1
|
Wang P, Chen B, Huang Y, Li J, Cao D, Chen Z, Li J, Ran B, Yang J, Wang R, Wei Q, Dong Q, Liu L. The relationship between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cancer incidence: An umbrella review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23203. [PMID: 38312641 PMCID: PMC10834481 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Several clinical and preclinical studies have shown that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly aspirin, reduce the incidence of various cancer types. However, there is still a lack of literature evaluating the overall association between multiple cancer morbidities and NSAIDs. Thus, we conducted an umbrella review to evaluate the quality of evidence, validity, and biases of the existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the relationships between NSAIDS and multiple tumor incidence outcomes. We found that NSAIDs might be associated with a decreased risk of several cancers, including the central nervous system, breast, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, hepatocellular, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal, endometrial, lung, ovary, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, but regular intake of any dose of non-aspirin NSAIDs (NA-NSAIDs) could increase the incidence of kidney cancer. However, most of included studies are evaluated as low quality according to our evidence assessment. Furthermore, due to the potential side effects, such as hemorrhage, digestive symptoms and peptic ulcer, it is still not recommend to use NSAIDs regularly to prevent cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puze Wang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dehong Cao
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinze Li
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ran
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahao Yang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Urology, Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kolawole OR, Kashfi K. NSAIDs and Cancer Resolution: New Paradigms beyond Cyclooxygenase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1432. [PMID: 35163356 PMCID: PMC8836048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation or resolved inflammation is an adaptive host defense mechanism and is self-limiting, which returns the body to a state of homeostasis. However, unresolved, uncontrolled, or chronic inflammation may lead to various maladies, including cancer. Important evidence that links inflammation and cancer is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, reduce the risk and mortality from many cancers. The fact that NSAIDs inhibit the eicosanoid pathway prompted mechanistic drug developmental work focusing on cyclooxygenase (COX) and its products. The increased prostaglandin E2 levels and the overexpression of COX-2 in the colon and many other cancers provided the rationale for clinical trials with COX-2 inhibitors for cancer prevention or treatment. However, NSAIDs do not require the presence of COX-2 to prevent cancer. In this review, we highlight the effects of NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) on targets beyond COX-2 that have shown to be important against many cancers. Finally, we hone in on specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that are biosynthesized locally and, in a time, -dependent manner to promote the resolution of inflammation and subsequent tissue healing. Different classes of SPMs are reviewed, highlighting aspirin's potential in triggering the production of these resolution-promoting mediators (resolvins, lipoxins, protectins, and maresins), which show promise in inhibiting cancer growth and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafunke R. Kolawole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10091, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu Z, Zhang J, Zhong Y, Mai Y, Huang D, Wei W, Huang J, Zhao P, Lin F, Jin J. Predictive value of the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27244. [PMID: 34559125 PMCID: PMC8462614 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that inflammation and immune system are related to prostate cancer. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), as well as the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), have already been proposed as new indices to help diagnose prostate cancer (PCa). However, the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) with regard to PCa has rarely been mentioned.To investigate the capability of the MLR to predict PCa.Patients who were pathologically diagnosed with PCa in our hospital and healthy control subjects who conformed to the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Patient data were recorded, including age, complete blood counts, blood biochemistry, and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. The differences in these data between the groups were analyzed and the diagnostic value of the MLR was compared with PSA.Our study included a total of 100 patients with PCa and 103 healthy control subjects. Patients with PCa presented with a significantly higher NLR, MLR, and PLR compared to control subjects. However, the hemoglobin and lymphocyte levels were lower (P < .05) in PCa patients. The area under the curve (AUC) of PSA and ratio of free/total serum prostate-specific antigen were 0.899 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.857-0.942) and 0.872 (95% CI: 0.818-0.926), respectively, while the AUC of the MLR was 0.852 (95% CI: 0.798-0.906), which was higher than that of the NLR, PLR, and any other blood parameters. Additionally, the optimal cut-off value of the MLR for PCa was 0.264, with a specificity of 87.4% and a sensitivity of 72.0%. An evaluation of the diagnostic value of MLR + PSA gave an AUC of 0.936 (95% CI: 0.902-0.970). However, the AUC of MLR + PSA + f/tPSA was 0.996 (95% CI: 0.991-1.000). The diagnostic value of MLR + NLR + PSA gave an AUC of 0.945 (95% CI: 0.913-0.977), and the specificity is 0.971.PSA remains the most important diagnostic indicator. MLR combined with PSA and f/tPSA has the higher predictive value than PSA. It suggests that MLR may be another good predictive indicator of PCa. It can help reduce the clinical false positive rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanping Xu
