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Qayoom H, Bashir S, Khan R, Hussain MU, Wani S, Mir MA. Exploring SALL4 as a significant prognostic marker in breast cancer and its association with progression pathways involved in cancer genesis. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 112:108164. [PMID: 39098137 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Breast carcinoma is the leading factor in women's cancer-related fatalities. Due to its numerous inherent molecular subtypes, breast cancer is an extremely diverse illness. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive subtypes stands out among these subtypes as being especially prone to cancer development and illness recurrence. The regulation of embryonic stem cells' pluripotency and self-renewal is carried out by the SALL4 (Spalt-like transcription factor 4) family member. Numerous molecular pathways operating at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenomic levels regulate the expression of SALL4. Many transcription factors control the expression of SALL4, with STAT3 being the primary regulator in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and breast carcinoma. Moreover, this oncogene has been connected to a number of cellular functions, including invasion, apoptosis, proliferation, and resistance to therapy. Reduced patient survival rates and a worse prognosis have been linked to higher levels of SALL4. In order to target the undruggable SALL4 that is overexpressed in breast carcinoma, we investigated the prognostic levels of SALL4 in breast carcinoma and its interaction with various related proteins. Using TIMER 2.0 analysis, the expression pattern of SALL4 was investigated across all TCGA datasets. The research revealed that SALL4 expression was elevated in various cancers. The UALCAN findings demonstrated that SALL4 was overexpressed in all tumor samples including breast cancer especially TNBC (Triple negative breast cancer). The web-based ENRICHR program was used for gene ontology analysis that revealed SALL4 was actively involved in the development of the nervous system, positive regulation of stem cell proliferation, regulation of stem cell proliferation, regulation of the activin receptor signaling pathway, regulation of transcription using DNA templates, miRNA metabolic processes, and regulation of transcription by RNA Polymerase I. Using the STRING database, we analyzed the interaction and involvement of SALL4 with other abruptly activated proteins and used Cytoscape 3.8.0 for visualization. Additionally, using bc-GenExMiner, we studied the impact of SALL4 on pathways abruptly activated in different breast cancer subtypes that revealed SALL4 was highly correlated with WNT2B, NOTCH4, AKT3, and PIK3CA. Furthermore, to target SALL4, we evaluated and analyzed the impact of CLP and its analogues, revealing promising outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Qayoom
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sania Bashir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Rumaisa Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mahboob Ul Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Shameema Wani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Super Specialty Hospital, Govt Medical College Srinagar, 190001, India
| | - Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
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Maghsoudi Z, Nguyen H, Tavakkoli A, Nguyen T. A comprehensive survey of the approaches for pathway analysis using multi-omics data integration. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6761962. [PMID: 36252928 PMCID: PMC9677478 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathway analysis has been widely used to detect pathways and functions associated with complex disease phenotypes. The proliferation of this approach is due to better interpretability of its results and its higher statistical power compared with the gene-level statistics. A plethora of pathway analysis methods that utilize multi-omics setup, rather than just transcriptomics or proteomics, have recently been developed to discover novel pathways and biomarkers. Since multi-omics gives multiple views into the same problem, different approaches are employed in aggregating these views into a comprehensive biological context. As a result, a variety of novel hypotheses regarding disease ideation and treatment targets can be formulated. In this article, we review 32 such pathway analysis methods developed for multi-omics and multi-cohort data. We discuss their availability and implementation, assumptions, supported omics types and databases, pathway analysis techniques and integration strategies. A comprehensive assessment of each method's practicality, and a thorough discussion of the strengths and drawbacks of each technique will be provided. The main objective of this survey is to provide a thorough examination of existing methods to assist potential users and researchers in selecting suitable tools for their data and analysis purposes, while highlighting outstanding challenges in the field that remain to be addressed for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Maghsoudi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, Nevada, USA
| | - Ha Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, Nevada, USA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, Nevada, USA
| | - Tin Nguyen
- Corresponding author: Tin Nguyen, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA. Tel.: +1-775-784-6619;
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Sun B, Xu L, Bi W, Ou WB. SALL4 Oncogenic Function in Cancers: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042053. [PMID: 35216168 PMCID: PMC8876671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SALL4, a member of the SALL family, is an embryonic stem cell regulator involved in self-renewal and pluripotency. Recently, SALL4 overexpression was found in malignant cancers, including lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, osteosarcoma, acute myeloid leukemia, ovarian cancer, and glioma. This review updates recent advances of our knowledge of the biology of SALL4 with a focus on its mechanisms and regulatory functions in tumors and human hematopoiesis. SALL4 overexpression promotes proliferation, development, invasion, and migration in cancers through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, and Notch signaling pathways; expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation genes; and inhibition of the expression of the Bcl-2 family, caspase-related proteins, and death receptors. Additionally, SALL4 regulates tumor progression correlated with the immune microenvironment involved in the TNF family and gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, consequently affecting hematopoiesis. Therefore, SALL4 plays a critical oncogenic role in gene transcription and tumor growth. However, there are still some scientific hypotheses to be tested regarding whether SALL4 is a therapeutic target, such as different tumor microenvironments and drug resistance. Thus, an in-depth understanding and study of the functions and mechanisms of SALL4 in cancer may help develop novel strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wen-Bin Ou
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-571-8684-3303
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Shi Y, Liu C. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0043278 inhibits breast cancer progression via the miR-455-3p/EI24 signalling pathway. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1249. [PMID: 34800978 PMCID: PMC8605514 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is one of the major malignancies worldwide. Circular ribonucleic acids (circRNAs) are a class of conserved ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that play important roles in various diseases. Recently, circRNAs have been suggested to have diagnostic value and may function as potential diagnostic biomarkers for BC. Previously, hsa_circ_0043278 was found to be downregulated in human BC. However, its role in human BC has not yet been identified. METHODS The levels of hsa_circ_0043278 in BC cell lines were verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The overexpression vector and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) of hsa_circ_0043278 were transfected into MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, respectively. The effects of hsa_circ_0043278 on tumour cell growth, migration and invasion were measured by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), colony formation, wound healing and Transwell assays in vitro. A xenograft experiment was conducted to validate the inhibitory effect of hsa_circ_0043278 on tumour growth. The interaction between hsa_circ_0043278 and miR-455-3p was confirmed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Mimics and inhibitors of miR-455-3p were designed to confirm the influence of hsa_circ_0043278 on the hsa_circ_0043278/miR-455-3p/etoposide-induced gene 24 (EI24) axis. RESULTS Hsa_circ_0043278 was downregulated in BC cell lines. Furthermore, overexpression of hsa_circ_0043278 notably decreased BC cell viability and inhibited BC cell migration and invasion in vitro and suppressed tumour growth in vivo. Downregulation of hsa_circ_0043278 led to the opposite results. Hsa_circ_0043278 expression was negatively correlated with that of miR-455-3p. In