eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:147. [PMID: 29691386 PMCID: PMC5915448 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Esophageal microbiota and regulation of adaptive immunity are increasingly being investigated in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in the initiation and maintenance of innate immune activity. Our objective was to characterize the esophageal and duodenal innate immune response in EoE and its modulation by dietary therapy. Methods Esophageal and duodenal biopsy samples were collected from 10 adults with untreated EoE, before and after effective treatment with a six-food elimination diet (SFED), and 10 controls with normal esophagus. In all cases, bacterial load (by mRNA expression of 16S), TLRs, mucins, transcription factors, interleukins, components of the NKG2D system, and innate immunity effectors were assessed by qPCR. Protein expression of TLRs were also determined by immunofluorescence. Results Bacterial load and TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 were overexpressed on biopsies with active EoE compared with controls. Muc1 and Muc5B genes were downregulated while Muc4 was overexpressed. Upregulation of MyD88 and NFκB was found together with IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 mediators and PER-1, iNOS, and GRZA effectors. NG-K2D components (KLRK1, IL-15, MICB) were also upregulated. In all cases, changes in active EoE were normalized following SFED and mucosal healing. Duodenal samples also showed increased expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, and TLR-4, but not 16S or any other mediators nor effectors of inflammation. Conclusions Esophageal TLR-dependent signaling pathways in EoE support the potential implication of microbiota and the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Huang B, Dai Q, Huang SG. Expression of Toll‑like receptor 4 on mast cells in gingival tissues of human chronic periodontitis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6731-6735. [PMID: 29488617 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the expression of Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) on mast cells in gingival tissues of human chronic periodontitis. A total of 68 donors, including 23 with mild chronic periodontitis, 25 with advanced chronic periodontitis and 20 healthy controls, were included in the present study. Gingival specimens from the donors were fixed in 4% neutral formalin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histologic observation, stained for immunohistochemical identification of TLR4 in gingival tissues, and stained with double immunofluorescence for the identification of TLR4 on mast cells in gingival tissues. The results revealed that the expression of TLR4 in the gingival tissues and on mast cells in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis were significantly higher, compared with those of the normal control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of TLR4 in the gingival tissues and on mast cells in patients with advanced chronic periodontitis were significantly higher, compared with those in patients with mild chronic periodontitis (P<0.05). In conclusion, the expression of TLR4 in gingival tissues and on mast cells increased with the severity of chronic periodontitis, suggesting that TLR4, particularly mast cell TLR4, may be important in the disease process of human chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qian Dai
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Guang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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Williams PB, Barnes CS, Portnoy JM. Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Fungal Products and Allergens. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 4:386-95. [PMID: 26755096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fungi and their products is practically ubiquitous, yet most of this is of little consequence to most healthy individuals. This is because there are a number of elaborate mechanisms to deal with these exposures. Most of these mechanisms are designed to recognize and neutralize such exposures. However, in understanding these mechanisms it has become clear that many of them overlap with our ability to respond to disruptions in tissue function caused by trauma or deterioration. These responses involve the innate and adaptive immune systems usually through the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and the production of cytokines that are considered inflammatory accompanied by other factors that can moderate these reactivities. Depending on different genetic backgrounds and the extent of activation of these mechanisms, various pathologies with resulting symptoms can ensue. Complicating this is the fact that these mechanisms can bias toward type 2 innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, to understand what we refer to as allergens from fungal sources, we must first understand how they influence these innate mechanisms. In doing so it has become clear that many of the proteins that are described as fungal allergens are essentially homologues of our own proteins that signal or cause tissue disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brock Williams
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Charles S Barnes
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Jay M Portnoy
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo.