- Department of Urology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Family Planning Research Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Zhong
- Department of Urology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuan Mai
- Department of Urology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Danxuan Huang
- Health Management Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Urology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Urology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Pengpeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Fuxiang Lin
- Department of Urology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jingmiao Jin
- Department of Urology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abd-El-Aziz AS, Abdelghani AA, El-Ghezlani EG, Abou El-Ezz D, Abdel-Rahman LH. Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Organoiron Dendrimers as Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000242. [PMID: 33063474 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel and attractive class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial organoiron dendrimers attached to the well-known drug ibuprofen is achieved. The structures of these dendrimers are established by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The antimicrobial activity of these dendrimers is investigated and tested against five human pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and minimum inhibitory concentrations are reported. Some of these synthesized dendrimers exhibit higher inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus warneri compare to the reference drugs. As well, the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of these dendrimers are evaluated. The results of in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and histopathology of inflamed paws show that all dendrimers display considerable anti-inflammatory activity; however, second-generation dendrimer (G2-D6) shows the best anti-inflammatory activity, which is more potent than the commercial drug ibuprofen at the same tested dose. Results of the toxicity study reveal that G2-D6 is the safest drug on biological tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Amani A Abdelghani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Ebtehal G El-Ghezlani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Doaa Abou El-Ezz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA University), Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Role of GDF15 in methylseleninic acid-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222812. [PMID: 31539407 PMCID: PMC6754141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth inhibitory efficacy of methylseleninic acid (MSA) in prostate cancer cells has been documented extensively. However, our understanding of the immediate targets that are key to the growth inhibitory effects of MSA remains limited. Here, using multiple preclinical prostate cancer models, we demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that GDF15 is a most highly induced, immediate target of MSA. We further showed that knockdown of GDF15 mitigates MSA inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Analysis of gene expression data from over 1000 primary and 200 metastatic prostate cancer samples revealed that GDF15 expression is decreased in metastatic prostate cancers compared to primary tumors and that lower GDF15 levels in primary tumors are associated with higher Gleason scores and shorter survival of the patients. Additionally, pathways that are negatively correlated with GDF15 levels in clinical samples are also negatively correlated with MSA treatment in cultured cells. Since most, if not all, of these pathways have been implicated in prostate cancer progression, suppressing their activities by inducing GDF15 is consistent with the anticancer effects of MSA in prostate cancer. Overall, this study provides support for GDF15 as an immediate target of MSA in prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu Y, Huang HH, Lau WKO. Evaluation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic indicator in a Singapore cohort of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with prostatectomy. World J Urol 2019; 38:103-109. [PMID: 30953141 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-02752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent evidence suggests that the presence of a systemic inflammatory response plays an important role in the progression of several solid tumors. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been proposed as easily assessable markers of systemic inflammation and has been shown to represent a prognostic marker in prostate cancer in previous studies. METHODS Data from 668 patients with localized prostate cancer treated with prostatectomy (open and robot assisted) in Singapore General Hospital from 1998 to 2014 were analyzed. Correlation between NLR and histopathological status was analyzed. Association between NLR and distant metastases-free survival (MFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), and biochemical disease-free survival (BDFS) was assessed. RESULTS NLR was not significantly correlated with histopathological status, including Gleason score (≤ 6 versus 7 versus ≥ 8, p = 0.159), lymph node metastasis (negative versus positive, p = 0.159), or surgical margin status (negative versus positive, p = 0.494). NLR was categorized into two groups (< median and ≥ median, median = 2.09) and NLR ≥ 2.09 was not a prognostic factor for decreased MFS (p = 0.609), CSS (p = 0.302), OS (p = 0.722) and BDFS (p = 0.589). No difference was observed for NLR even in high-risk subgroup patients compared to the rest (p = 0.058). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of NLR as a prognosticator for biochemical recurrence was only 0.53. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that pre-treatment NLR may not predict prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer treated with prostatectomy in an Asian cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Lu
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore.