addition, mechanistic investigation proved that hsa_circ_0043278 directly bound to miR-455-3p and regulated EI24 and NF-κB expression in BC cells. CONCLUSION Hsa_circ_0043278 acts as a tumour suppressor gene in BC through the hsa_circ_0043278/miR-455-3p/EI24 axis and may be regarded as a new prognostic predictor or potential therapeutic target in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Liu C, Yao F, Mao X, Li W, Chen H. Effect of SALL4 on the Proliferation, Invasion and Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820980074. [PMID: 33308020 PMCID: PMC7739211 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820980074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to identify the expression of Sal-like 4 (SALL4) in breast cancer tissues and to explore the role of this gene in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer cells. Methods: A total of 62 paired breast cancer and noncancerous tissue samples were obtained from patients with breast cancer. SALL4 expression patterns and their association with clinicopathological characteristics were investigated by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunochemistry in breast cancer tissues. After the knockdown of SALL4 by short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), the proliferative, invasive, and apoptotic abilities of MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-468 cells (breast cancer cell lines) were measured by colony formation and CCK-8 assays, wound healing and transwell assays, and flow cytometry, respectively. Results: SALL4 expression was higher in breast cancer tissues than that in the paired noncancerous tissues, and increased SALL4 expression in tumor tissues was closely related to tumor size and lymphatic metastasis. Furthermore, functional experiments revealed that SALL4 knockdown inhibited the cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1phase and apoptosis, and decreased the ability of migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. Additionally, our study first demonstrated that SALL4 played a critical role in modulating the tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells via the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the expression of SALL4 is upregulated in breast cancer, and this upregulation is involved in the regulation of cell growth, invasion, and apoptosis. Hence, SALL4 may be a promising target for diagnosis and therapy in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Yao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Mao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanming Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Experiment Teaching Center of Functional Subjects, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Liu C, Han T, Shi Y. The decreased expression of hsa_circ_0043278 and its relationship with clinicopathological features of breast cancer. Gland Surg 2020; 9:2044-2053. [PMID: 33447555 DOI: 10.21037/gs-20-825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the most significant causes of death in women around the world. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are a novel class of conserved RNA molecules, are involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases, especially malignancies; however, researchers rarely report their roles in human breast cancer. Methods In the present study, the differentially expressed levels of circRNAs in human breast cancer tissues and paired noncancerous tissues were screened by circRNA microarray. Hsa_circ_0043278 was downregulated 43-fold in breast cancer and was selected for further analysis. The expression of hsa_circ_0043278 was verified in breast cancer specimens and paired noncancerous tissues by quantitative reverse transcription polymerized chain reaction (qRT-PCR) technique. The relationship between the expression of hsa_circ_0043278 and the clinicopathological features was analyzed. Results Among the 520 differentially expressed circRNAs, 292 significantly upregulated circRNAs and 228 downregulated circRNAs in the breast cancer tissues compared with the paired noncancerous tissues. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of hsa_circ_0043278 was 0.690. The results of the bioinformatics prediction showed five target miRNAs that might be sponged by hsa_circ_0043278. The expression of hsa_circ_0043278 was associated with lymph node metastasis and histological type of the patient. Patients with lymph node metastasis have tumors with significantly downregulated expression of hsa_circ_0043278 (P=0.0201). Conclusions Our results suggest that hsa_circ_0043278 is downregulated and may play a key role in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhang M, Wang F, Xiang Z, Huang T, Zhou WB. LncRNA XIST promotes chemoresistance of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin by sponging miR-200c-3p to upregulate ANLN. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1464-1472. [PMID: 32198770 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of breast cancer cells to drugs is a major obstacle to effective cancer chemotherapy. Here, we study the function mechanisms of long non-coding RNA XIST in chemoresistance of breast cancer to doxorubicin. We examined the 50% inhibitive concentration of doxorubicin to MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231/ADM cells, showing that the doxorubicin resistance of MDA-MB-231/ADM cells was much higher than MDA-MB-231 cells. The gene or protein expression of XIST and ANLN were also higher in MDA-MB-231/ADM cells than that in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, XIST overexpression promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of doxorubicin-treated MDA-MB-231 cells by promoting ANLN expression. XIST silencing inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of doxorubicin-treated MDA-MB-231/ADM cells by inhibiting ANLN expression. Luciferase reporter assay showed that XIST functioned as a competing endogenous RNA to repress miR-200c-3p, which controlled its downstream target ANLN. In conclusion, these data reveal that XIST promotes chemoresistance of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin by sponging miR-200c-3p to upregulate ANLN. This work explores the relationship between lncRNA XIST and doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells and highlights a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Bing Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Delmonico L, Alves G, Bines J. Cell free DNA biology and its involvement in breast carcinogenesis. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 97:171-223. [PMID: 32448434 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy represents a procedure for minimally invasive analysis of non-solid tissue, blood and other body fluids. It comprises a set of analytes that includes circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating free DNA (cfDNA), RNA, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA), as well as extracellular vesicles. These novel analytes represent an alternative tool to complement diagnosis and monitor and predict response to treatment of the tumoral process and may be used for other disease processes such viral and parasitic infection. This review focuses on the biologic and molecular characteristics of cfDNA in general and the molecular changes (mutational and epigenetic) proven useful in oncologic practice for diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of breast cancer specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Delmonico
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Gilda Alves
- Laboratório de Marcadores Circulantes, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Bines
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA-HCIII), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Shafi A, Nguyen T, Peyvandipour A, Nguyen H, Draghici S. A Multi-Cohort and Multi-Omics Meta-Analysis Framework to Identify Network-Based Gene Signatures. Front Genet 2019; 10:159. [PMID: 30941158 PMCID: PMC6434849 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although massive amounts of condition-specific molecular profiles are being accumulated in public repositories every day, meaningful interpretation of these data remains a major challenge. In an effort to identify the biomarkers that describe the key biological phenomena for a given condition, several approaches have been developed over the past few years. However, the majority of these approaches either (i) do not consider the known intermolecular interactions, or (ii) do not integrate molecular data of multiple types (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, etc.), and thus potentially fail to capture the true biological changes responsible for complex diseases (e.g., cancer). In addition, these approaches often ignore the heterogeneity and study bias present in independent molecular cohorts. In this manuscript, we propose a novel multi-cohort and multi-omics meta-analysis framework that overcomes all three limitations mentioned above in order to identify robust molecular subnetworks that capture the key dynamic nature of a given biological condition. Our framework integrates multiple independent gene expression studies, unmatched DNA methylation studies, and protein-protein interactions to identify methylation-driven subnetworks. We demonstrate the proposed framework by constructing subnetworks related to two complex diseases: glioblastoma and low-grade gliomas. We validate the identified subnetworks by showing their ability to predict patients' clinical outcome on multiple independent validation cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Shafi