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Chaum E, Winborn CS, Bhattacharya S. Genomic regulation of senescence and innate immunity signaling in the retinal pigment epithelium. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:210-21. [PMID: 25963977 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a major regulator of genes important for cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis, and innate immunity, and has recently been implicated in retinal aging. In this study we sought to identify the genetic networks that regulate p53 function in the retina using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. First we examined age-associated changes in the activation and expression levels of p53; known p53 target proteins and markers of innate immune system activation in primary retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that were harvested from young and aged human donors. We observed increased expression of p53, activated caspase-1, CDKN1A, CDKN2A (p16INK4a), TLR4, and IFNα in aged primary RPE cell lines. We used the Hamilton Eye Institute (HEI) retinal dataset ( www.genenetwork.org ) to identify genomic loci that modulate expression of genes in the p53 pathway in recombinant inbred BXD mouse strains using a QTL systems biology-based approach. We identified a significant trans-QTL on chromosome 1 (region 172-177 Mb) that regulates the expression of Cdkn1a. Many of the genes in this QTL locus are involved in innate immune responses, including Fc receptors, interferon-inducible family genes, and formin 2. Importantly, we found an age-related increase in FCGR3A and FMN2 and a decrease in IFI16 levels in RPE cultures. There is a complex multigenic innate immunity locus that controls expression of genes in the p53 pathway in the RPE, which may play an important role in modulating age-related changes in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Chaum
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,
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Song Z, Deng X, Chen W, Xu J, Chen S, Zhong H, Hao F. Toll-like receptor 2 agonist Pam3CSK4 up-regulates FcεRI receptor expression on monocytes from patients with severe extrinsic atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 29:2169-76. [PMID: 25912722 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both microbial antigens and allergens are important factors that can trigger atopic dermatitis (AD). Monocytes from patients with AD have been found to express increased and sustained levels of high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). We hypothesized that putative interactions exist between TLR2 and FcεRI on monocytes in the pathogenesis of AD. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to understand whether activation of TLR2 by Pam3CSK4 would influence the expression of FcεRI, and whether mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways were involved in such regulation. METHODS Peripheral blood monocytes from patients with severe extrinsic AD or healthy control patients were treated with the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4. The expression of FcεRI, intracellular TNF-α and MAPK family members were analysed by real-time quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and western blotting. RESULTS Monocytes from patients with severe extrinsic AD expressed higher levels of surface FcεRIα than were found in monocytes from healthy controls. Stimulation of human monocytes from patients with Pam3CSK4, but not lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulted in the up-regulation of surface FcεRI expression by inducing p38 phosphorylation. Pretreatment with a specific inhibitor of p38 kinase inhibited the Pam3CSK4-induced up-regulation of FcεRIα, suggesting the involvement of the p38 pathway in the regulation of this process. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated interactions between TLR2 and FcεRI occurred via the activation of p38 in patients with severe extrinsic AD, which might indicate insights into understanding the mechanisms of how bacterial infection can exacerbate the clinical features of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Song
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - W Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universita et Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - J Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - F Hao
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Azouz NP, Fukuda M, Rothenberg ME, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Investigating mast cell secretory granules; from biosynthesis to exocytosis. J Vis Exp 2015:52505. [PMID: 25651037 DOI: 10.3791/52505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast Cells (MC) are secretory cells of the immune system that accomplish their physiological and pathological functions by releasing pre-formed and newly synthesized allergic, inflammatory and immunoregulatory mediators. MCs' mediators affect multiple tissues and organs culminating in allergic and immune responses. The synthesis, storage and release of the MC mediators are highly regulated. The pre-formed mediators are packed in cytoplasmic secretory granules (SG) that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their content by regulated exocytosis. We present a protocol, based on the co-expression of a gene of interest with a reporter gene that is targeted to the SGs and is released in a regulated fashion alongside the endogenous SG mediators. The protocol enables high resolution four dimensional confocal analyses of the MC SGs and monitoring their timeline from biogenesis to triggered exocytosis. Thus, using this protocol for screening genes of interest for their phenotypic and functional impact allows deciphering the molecular mechanisms that govern the biogenesis and exocytosis of the MC SGs and identifying the regulators involved. Thereby, further insights into the cellular mechanisms that account for MCs function in health and disease should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit P Azouz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University;