| | - Hong Hong Huang
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Weber Kam On Lau
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
In recent years, the reports on using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer prevention and treatment have been on the rise. In 2017, the US Preventive Services Working Group issued primary prevention guidelines on the use of NSAIDs, especially aspirin, for cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer, and formally established the role and status of aspirin in cancer prevention. However, the mechanism of NSAIDs on preventing cancer is still not clear. In this paper, the progress of the application of NSAIDs, especially aspirin, in the prevention and treatment of tumors in recent years is summarized, and new ideas and directions for the follow-up study are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, People's Republic of China, , .,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Fulin Chen
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, People's Republic of China, , .,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Lijun Shang
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, People's Republic of China, , .,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, People's Republic of China, , .,School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Najafzadeh M, Normington C, Jacob BK, Isreb M, Gopalan RC, Anderson D. DNA Damage in Healthy Individuals and Respiratory Patients after Treating Whole Blood In vitro with the Bulk and Nano Forms of NSAIDs. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:50. [PMID: 27734017 PMCID: PMC5039187 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit COX enzyme activity which affects the inflammatory response. Inflammation is associated with increasing cancer incidence. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that NSAID treatment could cause an anti-tumor effect in cancers. In the present study, blood was taken from healthy individuals (n = 17) and patients with respiratory diseases or lung cancer (n = 36). White blood cells (WBC) were treated with either a micro-suspension, i.e., bulk (B) or nano-suspension (N) of aspirin (ASP) or ibuprofen (IBU) up to 500 μg/ml in the comet assay and up to 125 μg/ml in the micronucleus assay. In this study results were compared against untreated lymphocytes and their corresponding treated groups. The results showed, that NSAIDs in their nano form significantly reduced the DNA damage in WBCs from lung cancer patients in bulk and nano compared to untreated lymphocytes. Also, there was a decrease in the level of DNA damage in the comet assay after treating WBCs from healthy individuals, asthma and COPD groups with aspirin N (ASP N) but not with IBU N. In addition, the number of micronuclei decreased after treatment with NSAIDs in their nano form (ASP N and IBU N) in the healthy as well as in the lung cancer group. However, this was not the case for micronucleus frequency in asthma and COPD patients. These data show that lymphocytes from different groups respond differently to treatment with ASP and IBU as measured by comet assay and micronucleus assay, and that the size of the suspended particles of the drugs affects responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Najafzadeh
- Division of Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford, UK
| | - Charmaine Normington
- Division of Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford, UK
| | - Badie K Jacob
- Bradford Royal InfirmaryBradford, UK; St Luke's HospitalBradford, UK
| | | | | | - Diana Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts prostatic carcinoma in men undergoing needle biopsy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32169-76. [PMID: 26359354 PMCID: PMC4741667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a simple marker of systemic inflammatory response, has been demonstrated as an independent prognosticator for some solid malignancies, including prostate cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the role of NLR in men who underwent prostate needle biopsy for their initial diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Both complete blood counts and free/total (F/T) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ratio were examined in a total of 3,011 men in our institution. Of these, 1,207 had a PSA level between 4 and 10 ng/mL, and 357 of 810 who subsequently underwent prostate needle biopsy were found to have prostatic adenocarcinoma. NLR value was significantly higher in men with PSA of ≥ 20 ng/mL than in those with PSA of < 20 ng/mL (p < 0.001). NLR was also significantly higher in men with positive biopsy than in those with negative biopsy (p < 0.001). Using NLR cut-off point of 2.40 determined by the AUROC curve, positive/negative predictive values of NLR alone and NLR combined with F/T PSA ratio (cut-off: 0.15) were 56.6%/60.8% and 80.7%/60.1%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that not only F/T PSA ratio (HR = 3.13) but also NLR (HR = 2.21) was an independent risk factor for prostate cancer. NLR is thus likely elevated in patients with prostate cancer. Accordingly, NLR, with or without combination with F/T PSA ratio, may function as a new biomarker to predict prostate cancer in men undergoing prostate needle biopsy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kawahara T, Fusayasu S, Izumi K, Yokomizo Y, Ito H, Ito Y, Kurita K, Furuya K, Hasumi H, Hayashi N, Myoshi Y, Miyamoto H, Yao M, Uemura H. Bone management in Japanese patients with prostate cancer: hormonal therapy leads to an increase in the FRAX score. BMC Urol 2016; 16:32. [PMID: 27316330 PMCID: PMC4912823 