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Tin Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Azam Peyvandipour
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sorin Draghici
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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10
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Diagnostic utility of epigenetics in breast cancer - A review. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2019; 19:100125. [PMID: 30802811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2019.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are clearly involved in cancer initiation and progression as recent epigenetic studies of genomic DNA, histone modifications and micro-RNA alterations suggest that these are playing an important role in the incidence of breast cancer. Epigenetic information has recently gained the attention of researchers because epigenetic modification of the genome in breast cancer is still an evolving area for researchers. Several active compounds present in foods, poisons, drugs, and industrial chemicals may as a result of epigenetic mechanisms increase or decrease the risk of breast cancer. Epigenetic regulation is critical in normal growth and development and closely conditions the transcriptional potential of genes. Epigenetic mechanisms convey genomic adaption to an environment thereby ultimately contributing towards given phenotype. In addition to the use of epigenetic alterations as a means of screening, epigenetic alterations in a tumor or adjacent tissues or peripheral blood may also help clinicians in determining prognosis and treatment of breast cancer. As we understand specific epigenetic alterations contributing to breast tumorigenesis and prognosis, these discoveries will lead to significant advances for breast cancer treatment, like in therapeutics that target methylation and histone modifications in breast cancer and the newer versions of the drugs are likely to play an important role in future clinical treatment.
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Wu YS, Lee ZY, Chuah LH, Mai CW, Ngai SC. Epigenetics in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Its Regulation and Implications in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutics. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:82-100. [PMID: 29714144 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180430130248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment regimen, the high incidence rate of breast cancer (BC) deaths is mostly caused by metastasis. Recently, the aberrant epigenetic modifications, which involve DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNA (miRNA) regulations become attractive targets to treat metastatic breast cancer (MBC). In this review, the epigenetic alterations of DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA regulations in regulating MBC are discussed. The preclinical and clinical trials of epigenetic drugs such as the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMTi) and the inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDACi), as a single or combined regimen with other epigenetic drug or standard chemotherapy drug to treat MBCs are discussed. The combined regimen of epigenetic drugs or with standard chemotherapy drugs enhance the therapeutic effect against MBC. Evidences that epigenetic changes could have implications in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics for MBC are also presented. Several genes have been identified as potential epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as therapeutic targets for MBC. Endeavors in clinical trials of epigenetic drugs against MBC should be continued although limited success has been achieved. Future discovery of epigenetic drugs from natural resources would be an attractive natural treatment regimen for MBC. Further research is warranted in translating research into clinical practice with the ultimate goal of treating MBC by epigenetic therapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Seng Wu
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhong Yang Lee
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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Salta S, P Nunes S, Fontes-Sousa M, Lopes P, Freitas M, Caldas M, Antunes L, Castro F, Antunes P, Palma de Sousa S, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. A DNA Methylation-Based Test for Breast Cancer Detection in Circulating Cell-Free DNA. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E420. [PMID: 30405052 PMCID: PMC6262630 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BrC) is the most frequent neoplasm in women. New biomarkers, including aberrant DNA methylation, may improve BrC management. Herein, we evaluated the detection and prognostic performance of seven genes' promoter methylation (APC, BRCA1, CCND2, FOXA1, PSAT1, RASSF1A and SCGB3A1). METHODS Methylation levels were assessed in primary BrC tissues by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (QMSP) and in circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) by multiplex QMSP from two independent cohorts of patients (Cohort #1, n = 137; and Cohort #2, n = 44). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed, and log-rank test and Cox regression were performed to assess the prognostic value of genes' methylation levels. RESULTS The gene-panel APC, FOXA1, RASSF1A, SCGB3A1 discriminated normal from cancerous tissue with high accuracy (95.55%). In multivariable analysis, high PSAT1-methylation levels [>percentile 75 (P75)] associated with longer disease-free survival, whereas higher FOXA1-methylation levels (>P75) associated with shorter disease-specific survival. The best performing panel in ccfDNA (APC, FOXA1 and RASSF1A) disclosed a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy over 70%. CONCLUSIONS This approach enables BrC accurate diagnosis and prognostic stratification in tissue samples, and allows for early detection in liquid biopsies, thus suggesting a putative value for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Salta
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group-Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Master in Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra P Nunes
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group-Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Master in Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mário Fontes-Sousa
- Breast Cancer Clinic and Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Lopes
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group-Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Micaela Freitas
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group-Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Caldas
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group-Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luís Antunes
- Department of Epidemiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fernando Castro
- Breast Cancer Clinic and Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Antunes
- Breast Cancer Clinic and Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana Palma de Sousa
- Breast Cancer Clinic and Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group-Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group-Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Ponnusamy L, Mahalingaiah PKS, Chang YW, Singh KP. Reversal of epigenetic aberrations associated with the acquisition of doxorubicin resistance restores drug sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Zakhari S, Hoek JB. Epidemiology of Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer: Association or Causation? Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E349. [PMID: 30249004 PMCID: PMC6210419 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have been used to show associations between modifiable lifestyle habits and the incidence of breast cancer. Among such factors, a history of alcohol use has been reported in multiple studies and meta-analyses over the past decades. However, associative epidemiological studies that were interpreted as evidence that even moderate alcohol consumption increases breast cancer incidence have been controversial. In this review, we consider the literature on the relationship between moderate or heavy alcohol use, both in possible biological mechanisms and in variations in susceptibility due to genetic or epigenetic factors. We argue that there is a need to incorporate additional approaches to move beyond the associations that are reported in traditional epidemiological analyses and incorporate information on molecular pathologic signatures as a requirement to posit causal inferences. In particular, we point to the efforts of the transdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) to evaluate possible causal relationships, if any, of alcohol consumption and breast cancer. A wider application of the principles of MPE to this field would constitute a giant step that could enhance our understanding of breast cancer and multiple modifiable risk factors, a step that would be particularly suited to the era of "personalized medicine".