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Suzuki R, Scheffel J, Rivera J. New insights on the signaling and function of the high-affinity receptor for IgE. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 388:63-90. [PMID: 25553795 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13725-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clustering of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FcεRI) through the interaction of receptor-bound immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies with their cognate antigen is required to couple IgE antibody production to cellular responses and physiological consequences. IgE-induced responses through FcεRI are well known to defend the host against certain infectious agents and to lead to unwanted allergic responses to normally innocuous substances. However, the cellular and/or physiological response of individuals that produce IgE antibodies may be markedly different and such antibodies (even to the same antigenic epitope) can differ in their antigen-binding affinity. How affinity variation in the interaction of FcεRI-bound IgE antibodies with antigen is interpreted into cellular responses and how the local environment may influence these responses is of interest. In this chapter, we focus on recent advances that begin to unravel how FcεRI distinguishes differences in the affinity of IgE-antigen interactions and how such discrimination along with surrounding environmental stimuli can shape the (patho) physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Suzuki
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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10
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Azouz NP, Zur N, Efergan A, Ohbayashi N, Fukuda M, Amihai D, Hammel I, Rothenberg ME, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Rab5 Is a Novel Regulator of Mast Cell Secretory Granules: Impact on Size, Cargo, and Exocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4043-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Suurmond J, Stoop JN, Rivellese F, Bakker AM, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM. Activation of human basophils by combined toll-like receptor- and FcεRI-triggering can promote Th2 skewing of naive T helper cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:386-96. [PMID: 24122358 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are mostly known for their involvement in allergic reactions. Recent studies in mice indicate a role for basophils in the induction of adaptive immunity, especially T helper 2 (Th2) responses. Therefore, it would be highly important to understand how basophils respond to pathogen-associated molecules, such as ligands for toll-like receptors (TLRs), and if the basophils could promote Th2 responses via these stimuli. To this end, the activation of basophils via TLRs in combination with activation via IgE was studied, as well as its effect on T helper cell skewing. Using quantitative PCR, we demonstrated the presence of mRNA for TLRs 1-8 in human basophils. Basophils responded to TLR triggering with differential cytokine production, but not with degranulation. Simultaneous triggering of TLRs and IgE led to synergy in production of IL-4, IL-8, IL-13, and RANTES. Furthermore, the synergistic effects on basophils mediated by IgE and TLR-4 triggering allowed robust Th2 skewing upon activation of naïve human CD4⁺ T cells. Our data show that human basophils respond to TLR ligands in synergy with IgE-mediated activation and that the cytokines produced can promote Th2 differentiation. These results indicate a role for basophils in the regulation of T-cell responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Suurmond
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Punsmann S, Liebers V, Stubel H, Brüning T, Raulf-Heimsoth M. Determination of inflammatory responses to Aspergillus versicolor and endotoxin with human cryo-preserved blood as a suitable tool. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:402-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Huang S, Lu F, Chen Y, Huang B, Liu M. Mast Cell Degranulation in Human Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2013; 84:248-55. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Eckl-Dorna J, Pree I, Reisinger J, Marth K, Chen KW, Vrtala S, Spitzauer S, Valenta R, Niederberger V. The majority of allergen-specific IgE in the blood of allergic patients does not originate from blood-derived B cells or plasma cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1347-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | - I. Pree
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | - J. Reisinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | | | - K.-W. Chen
- Division of Immunopathology; Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | - S. Vrtala
- Division of Immunopathology; Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | - S. Spitzauer
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | | | - V. Niederberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