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-016-0151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a common consequence of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. Up to 20 % of men on ADT have suffered from fractures within 5 years. The WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) has been utilized to predict the 10-year probability of major osteoporotic and hip fracture. However, to date, no large studies assessing the utility of the FRAX score in prostate cancer patients with or without ADT have been performed. We herein evaluated the impact of ADT on the FRAX score in prostate cancer patients. METHODS The assessment of the FRAX score was performed in a total of 1220 prostate cancer patients, including patients who underwent brachytherapy (n = 547), radical prostatectomy (n = 200), external beam radiation therapy (n = 264) and hormonal therapy alone (n = 187) at Yokohama City University Hospital (Yokohama, Japan). We evaluated the effect of ADT on the FRAX score. RESULTS Using the FRAX model, the median and mean 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture according to the clinical risk factors alone was 7.9 % (8.8 ± 4.3 %), while the 10-year probability of hip fracture risk was 2.7 % (3.5 ± 3.1 %). In the ADT group, the duration of ADT was correlated with both major osteoporotic risk and hip fracture risk (R(2) = 0.141, p < 0.001 and R(2) = 0.166, p < 0.001, respectively). A comparison between the ADT (n = 187) and non-ADT (n = 399) groups demonstrated that the major fracture risk was > 20 % higher and the hip fracture risk was > 3 % higher in the ADT group than in the non-ADT group (ADT: 10 (5.3 %) and 118 (63.1 %), non-ADT 13 (3.3 %) and 189 (47.4 %), p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the longer duration of ADT led to an increased FRAX score, and the FRAX score may be a predictor of bone management treatment, particularly in prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawahara
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Shusei Fusayasu
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Izumi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yokomizo
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ito
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kayo Kurita
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Furuya
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Narihiko Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Myoshi
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroji Uemura
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan. .,Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li X, Ma X, Tang L, Wang B, Chen L, Zhang F, Zhang X. Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016; 8:62681-62692. [PMID: 28977980 PMCID: PMC5617540 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an inflammation marker that has prognostic value for various tumors, but its prognostic value in urothelial carcinoma (UC) remains controversial. This meta-analysis investigated the prognostic value of NLR in UC. A systematic search was performed on PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Embase for studies focusing on the association between NLR and clinical features or prognosis of UC and published until November 2016. Prognostic outcomes and clinical features were collected and analyzed. A total of 11,538 patients from 32 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Increased pretreatment NLR predicted poor overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.45–2.05), progression free survival (HR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.44–1.96), and cancer specific survival (HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.39–1.93) in all the patients. The increased pretreatment NLR was correlated with increased lymphovascular invasion (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.17–1.43), high tumor T stage (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.12–1.39), and tumor grade (HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01–1.14) but not with lymph node involvement, carcinoma in situ, multifocality, or positive margin. Our meta-analysis indicated that NLR could predict the prognosis for UC and was associated with UC progression in terms of lymphovascular invasion, tumor T stage, and tumor grade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Li
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Chen
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lack of an Association between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and PSA Failure of Prostate Cancer Patients Who Underwent Radical Prostatectomy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6197353. [PMID: 27200375 PMCID: PMC4855032 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6197353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which can be easily calculated from routine complete blood counts of the peripheral blood, has been suggested to serve as a prognostic factor for some solid malignancies. In the present study, we aimed to determine the relationship between NLR in prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) and their prognosis. Materials and Methods. We assessed NLR in 73 men (patients) who received RP for their prostate cancer. We also performed immunohistochemistry for CD8 and CD66b in a separate set of RP specimens. Results. The median NLR in the 73 patients was 1.85. There were no significant correlations of NLR with tumor grade (p = 0.834), pathological T stage (p = 0.082), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.062), or resection margin status (p = 0.772). Based on the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) to predict biochemical recurrence after RP, potential NLR cut-off point was determined to be 2.88 or 3.88. However, both of these cut-off points did not precisely predict the prognosis. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of CD66b-positive neutrophils or CD8-positive lymphocytes between stromal tissues adjacent to cancer glands and stromal tissues away from cancer glands and between different grades or stages of tumors. Conclusions. There was no association between NLR and biochemical failure after prostatectomy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kawahara T, Furuya K, Nakamura M, Sakamaki K, Osaka K, Ito H, Ito Y, Izumi K, Ohtake S, Miyoshi Y, Makiyama K, Nakaigawa N, Yamanaka T, Miyamoto H, Yao M, Uemura H. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a prognostic marker in bladder cancer patients after radical cystectomy. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:185. [PMID: 26944862 PMCID: PMC4779264 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is no reliable biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients who undergo radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Recent studies have shown that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) could function as a useful prognostic factor in several types of malignancies. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of NLR in bladder cancer. Methods A total of 74 patients who underwent radical cystectomy in our institutions from 1999 to 2014 were analyzed. The NLR was calculated using the patients’ neutrophil and lymphocyte counts before radical cystectomy. An immunohistochemical analysis was also performed to detect tumor infiltrating neutrophils (CD66b) and lymphocytes (CD8) in bladder cancer specimens. Results A univariate analysis showed that the patients with a high NLR (≥2.38; HR = 4.84; p = 0.007), high C-reactive protein level (>0.08; HR = 10.06; p = 0.030), or pathological lymph node metastasis (HR = 4.73; p = 0.030) had a significantly higher risk of cancer-specific mortality. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests further revealed that NLR was strongly correlated with overall survival (p = 0.018), but not progression-free survival (p = 0.137). In a multivariate analysis, all of these were found to be independent risk factors (HR = 4.62, 10.8, and 12.35, respectively). The number of CD8-positive lymphocytes was significantly increased in high-grade (p = 0.001) and muscle-invasive (p = 0.012) tumors, in comparison to low-grade and non-muscle-invasive tumors, respectively. Conclusions The NLR predicted the prognosis of patients who underwent radical cystectomy and might therefore function as a reliable biomarker in cases of invasive bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawahara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. .,Departments of Urology and Renal Transportation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Furuya
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Manami Nakamura
- Departments of Urology and Renal Transportation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Sakamaki
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kimito Osaka
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Ito
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Koji Izumi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Shinji Ohtake
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yasuhide Miyoshi
- Departments of Urology and Renal Transportation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Makiyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Noboru Nakaigawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takeharu Yamanaka
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hiroji Uemura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. .,Departments of Urology and Renal Transportation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kawahara T, Yokomizo Y, Ito Y, Ito H, Ishiguro H, Teranishi JI, Makiyama K, Miyoshi Y, Miyamoto H, Yao M, Uemura H. Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts the prognosis in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:111. [PMID: 26883640 PMCID: PMC4754823 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a simple marker of the systemic inflammatory response in critical care patients, has been suggested as an independent prognostic factor for several solid malignancies. We investigated the utility of pretreatment NLR as a prognosticator in patients who presented with metastatic prostate cancer. Methods We first investigated the correlation between NLR and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in 1464 men who had both tests and were found to have prostate cancer on their biopsies at our institution from 1999 to 2015. We then assessed the relationship between pretreatment NLR and the prognosis in 48 patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer metastasized to the lymph node and/or bone. Results The NLR value was significantly elevated in men with higher PSA than in those with lower PSA (p < 0.001). In patients with metastatic prostate cancer, NLR (cut-off point of 3.37 determined by the AUROC curve) was correlated with both cancer-specific (p = 0.018) and overall (p = 0.008) survivals. Conclusions Pretreatment NLR may function as a new biomarker that precisely predicts the prognosis in patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawahara
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan. .,Departments of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Yokomizo
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Ito
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Ishiguro
- Photocatalyst Group, Special Research Laboratory, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan.