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Zakhari
- Science Office, Distilled Spirits Council, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - Jan B Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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15
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Kong HK, Park SJ, Kim YS, Kim KM, Lee HW, Kang HG, Woo YM, Park EY, Ko JY, Suzuki H, Chun KH, Song E, Jang KY, Park JH. Epigenetic activation of LY6K predicts the presence of metastasis and poor prognosis in breast carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55677-55689. [PMID: 27494879 PMCID: PMC5342445 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K (LY6K) in breast cancer has been studied, whereas the epigenetic control of LY6K transcription is not fully understood. Here, we report that breast cancer patients with increased LY6K expression had shorter disease-free and overall survival than the patients with low levels of LY6K by multivariate analysis. LY6K also was upregulated in breast cancer patients with distant metastases than those without distant metastases, downregulating E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, xenograft tumor volumes from LY6K knockdown nude mice were reduced than those of mice treated with control lentivirus. Interestingly, LY6K has a CpG island (CGI) around the transcription start site and non-CGI in its promoter, called a CGI shore. LY6K expression was inversely correlated with methylation in not only CGI but CGI shore, which are associated with histone modifications. Additionally, LY6K methylation was increased by the PAX3 transcription factor due to the SNP242 mutation in LY6K CGI shore. Taken together, breast cancer risk and metastasis were significantly associated with not only LY6K expression, but also methylation of CGI shore which induced by SNP242 mutation. Our results suggest that an understanding epigenetic mechanism of the LY6K gene may be useful to diagnose carcinogenic risk and predict outcomes of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Kong
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Jeong Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Sol Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Gu Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Woo
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Yeong Ko
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Erwei Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Kyu Yun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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You K, Su F, Liu L, Lv X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Liu B. SCARA5 plays a critical role in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer by inactivating the ERK1/2, STAT3, and AKT signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 435:47-58. [PMID: 28497372 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor class A member 5 (SCARA5) is a candidate anti-oncogene in several malignancies. However, whether SCARA5 is a suppressor gene in breast cancer and its role in breast cancer cell growth and metastasis remain to be determined. Here, we investigated the biological functions of SCARA5 in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer and explored the underlying mechanisms. A total of 65 breast cancer patients and three cell lines (ZR-75-30, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231) were analyzed in the study. RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect mRNA and protein expression, and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD). MTT, colony formation, TUNEL assays, invasion assays and Transwell assays, and flow cytometric analyses were used to evaluate the effect of SCARA5 on breast cancer cells. SCARA5 was significantly downregulated in breast cancer tissues and cells and significantly correlated with tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, pTNM stage, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, LVD, and MVD. SCARA5 overexpression significantly suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and migration, and induced G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis of ZR-75-30 cells. SCARA5 decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3, and downregulated downstream signaling effectors, including MMP-2, 3, and 9, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, Bax, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E1, and upregulated E-cadherin, Bcl-2, and caspase 3. SCARA5 is associated with multiple signaling pathways and plays a critical role in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer. The present results provide the first evidence that SCARA5 inhibits lymphangiogenesis by downregulating VEGF-C, thereby inhibiting breast cancer lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai You
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Su
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Lv
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Clinical Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoquan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Ning K, Wang T, Sun X, Zhang P, Chen Y, Jin J, Hua D. UCH-L1-containing exosomes mediate chemotherapeutic resistance transfer in breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2017; 115:932-940. [PMID: 28334432 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy resistance has become a serious challenge in the treatment of breast cancer. Previous studies showed cells can transfer proteins, including those responsible for drug resistance to adjacent cells via exosomes. METHODS The switches of drug resistance via exosomes transfer were assessed by CellTiter-Blue Viability assay, flow cytometry, and immunostaining analysis. Relative protein levels of Ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), extracellular-signal regulated protein kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), and phospho-extracellular-signal regulated protein kinase1/2 (p-ERK1/2) were measured by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 93 breast cancer samples to assess the associations of UCH-L1 levels with immunofluorescence value of UCH-L1 in circulating exosomes. RESULT The Adriamycin-resistant human breast cancer cells (MCF7/ADM) secreted exosomes carrying UCH-L1 and P-gp proteins into the extracellular microenvironment then integrated into Adriamycin-sensitive human breast cancer cells (MCF7/WT) in a time-dependent manner, transferring the chemoresistance phenotype. Notably, in blood samples from patients with breast cancer, the level of exosomes carrying UCH-L1 before chemotherapy was significantly negatively correlated with prognosis. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that UCH-L1-containing exosomes can transfer chemoresistance to recipient cells and these exosomes may be useful as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for detection of chemoresitance in breast cancer patients, achieving more effective and individualized chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Ning
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University and the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University and the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University and the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Hua