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Rudich N, Ravid K, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Mast cell adenosine receptors function: a focus on the a3 adenosine receptor and inflammation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:134. [PMID: 22675325 PMCID: PMC3366457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a metabolite, which has long been implicated in a variety of inflammatory processes. Inhaled adenosine provokes bronchoconstriction in asthmatics or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, but not in non-asthmatics. This hyper responsiveness to adenosine appears to be mediated by mast cell activation. These observations have marked the receptor that mediates the bronchoconstrictor effect of adenosine on mast cells (MCs), as an attractive drug candidate. Four subtypes (A1, A2a, A2b, and A3) of adenosine receptors have been cloned and shown to display distinct tissue distributions and functions. Animal models have firmly established the ultimate role of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3R) in mediating hyper responsiveness to adenosine in MCs, although the influence of the A2b adenosine receptor was confirmed as well. In contrast, studies of the A3R in humans have been controversial. In this review, we summarize data on the role of different adenosine receptors in mast cell regulation of inflammation and pathology, with a focus on the common and distinct functions of the A3R in rodent and human MCs. The relevance of mouse studies to the human is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Rudich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
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Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Schroeder JT. Cellular immune response parameters that influence IgE sensitization. J Immunol Methods 2012; 383:21-9. [PMID: 22245389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In vitro basophil responses have long been used in mechanistic studies to help assess the human allergic diathesis, particularly during therapeutic intervention. Recent evidence points to the use of dendritic cells (DCs) in also being valuable in evaluating therapies aimed at lessening disease through immunomodulation. This review article therefore takes a look at some of the recent advances in old and new assays employing both basophils and DCs, with the added perception that the responses mediated by two cell types are insightful towards understanding immune cell mechanisms underlying allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Frischmeyer-Guerrerio
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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von Bubnoff D, Sell U, Arriens S, Specht S, Hoerauf A, Bieber T. Differential Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 2 on Dendritic Cells from Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Atopic Donors. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 159:41-50. [DOI: 10.1159/000335234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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State-of-the-art review about basophil research in immunology and allergy: is the time right to treat these cells with the respect they deserve? BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2011; 10:148-64. [PMID: 22244003 DOI: 10.2450/2011.0020-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Mast cells are essential in allergic responses and beyond. White adipose tissue from obese humans contains large numbers of mast cells. Serum mast cell tryptase levels are also significantly higher in obese subjects than in lean subjects, suggesting a role of these inflammatory cells in obesity and diabetes. Two types of mast cell-deficient mice, along with corresponding wild-type control mice, were fed a Western diet to induce obesity and diabetes. We also used two anti-allergy drugs, cromolyn and ketotifen (Zaditor), to treat wild-type mice during intake of a Western diet or after the onset of obesity and diabetes, to examine the possible prevention or reversal of these conditions. Mast cell deficiency or pharmacological stabilization reduced body weight gain and improved glucose and insulin sensitivities. These common, side effect-free drugs also reduced pre-established obesity and diabetes without noticeable toxicity. Mechanistic studies suggest that mast cells participate in these metabolic disorders by affecting energy expenditure, protease expression, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and preadipocyte differentiation. These observations open a new era of basic research regarding mast cells, and offer hope to patients suffering from these metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Heydenreich B, Bellinghausen I, König B, Becker WM, Grabbe S, Petersen A, Saloga J. Gram-positive bacteria on grass pollen exhibit adjuvant activity inducing inflammatory T cell responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:76-84. [PMID: 22092824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, it has been established that pollen grains contain Th2-enhancing activities besides allergens. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyse whether pollen carry additional adjuvant factors like microbes and what immunological effects they may exert. METHODS Timothy pollen grains were collected and disseminated on agar plates, and the growing microorganisms were cultivated and defined. Furthermore, the immunologic effects of microbial products on DC and T cell responses were analysed. RESULTS A complex mixture of bacteria and moulds was detected on grass pollen. Besides Gram-negative bacteria that are known to favour Th1-directed immune responses, moulds were identified as being sources of allergens themselves. Herein, we focused on Gram-positive bacteria that were found in high numbers, e.g. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis. Contact of immature dendritic cells (DC) from grass pollen allergic donors with supernatants of homogenized Gram-positive bacteria induced maturation of DC as measured by up-regulation of CD80, CD83 and CD86 and by enhanced production of IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α, which was less pronounced compared with effects induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Consequently, stimulation of autologous CD4(+) T cells with supernatants of homogenized Gram-positive bacteria plus grass pollen allergen-pulsed DC led to an enhanced proliferation and production of IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22 and IFN-γ production compared with T cells that were stimulated with allergen-pulsed immature DC alone, whereas production of the transcription factor for regulatory T cells FoxP3 was not significantly affected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data indicate that grass pollen is colonized by several microorganisms that influence the immune response differently. Similar to LPS, supernatants of homogenized Gram-positive bacteria may serve as adjuvants by augmenting DC maturation and inflammatory Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses helping to initiate allergic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Heydenreich
- Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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An overlapping syndrome of allergy and immune deficiency in children. J Allergy (Cairo) 2011; 2012:658279. [PMID: 21918651 PMCID: PMC3171763 DOI: 10.1155/2012/658279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent airway inflammations in children are an important clinical problem in pediatric practice. An essential challenge is differentiation between allergic background and immune deficiency, which is a difficult task taking into consideration individual predisposition to atopy, immune system maturation in the early childhood, as well as exposition to environmental allergens and microbial antigens. In this paper relationship between selected elements of innate and adaptive immunity, such as pattern-recognition receptors, complement components, dendritic cells, as well as immunoglobulins, and regulatory T lymph cells has been discussed. Particular attention has been paid to these mechanisms of the immune response which, depending on settings and timing of activation, predispose to allergy or contribute to tolerogenic phenotype. In the context of multifactorial conditioning of the innate and adaptive immunity governing the ultimate response and associations between allergy and immune deficiencies, these phenomena should be considered as pathogenetically not precluding, but as an overlapping syndrome.
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Surface TLR2 and TLR4 expression on mature rat mast cells can be affected by some bacterial components and proinflammatory cytokines. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:427473. [PMID: 21765618 PMCID: PMC3134222 DOI: 10.1155/2011/427473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to determine whether some bacterial components as well as some proinflammatory cytokines can affect surface mast cell levels. By the use of flow cytometry technique, we documented that freshly isolated mature rat peritoneal mast cells do express surface TLR2 and TLR4 protein, but not CD14 molecules, and respond to stimulation with TLR2 and TLR4 ligands by cysteinyl leukotriene generation. The level of TLR2 protein is modulated by PGN and CCL5 treatment, but not by LPS, LAM, TNF, or IL-6. Surface mast cell TLR4 expression is affected by LPS, LAM, IL-6, and CCL5. Considering that TLR-mediated activation conditions not only engaged these cells in antibacterial defense and development of inflammation but also might influence allergic processes, our observations that surface TLR2 and TLR4 expression can be regulated both bacterial components and proinflammatory cytokines seem to be very intriguing and importance.
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Renkonen J, Joenväärä S, Parviainen V, Mattila P, Renkonen R. Network analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in asthma. J Asthma Allergy 2010; 3:177-86. [PMID: 21437052 PMCID: PMC3047920 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with a complex genetic background. In this study, we carried out a meta-analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) thought to be associated with asthma. METHODS The literature (PubMed) was searched for SNPs within genes relevant in asthma. The SNP-modified genes were converted to corresponding proteins, and their protein-protein interactions were searched from six different databases. This interaction network was analyzed using annotated vocabularies (ontologies), such as the Gene Ontology and Nature pathway interaction databases. RESULTS In total, 127 genes with SNPs related to asthma were found in the literature. The corresponding proteins were then entered into a large protein-protein interaction network with the help of various databases. Ninety-six SNP-related proteins had more than one interacting protein each, and a network containing 309 proteins and 644 connections was generated. This network was significantly enriched with a gene ontology entitled "protein binding" and several of its daughter categories, including receptor binding and cytokine binding, when compared with the background human proteome. In the detailed analysis, the chemokine network, including eight proteins and 13 toll-like receptors, were shown to interact with each other. Of great interest are the nonsynonymous SNPs which code for an alternative amino acid sequence of proteins and, of the toll-like receptor network, TLR1, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR10, IL4R, and IL13 are among these. CONCLUSIONS Protein binding, toll-like receptors, and chemokines dominated in the asthma-related protein interaction network. Systems level analysis of allergy-related mutations can provide new insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Renkonen
- Transplantation Laboratory and Infection Biology Research Program, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
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