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Chen Y, Zhao Z, Liu J, Fan C, Zhang Z. Identification, diversity, and evolution analysis of thioester-containing protein family in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and immune response to biotic and abiotic stresses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109330. [PMID: 38159874 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) play a vital role in the innate immune response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the TEPs in C. gigas were identified, and their gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, collinearity relationships, expression profiles, sequence diversity, and alternative splicing were analyzed. Eight Tep genes were identified in C. gigas genome. Functional analysis and evolutionary relationships indicated a high level of homology to other mollusks TEPs. The transcriptome quantitative analysis results showed that the Tep genes in C. gigas respond to heat stress and Vibrio stress. Alternative splicing analysis revealed four Tep genes (designated A2M_1, CD109_3, CD109_5, complement C3) encode multiple alternative splice variants. Analysis of gene structure and multiple alignments revealed that seven CD109_5 variants are produced through the alternative splicing of the 19th exon, which encodes the highly variable central region. Sequence diversity analysis revealed thirteen missense variants within the 19th exon region of these seven CD109_5 alternative splice variants. Furthermore, the differential alternative splicing analysis showed significant induction of CD109_5, A2M_1 and A2M_2 variants after infection with V. parahaemolyticus. This study explores the Tep genes of C. gigas, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of C. gigas TEPs in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Ziping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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2
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Vincow ES, Thomas RE, Milstein G, Pareek G, Bammler T, MacDonald J, Pallanck L. Glucocerebrosidase deficiency leads to neuropathology via cellular immune activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571406. [PMID: 38168223 PMCID: PMC10760128 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA (glucosylceramidase beta), which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the strongest genetic risk factor for the neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia. Recent work has suggested that neuroinflammation may be an important factor in the risk conferred by GBA mutations. We therefore systematically tested the contributions of immune-related genes to neuropathology in a Drosophila model of GCase deficiency. We identified target immune factors via RNA-Seq and proteomics on heads from GCase-deficient flies, which revealed both increased abundance of humoral factors and increased macrophage activation. We then manipulated the identified immune factors and measured their effect on head protein aggregates, a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease. Genetic ablation of humoral (secreted) immune factors did not suppress the development of protein aggregation. By contrast, re-expressing Gba1b in activated macrophages suppressed head protein aggregation in Gba1b mutants and rescued their lifespan and behavioral deficits. Moreover, reducing the GCase substrate glucosylceramide in activated macrophages also ameliorated Gba1b mutant phenotypes. Taken together, our findings show that glucosylceramide accumulation due to GCase deficiency leads to macrophage activation, which in turn promotes the development of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn S. Vincow
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Thomas
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gillian Milstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gautam Pareek
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leo Pallanck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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3
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Touré H, Durand N, Guénal I, Herrmann JL, Girard-Misguich F, Szuplewski S. Mycobacterium abscessus Opsonization Allows an Escape from the Defensin Bactericidal Action in Drosophila. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0077723. [PMID: 37260399 PMCID: PMC10434004 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00777-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus, an intracellular nontuberculous mycobacterium, is considered the most pathogenic species among the group of rapidly growing mycobacteria. The resistance of M. abscessus to the host innate response contributes to its pathogenicity in addition to several virulence factors. We have recently shown in Drosophila that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), whose production is induced by M. abscessus, are unable to control mycobacterial infection. This could be due to their inability to kill mycobacteria and/or the hidden location of the pathogen in phagocytic cells. Here, we demonstrate that the rapid internalization of M. abscessus by Drosophila macrophages allows it to escape the AMP-mediated humoral response. By depleting phagocytes in AMP-deficient flies, we found that several AMPs were required for the control of extracellular M. abscessus. This was confirmed in the Tep4 opsonin-deficient flies, which we show can better control M. abscessus growth and have increased survival through overproduction of some AMPs, including Defensin. Furthermore, Defensin alone was sufficient to kill extracellular M. abscessus both in vitro and in vivo and control its infection. Collectively, our data support that Tep4-mediated opsonization of M. abscessus allows its escape and resistance toward the Defensin bactericidal action in Drosophila. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium abscessus, an opportunistic pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients, is the most pathogenic species among the fast-growing mycobacteria. How M. abscessus resists the host innate response before establishing an infection remains unclear. Using Drosophila, we have recently demonstrated that M. abscessus resists the host innate response by surviving the cytotoxic lysis of the infected phagocytes and the induced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including Defensin. In this work, we demonstrate that M. abscessus resists the latter response by being rapidly internalized by Drosophila phagocytes. Indeed, by combining in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that Defensin is able to control extracellular M. abscessus infection through a direct bactericidal action. In conclusion, we report that M. abscessus escapes the host AMP-mediated humoral response by taking advantage of its internalization by the phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadoun Touré
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Nicolas Durand
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Ile-de-France Ouest, GHU Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
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4
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Tafesh-Edwards G, Eleftherianos I. Functional role of thioester-containing proteins in the Drosophila anti-pathogen immune response. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104578. [PMID: 36270515 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are present in many animal species ranging from deuterostomes to protostomes, which emphasizes their evolutionary conservation and importance in animal physiology. Phylogenetically, insect TEPs share sequence similarity with mammalian α2-macroglobulin. Drosophila melanogaster is specifically considered a superb model for teasing apart innate immune processes. Here we review recent discoveries on the involvement of Drosophila TEPs in the immune response against bacterial pathogens, nematode parasites, and parasitoid wasps. This information generates novel insights into the role of TEPs as regulators of homeostasis in Drosophila and supports the complexity of immune recognition and specificity in insects and more generally in invertebrates. These developments together with recent advances in gene editing and multi-omics will enable the fly immunity community to appreciate the molecular and mechanistic contributions of TEPs to the modulation of the host defense against infectious disease and possibly to translate this information into tangible therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Tafesh-Edwards
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA.