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University and the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Świtnicki MP, Juul M, Madsen T, Sørensen KD, Pedersen JS. PINCAGE: probabilistic integration of cancer genomics data for perturbed gene identification and sample classification. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:1353-65. [PMID: 26740525 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Cancer development and progression is driven by a complex pattern of genomic and epigenomic perturbations. Both types of perturbations can affect gene expression levels and disease outcome. Integrative analysis of cancer genomics data may therefore improve detection of perturbed genes and prediction of disease state. As different data types are usually dependent, analysis based on independence assumptions will make inefficient use of the data and potentially lead to false conclusions. MODEL Here, we present PINCAGE (Probabilistic INtegration of CAncer GEnomics data), a method that uses probabilistic integration of cancer genomics data for combined evaluation of RNA-seq gene expression and 450k array DNA methylation measurements of promoters as well as gene bodies. It models the dependence between expression and methylation using modular graphical models, which also allows future inclusion of additional data types. RESULTS We apply our approach to a Breast Invasive Carcinoma dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium, which includes 82 adjacent normal and 730 cancer samples. We identify new biomarker candidates of breast cancer development (PTF1A, RABIF, RAG1AP1, TIMM17A, LOC148145) and progression (SERPINE3, ZNF706). PINCAGE discriminates better between normal and tumour tissue and between progressing and non-progressing tumours in comparison with established methods that assume independence between tested data types, especially when using evidence from multiple genes. Our method can be applied to any type of cancer or, more generally, to any genomic disease for which sufficient amount of molecular data is available. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION R scripts available at http://moma.ki.au.dk/prj/pincage/ CONTACT : michal.switnicki@clin.au.dk or jakob.skou@clin.au.dk SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jakob S Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA) Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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19
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Li P, Xiang T, Li H, Li Q, Yang B, Huang J, Zhang X, Shi Y, Tan J, Ren G. Hyaluronan synthase 2 overexpression is correlated with the tumorigenesis and metastasis of human breast cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:12101-12114. [PMID: 26722395 PMCID: PMC4680340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is closely correlated with the malignant behavior of breast cancer cells. Hyaluronan (HA) is one of the main components of ECM, and actively regulates cell adhesion, migration and proliferation by interacting with specific cell surface receptors such as CD44 and RHAMM. HA synthase 2 (HAS2) catalyzes the synthesis of HA, but its role in breast tumorigenesis remains unclear. This study assessed the roles of HAS2 in malignant behavior of human breast cancer and sought to provide mechanistic insights into the biological and pivotal roles of HAS2. We observed HAS2 was overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines and invasive duct cancer tissues, compared with the nonmalignant breast cell lines and normal breast tissues. In addition, a high level of HAS2 expression was statistically correlated with lymph node metastasis. Functional assays showed that knockdown of HAS2 expression inhibited breast tumor cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro, through the induction of apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. Further studies showed that the HA were elevated in breast cancer, and HAS2 could upregulate HA expression. In conclusion, HAS2-HA system influences the biological characteristics of human breast cancer cells, and HAS2 may be a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongzhong Li
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinxiang Tan
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
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20
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Wang W, Zou L, Zhou D, Zhou Z, Tang F, Xu Z, Liu X. Overexpression of ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase-L1 enhances multidrug resistance and invasion/metastasis in breast cancer by activating the MAPK/Erk signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1329-42. [PMID: 26293643 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pathology; Huashan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Liping Zou
- Department of Pathology; Huashan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Danmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology; Huashan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhongwen Zhou
- Department of Pathology; Huashan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Pathology; Huashan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Zude Xu
- Department of Pathology; Huashan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Department of Pathology, the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Fudan University; Shanghai China
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21
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Wen HC, Chuu CP, Chen CY, Shiah SG, Kung HJ, King KL, Su LC, Chang SC, Chang CH. Elevation of soluble guanylate cyclase suppresses proliferation and survival of human breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125518. [PMID: 25928539 PMCID: PMC4416047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential signaling molecule in biological systems. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), composing of α1 and β1 subunit, is the receptor for NO. Using radioimmunoassay, we discovered that activation of sGC by treatment with bradykinin or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is impaired in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells as compared to normal breast epithelial 184A1 cells. The 184A1 cells expressed both sGC α1 and sGCβ1 mRNAs. However, levels of sGCβ1 mRNAs were relatively lower in MCF-7 cells while both mRNA of sGC subunits were absent in MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) increased mRNA levels of both sGCα1 and sGCβ1 in MDA-MB-231 cells but only sGCβ1 mRNAs in MCF-7 cells. The 5-aza-dC treatment increased the SNP-induced cGMP production in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, but not in 184A1 cells. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that the promoter of sGCα1 in MDA-MB-231 cells and promoter of sGCβ1 in MCF-7 cells were methylated. Promoter hypermethylation of sGCα1 and sGCβ1 was found in 1 out of 10 breast cancer patients. Over-expression of both sGC subunits in MDA-MB-231 cells induced apoptosis and growth inhibition in vitro as well as reduced tumor incidence and tumor growth rate of MDA-MB-231 xenografts in nude mice. Elevation of sGC reduced protein abundance of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Cdc2, Cdc25A, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, Cdk6, c-Myc, and Skp2 while increased protein expression of p53. Our study demonstrated that down-regulation of sGC, partially due to promoter methylation, provides growth and survival advantage in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chin Wen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shine-Gwo Shiah
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Liang King
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chen Su
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Chuan Chang
- Chest Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SCC); (CHC)
| | - Chung-Ho Chang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Ph.D. Program of Aging, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SCC); (CHC)
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22
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Mu H, Wang N, Zhao L, Li S, Li Q, Chen L, Luo X, Qiu Z, Li L, Ren G, Xu Y, Zhou X, Xiang T. Methylation of PLCD1 and adenovirus-mediated PLCD1 overexpression elicits a gene therapy effect on human breast cancer. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:179-89. [PMID: 25655282 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that PLCD1 significantly decreases cell proliferation and affects cell cycle progression in breast cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate its functional and molecular mechanisms, and whether or not can become a new target for gene therapies. We found reduced PLCD1 protein expression in breast tumor tissues compared with paired surgical margin tissues. PLCD1 promoter CpG methylation was detected in 55 of 96 (57%) primary breast tumors, but not in surgical-margin tissues and normal breast tissues. Ectopic expression of PLCD1 inhibited breast tumor cell proliferation in vivo by inducing apoptosis and suppressed tumor cell migration by regulating cytoskeletal reorganization proteins including RhoA and phospho-cofilin. Furthermore, we found that PLCD1 induced p53 accumulation, increased p27 and p21 protein levels, and cleaved PARP. Finally, we constructed an adenoviral vector expressing PLCD1 (AdH5-PLCD1), which exhibited strong cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells. Our findings provide insights into the development of PLCD1 gene therapies for breast cancer and perhaps, other human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixi Mu