| | - Jun-ichi Teranishi
- Departments of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Makiyama
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yasuhide Miyoshi
- Departments of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hiroji Uemura
- Departments of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chang JW, Kang SU, Choi JW, Shin YS, Baek SJ, Lee SH, Kim CH. Tolfenamic acid induces apoptosis and growth inhibition in anaplastic thyroid cancer: Involvement of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 expression and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:115-30. [PMID: 24216474 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, certain NSAIDs also have antitumor activities in various cancers, including head and neck cancer, through cyclooxygenase-dependent or independent pathways. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1), a TGF-β superfamily protein, is induced by NSAIDs and has been shown to be induced by several antitumorigenic compounds and to exhibit proapoptotic and antitumorigenic activities. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that tolfenamic acid (TA) transcriptionally induced the expression of NAG-1 during TA-induced apoptosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells. TA reduced the viability of ATC cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis, findings that were coincident with NAG-1 expression. Overexpression of the NAG-1 gene using cDNA enhanced the apoptotic effect of TA, whereas suppression of NAG-1 expression by small interfering RNA attenuated TA-induced apoptosis. Subsequently, we found that intracellular ROS generation plays an important role in activating the proapoptotic protein NAG-1. Then, we confirmed antitumorigenic effects of TA in a nude mouse orthotopic ATC model, and this result accompanied the augmentation of NAG-1 expression and ROS generation in tumor tissue. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TA induces apoptosis via NAG-1 expression and ROS generation in in vitro and in vivo ATC models, providing a novel mechanistic explanation and indicating a potential chemotherapeutic approach for treatment of ATC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15/agonists
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15/antagonists & inhibitors
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15/genetics
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/agonists
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/drug therapy
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/genetics
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- ortho-Aminobenzoates/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Sung Un Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Jae Won Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsui KH, Chang YL, Feng TH, Chung LC, Lee TY, Chang PL, Juang HH. Growth differentiation factor-15 upregulates interleukin-6 to promote tumorigenesis of prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49:153-63. [PMID: 22872134 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is associated with human cancer progress. We evaluated the role GDF15 plays in tumorigenesis of prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. Results from real-time RT-PCR and ELISA revealed that expression of GDF15 was approximately threefold higher in LNCaP cells than in PC-3 cells. Other prostate cell lines (PZ-HPV-7, CA-HPV-10, and DU145 cells) expressed extremely low levels of GDF15. Stable overexpression of GDF15 in PC-3 cells enhanced the degree of cell proliferation and invasion as shown in the (3)H-thymidine incorporation assay and in the Matrigel invasion assay respectively. Soft agar assays and xenograft animal studies indicated that overexpression of GDF15 in PC-3 cells increased tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Results from RT-PCR, immunoblot, and reporter assays revealed that overexpression of GDF15 resulted in decreased expression of maspin and upregulation of interleukin-6 (IL6), matriptase, and N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) expression. Further studies revealed that overexpression of IL6 enhanced GDF15 expression in LNCaP cells while knockdown of IL6 blocked the expression of GDF15 in PC-3 cells, suggesting that expression of GDF15 is upregulated by IL6. This study demonstrated that expression of GDF15 induces cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis of prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. The enhancement of tumorigenesis and invasiveness of prostate carcinoma cells that stably overexpress GDF15 may be caused by the dysregulation of maspin, matriptase, and IL6 gene expression. The expression of GDF15 and IL6 is controlled via a positive feedback loop in PC-3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology Bioinformation Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alvarez A, Woolf PJ. RegNetB: predicting relevant regulator-gene relationships in localized prostate tumor samples. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12:243. [PMID: 21682879 PMCID: PMC3128037 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A central question in cancer biology is what changes cause a healthy cell to form a tumor. Gene expression data could provide insight into this question, but it is difficult to distinguish between a gene that causes a change in gene expression from a gene that is affected by this change. Furthermore, the proteins that regulate gene expression are often themselves not regulated at the transcriptional level. Here we propose a Bayesian modeling framework we term RegNetB that uses mechanistic information about the gene regulatory network to distinguish between factors that cause a change in expression and genes that are affected by the change. We test this framework using human gene expression data describing localized prostate cancer progression. Results The top regulatory relationships identified by RegNetB include the regulation of RLN1, RLN2, by PAX4, the regulation of ACPP (PAP) by JUN, BACH1 and BACH2, and the co-regulation of PGC and GDF15 by MAZ and TAF8. These target genes are known to participate in tumor progression, but the suggested regulatory roles of PAX4, BACH1, BACH2, MAZ and TAF8 in the process is new. Conclusion Integrating gene expression data and regulatory topologies can aid in identifying potentially causal mechanisms for observed changes in gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Alvarez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|