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Endocrine and breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Na Wang
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuman Li
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinrong Luo
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhu Qiu
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Endocrine and breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yongzhu Xu
- Chongqing Health Service Center, Chongqing 400020, China
| | | | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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23
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Medina-Jaime AD, Reyes-Vargas F, Martinez-Gaytan V, Zambrano-Galvan G, Portillo-Delcampo E, Burciaga-Nava JA, Reyes-Romero M, Sifuentes-Alvarez A. ESR1 and PGR gene promoter methylation and correlations with estrogen and progesterone receptors in ductal and lobular breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:3041-4. [PMID: 24815444 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.7.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyze methylation of the promoter sites of the ESR1 and PGR genes and to determine correlations with immunohistochemical expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in ductal and lobular breast cancers. An observational, descriptive, molecular study was conducted on 20 ductal and 20 lobular breast cancer samples with immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression. The methylation analysis of ESR1 and PGR promoter sites was carried-out by methylation-specific PCR. For correlation analysis, Kendall's tau coefficient was determined. Positive correlations were found between estrogen and progesterone receptors, estrogen receptor and unmethylated progesterone receptor, progesterone receptor, and unmethylated progesterone receptor. Negative correlations were found between estrogen receptor and methylated progesterone receptor, progesterone receptor and methylated progesterone receptor, methylated and unmethylated estrogen receptor, and methylated and unmethylated progesterone receptor. The results suggest that methylation of promoter sites of ESR1 and PGR is a relatively uncommon event in ductal and lobular breast cancer, and also suggest that the determination of epigenetic states of ESR1 and PGR could represent an alternative or complement to the histopathological expression analysis.
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24
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Basse C, Arock M. The increasing roles of epigenetics in breast cancer: Implications for pathogenicity, biomarkers, prevention and treatment. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:2785-94. [PMID: 25410431 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the mechanisms governing the occurrence of cancer are thought to be the consequence not only of genetic defects but also of epigenetic modifications. Therefore, epigenetic has become a very attractive and increasingly investigated field of research in order to find new ways of prevention and treatment of neoplasia, and this is particularly the case for breast cancer (BC). Thus, this review will first develop the main known epigenetic modifications that can occur in cancer and then expose the future role that control of epigenetic modifications might play in prevention, prognostication, follow-up and treatment of BC. Indeed, epigenetic biomarkers found in peripheral blood might become new tools to detect BC, to define its prognostic and to predict its outcome, whereas epi-drugs might have an increasing potential of development in the next future. However, if DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone desacetylase inhibitors have shown encouraging results in BC, their action remains nonspecific. Thus, additional clinical studies are needed to evaluate more precisely the effects of these molecules, even if they have provided encouraging results in cotreatment and combined therapies. This review will also deal with the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) as epi-drugs. Finally, we will focus on the potential prevention of BC through epigenetic based on diet and we will particularly develop the possible place of isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables or of Genistein from soybean in a dietary program that might potentially reduce the risk of BC in large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Basse
- Medical Oncology Unit, Anticancer Center Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - Michel Arock
- Molecular Oncology and Pharmacology, LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
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25
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Tamkovich SN, Voytsitskiy VE, Laktionov PP. Modern methods in breast cancer diagnostics. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tamkovich S, Voytsitskiy V, Laktionov P. Modern approach of breast cancer diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 60:141-60. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the review have been classified literature data concerning modern instrumental, microscopic and molecular (metabolomics, proteomics, genetics and epigenetics) approaches for early breast cancer diagnostics. The analytical performance and perspectives of their application in clinical practice also have been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.N. Tamkovich
- Institute of chemical biology and fundamental medicine SB of RAS; Novosibirsk national research state university
| | | | - P.P. Laktionov
- Institute of chemical biology and fundamental medicine SB of RAS
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27
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Zhu R, Zou ST, Wan JM, Li W, Li XL, Zhu W. BTG1 inhibits breast cancer cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2137-44. [PMID: 23982470 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BTG1, which belongs to the BTG/Tob family, regulates cell cycle progression in a variety of cell types and appears to play roles in inhibiting proliferation, promoting apoptosis and stimulating cellular differentiation in multiple cell types. However, it remains unclear whether BTG1 is a breast cancer suppressor gene, and the role of BTG1 in breast cancer cell growth has not yet been determined. In the present study, we observed that BTG1 was weakly expressed in human breast tumors and in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). In addition, we investigated the potential effects of BTG1 on breast cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis after stable transfection with the BTG1 expression vector. We found that overexpression of BTG1 inhibited cell proliferation, induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis. Further investigation indicated that overexpression of BTG1 was involved in the inhibition of the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, cyclin B1 and cyclin D1, and pro-apoptotic factors, Bax and caspase-3, and was also involved in the promotion of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. In vivo, animal experiments showed that tumors overexpressing BTG1 displayed a slower growth rate than the control xenografts. TUNEL end staining assay revealed that BTG1 induced tumor necrosis and apoptosis. Taken together, our data revealed that, in breast cancer cells, BTG1 inhibits cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These results indicate that BTG1 may be used as a novel therapeutic target for human breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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28
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Lyon D, Elmore L, Aboalela N, Merrill-Schools J, McCain N, Starkweather A, Elswick RK, Jackson-Cook C. Potential epigenetic mechanism(s) associated with the persistence of psychoneurological symptoms in women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer: a hypothesis. Biol Res Nurs 2013; 16:160-74. [PMID: 23585573 DOI: 10.1177/1099800413483545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to recent treatment advances, there have been improvements in the proportion of women surviving a diagnosis of breast cancer (BC). However, many of these survivors report persistent adverse side effects following treatment, such as cognitive dysfunction, depressive symptoms, anxiety, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and pain. Investigators have examined circulating levels of inflammatory markers, particularly serum cytokines, for a potential causal relationship to the development/persistence of these psychoneurological symptoms (PNS). While inflammatory activation, resulting from perceived stress or other factors, may directly contribute to the development of PNS, we offer an alternative hypothesis, suggesting that these symptoms are an early step in a cascade of biological changes leading to epigenetic alterations at the level of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications, and/or chromatin structure/chromosomal instability. Given that epigenetic patterns have plasticity, if this conjectured relationship between epigenomic/acquired genomic alterations and the development/persistence of PNS is confirmed, it could provide foundational knowledge for future research leading to the recognition of predictive markers and/or treatments to alleviate PNS in women with BC. In this article, we discuss an evolving theory of the biological basis of PNS, integrating knowledge related to inflammation and DNA repair in the context of genetic and epigenetic science to expand the paradigm for understanding symptom acquisition/persistence following chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Lyon
- 1Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, USA
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29
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Trifa F, Karray-Chouayekh S, Jmaa ZB, Jmal E, Khabir A, Sellami-Boudawara T, Frikha M, Daoud J, Mokdad-Gargouri R. Frequent CpG methylation of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) in sporadic and hereditary Tunisian breast cancer patients: clinical significance. Med Oncol 2013; 30:418. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Chen FM, Chang HW, Yang SF, Huang YF, Nien PY, Yeh YT, Hou MF. The mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) gene is a potential methylation biomarker for malignancy of breast cancer. Exp Mol Med 2012; 44:356-62. [PMID: 22333693 PMCID: PMC3366329 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.5.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase- 1 (MKP-1) belongs to the MAPK cascades which are central to cell proliferation and apoptosis. The carcinogenic role of MKP-1 has been reported in many types of cancer but it has rarely been investigated in breast cancer. The present study was designed to evaluate the MKP-1 mRNA expression and its possible regulation by methylation of MKP-1 promoter in the model of several breast cancer cell lines and tissues as well as controls. Our data demonstrate MKP-1 mRNA expression significantly decreased in five breast cancer cell lines compared to breast controls (P<0.01). Using the methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis, the unmethylated reaction (U) is dominant in both normal cell lines and benign breast tumors (100% vs. 86.2%), whereas the methylated reaction (M) is dominant in both breast cancer cell lines and invasive breast tumors (100% vs. 57.2%). In terms of methylation ratio (M/M+U), methylation level in MKP-1 promoter is significantly higher in the invasive breast tumor tissues (n = 152) than in benign breast tumor tissues (n = 29) (P<0.0001). Assessing the methylation ratio of the promoter of MKP-1 gene to diagnose the breast malignancy (invasive vs. benign), the area under the receiver- operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.809 (95% CI: 0.711-0.906, P<0.001). The best performance for this prediction has a sensitivity of 76.32% and a specificity of 82.76% at the cutoff value of 0.38. Taken together, we firstly demonstrated that the promoter methylation of MKP-1 gene is a potential breast cancer biomarker for breast malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ming Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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31
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Van De Voorde L, Speeckaert R, Van Gestel D, Bracke M, De Neve W, Delanghe J, Speeckaert M. DNA methylation-based biomarkers in serum of patients with breast cancer. Mutat Res 2012; 751:304-325. [PMID: 22698615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of genetic and epigenetic features can provide important insights into the natural history of breast cancer. Although DNA methylation analysis is a rapidly developing field, a reproducible epigenetic blood-based assay for diagnosis and follow-up of breast cancer has yet to be successfully developed into a routine clinical test. The aim of this study was to review multiple serum DNA methylation assays and to highlight the value of those novel biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic outcome. Serum is readily accessible for molecular diagnosis in all individuals from a peripheral blood sample. The list of hypermethylated genes in breast cancer is heterogeneous and no single gene is methylated in all breast cancer types. There is increasing evidence that a panel of epigenetic markers is essential to achieve a higher sensitivity and specificity in breast cancer detection. However, the reported percentages of methylation are highly variable, which can be partly explained by the different sensitivities and the different intra-/inter-assay coefficients of variability of the analysis methods. Moreover, there is a striking lack of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the proposed biomarkers. Another point of criticism is the fact that 'normal' patterns of DNA methylation of some tumor suppressor and other cancer-related genes are influenced by several factors and are often poorly characterized. A relatively frequent methylation of those genes has been observed in high-risk asymptomatic women. Finally, there is a call for larger prospective cohort studies to determine methylation patterns during treatment and follow-up. Identification of patterns specific for a differential response to therapeutic interventions should be useful. Only in this way, it will be possible to evaluate the predictive and prognostic characteristics of those novel promising biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van De Voorde
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Van Gestel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wilfried De Neve
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn Speeckaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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32
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Abstract
Several of the active compounds in foods, poisons, drugs, and industrial chemicals may, by epigenetic mechanisms, increase or decrease the risk of breast cancers. Enzymes that are involved in DNA methylation and histone modifications have been shown to be altered in several types of breast and other cancers resulting in abnormal patterns of methylation and/or acetylation. Hypermethylation at the CpG islands found in estrogen response element (ERE) promoters occurs in conjunction with ligand-bonded alpha subunit estrogen receptor (Erα) dimers wherein the ligand ERα dimer complex acts as a transcription factor and binds to the ERE promoter. Ligands could be 17-β-estradiol (E2), phytoestrogens, heterocyclic amines, and many other identified food additives and heavy metals. The dimer recruits DNA methyltransferases which catalyze the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to 5'-cytosine on CpG islands. Other enzymes are recruited to the region by ligand-ERα dimers which activate DNA demethylases to act simultaneously to increase gene expression of protooncogenes and growth-promoting genes. Ligand-ERα dimers also recruit histone acetyltransferase to the ERE promoter region. Histone demethylases such as JMJD2B and histone methyltransferases are enzymes which demethylate lysine residues on histones H3 and/or H4. This makes the chromatin accessible for transcription factors and enzymes.
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Damia G, Broggini M, Marsoni S, Venturini S, Generali D. New omics information for clinical trial utility in the primary setting. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2012; 2011:128-33. [PMID: 22043059 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgr032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex cellular disease caused by multiple factors via genetic mutations (hereditary or somatic) or environmental factors. The emerging omics technologies, including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and interactomics, are increasingly being used for cancer research and personalized medicine; they have provided new opportunities in the molecular analysis of human cancer with unprecedented speed and detail. The omic approach has brought powerful ability to screen cancer cells at different levels from gene to metabolite and to search for novel drug targets, expounding the drug mechanism of action, identifying adverse effects in unexpected interaction, validating current drug targets, exploring potential applications for novel drugs, and enabling the translation from bench to bedside. As a clinical research tool, the neoadjuvant approach in breast cancer is the perfect setting for individualization of treatment based on clinical, pathological, image-guided, or molecular assessment, based on the omics techniques of tumors during treatment; neoadjuvant treatment offers the ability to discern treatment effect in vivo and may allow smaller trials targeting specific breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan 20156, Italy
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34
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Xiang T, Li L, Yin X, Yuan C, Tan C, Su X, Xiong L, Putti TC, Oberst M, Kelly K, Ren G, Tao Q. The ubiquitin peptidase UCHL1 induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through stabilizing p53 and is frequently silenced in breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29783. [PMID: 22279545 PMCID: PMC3261155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BrCa) is a complex disease driven by aberrant gene alterations and environmental factors. Recent studies reveal that abnormal epigenetic gene regulation also plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Ubiquitin carboxyl- terminal esterase L1 (UCHL1) is a tumor suppressor silenced by promoter methylation in multiple cancers, but its role and alterations in breast tumorigenesis remain unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings We found that UCHL1 was frequently downregulated or silenced in breast cancer cell lines and tumor tissues, but readily expressed in normal breast tissues and mammary epithelial cells. Promoter methylation of UCHL1 was detected in 9 of 10 breast cancer cell lines (90%) and 53 of 66 (80%) primary tumors, but rarely in normal breast tissues, which was statistically correlated with advanced clinical stage and progesterone receptor status. Pharmacologic demethylation reactivated UCHL1 expression along with concomitant promoter demethylation. Ectopic expression of UCHL1 significantly suppressed the colony formation and proliferation of breast tumor cells, through inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Subcellular localization study showed that UCHL1 increased cytoplasmic abundance of p53. We further found that UCHL1 induced p53 accumulation and reduced MDM2 protein level, and subsequently upregulated the expression of p21, as well as cleavage of caspase3 and PARP, but not in catalytic mutant UCHL1 C90S-expressed cells. Conclusions/Significance UCHL1 exerts its tumor suppressive functions by inducing G0/G1cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast tumorigenesis, requiring its deubiquitinase activity. Its frequent silencing by promoter CpG methylation may serve as a potential tumor marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxiu Xiang
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuedong Yin
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenfu Yuan
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cui Tan
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianwei Su
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas C. Putti
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Oberst
- Signal Transduction Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Signal Transduction Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (GR); (QT)
| | - Qian Tao
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (GR); (QT)
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Xiang TX, Yuan Y, Li LL, Wang ZH, Dan LY, Chen Y, Ren GS, Tao Q. Aberrant promoter CpG methylation and its translational applications in breast cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2011; 32:12-20. [PMID: 22059908 PMCID: PMC3845590 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex disease driven by multiple factors including both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Recent studies revealed that abnormal gene expression induced by epigenetic changes, including aberrant promoter methylation and histone modification, plays a critical role in human breast Carcinogenesis. Silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) by promoter CpG methylation facilitates cells growth and survival advantages and further results in tumor initiation and progression, thus directly contributing to breast tumorigenesis. Usually, aberrant promoter methylation of TSGs, which can be reversed by pharmacological reagents, occurs at the early stage of tumorigenesis and therefore may serve as a potential tumor marker for early diagnosis and therapeutic targeting of breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic changes of multiple TSGs involved in breast pathogenesis and their potential clinical applications as tumor markers for early detection and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xiu Xiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Khan SI, Aumsuwan P, Khan IA, Walker LA, Dasmahapatra AK. Epigenetic events associated with breast cancer and their prevention by dietary components targeting the epigenome. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:61-73. [PMID: 21992498 DOI: 10.1021/tx200378c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic alterations in the genome such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling play a significant role in breast cancer development. Since epigenetic alterations are considered to be more easily reversible compared to genetic changes, epigenetic therapy is potentially very useful in reversing some of these defects. Methylation of CpG islands is an important component of the epigenetic code, and a number of genes become abnormally methylated in breast cancer patients. Currently, several epigenetic-based synthetic drugs that can reduce DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation are undergoing preclinical and clinical trials. However, these chemicals are generally very toxic and do not have gene specificity. Epidemiological studies have shown that Asian women are less prone to breast cancer due to their high consumption of soy food than the Caucasian women of western countries. Moreover, complementary/and or alternative medicines are commonly used by Asian populations which are rich in bioactive ingredients known to be chemopreventive against tumorigenesis in general. Examples of such agents include dietary polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea, genistein from soybean, isothiocyanates from plant foods, curcumin from turmeric, resveratrol from grapes, and sulforaphane from cruciferous vegetables. These bioactive components are able to modulate epigenetic events, and their epigenetic targets are known to be associated with breast cancer prevention and therapy. This approach could facilitate the discovery and development of novel drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. In this brief review, we will summarize the epigenetic events associated with breast cancer and the potential of some of these bioactive dietary components to modulate these events and thus afford new therapeutic or preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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