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A balance between vector survival and virus transmission is achieved through JAK/STAT signaling inhibition by a plant virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122099119. [PMID: 36191206 PMCID: PMC9564230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122099119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose a great threat to animal and plant health worldwide, with many being dependent on insect vectors for transmission between hosts. While the virus-host arms race has been well established, how viruses and insect vectors adapt to each other remains poorly understood. Begomoviruses comprise the largest genus of plant-infecting DNA viruses and are exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Here, we show that the vector Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway plays an important role in mediating the adaptation between the begomovirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and whiteflies. We found that the JAK/STAT pathway in B. tabaci functions as an antiviral mechanism against TYLCV infection in whiteflies as evidenced by the increase in viral DNA and coat protein (CP) levels after inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling. Two STAT-activated effector genes, BtCD109-2 and BtCD109-3, mediate this anti-TYLCV activity. To counteract this vector immunity, TYLCV has evolved strategies that impair the whitefly JAK/STAT pathway. Infection of TYLCV is associated with a reduction of JAK/STAT pathway activity in whiteflies. Moreover, TYLCV CP binds to STAT and blocks its nuclear translocation, thus, abrogating the STAT-dependent transactivation of target genes. We further show that inhibition of the whitefly JAK/STAT pathway facilitates TYLCV transmission but reduces whitefly survival and fecundity, indicating that this JAK/STAT-dependent TYLCV-whitefly interaction plays an important role in keeping a balance between whitefly fitness and TYLCV transmission. This study reveals a mechanism of plant virus-insect vector coadaptation in relation to vector survival and virus transmission.
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6
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Cardoso-Jaime V, Tikhe CV, Dong S, Dimopoulos G. The Role of Mosquito Hemocytes in Viral Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102088. [PMID: 36298644 PMCID: PMC9608948 DOI: 10.3390/v14102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect hemocytes are the only immune cells that can mount a humoral and cellular immune response. Despite the critical involvement of hemocytes in immune responses against bacteria, fungi, and parasites in mosquitoes, our understanding of their antiviral potential is still limited. It has been shown that hemocytes express humoral factors such as TEP1, PPO, and certain antimicrobial peptides that are known to restrict viral infections. Insect hemocytes also harbor the major immune pathways, such as JAK/STAT, TOLL, IMD, and RNAi, which are critical for the control of viral infection. Recent research has indicated a role for hemocytes in the regulation of viral infection through RNA interference and autophagy; however, the specific mechanism by which this regulation occurs remains uncharacterized. Conversely, some studies have suggested that hemocytes act as agonists of arboviral infection because they lack basal lamina and circulate throughout the whole mosquito, likely facilitating viral dissemination to other tissues such as salivary glands. In addition, hemocytes produce arbovirus agonist factors such as lectins, which enhance viral infection. Here, we summarize our current understanding of hemocytes’ involvement in viral infections.
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7
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Yan Y, Sigle LT, Rinker DC, Estévez-Lao TY, Capra JA, Hillyer JF. The immune deficiency and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways drive the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes. Open Biol 2022; 12:220111. [PMID: 36069078 PMCID: PMC9449813 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and circulatory systems of animals are functionally integrated. In mammals, the spleen and lymph nodes filter and destroy microbes circulating in the blood and lymph, respectively. In insects, immune cells that surround the heart valves (ostia), called periostial haemocytes, destroy pathogens in the areas of the body that experience the swiftest haemolymph (blood) flow. An infection recruits additional periostial haemocytes, amplifying heart-associated immune responses. Although the structural mechanics of periostial haemocyte aggregation have been defined, the genetic factors that regulate this process remain less understood. Here, we conducted RNA sequencing in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and discovered that an infection upregulates multiple components of the immune deficiency (IMD) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways in the heart with periostial haemocytes. This upregulation is greater in the heart with periostial haemocytes than in the circulating haemocytes or the entire abdomen. RNA interference-based knockdown then showed that the IMD and JNK pathways drive periostial haemocyte aggregation and alter phagocytosis and melanization on the heart, thereby demonstrating that these pathways regulate the functional integration between the immune and circulatory systems. Understanding how insects fight infection lays the foundation for novel strategies that could protect beneficial insects and harm detrimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Leah T. Sigle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David C. Rinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - John A. Capra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA,Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julián F. Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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8
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Marquez J, Dinguirard N, Gonzalez A, Kane A, Joffe N, Yoshino T, Castillo M. Molecular characterization of thioester-containing proteins in Biomphalaria glabrata and their differential gene expression upon Schistosoma mansoni exposure. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903158. [PMID: 35967434 PMCID: PMC9363628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by trematode parasites of the genus Schistosoma that affects approximately 200 million people worldwide. Schistosomiasis has been a persistent problem in endemic areas as there is no vaccine available, currently used anti-helmintic medications do not prevent reinfection, and most concerning, drug resistance has been documented in laboratory and field isolates. Thus, alternative approaches to curtail this human disease are warranted. Understanding the immunobiology of the obligate intermediate host of these parasites, which include the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, may facilitate the development of novel methods to stop or reduce transmission to humans. Molecules from the thioester-containing protein (TEP) superfamily have been shown to be involved in immunological functions in many animals including corals and humans. In this study we identified, characterized, and compared TEP transcripts and their expression upon S. mansoni exposure in resistant and susceptible strains of B. glabrata snails. Results showed the expression of 11 unique TEPs in B. glabrata snails. These transcripts present high sequence identity at the nucleotide and putative amino acid levels between susceptible and resistant strains. Further analysis revealed differences in several TEPs’ constitutive expression levels between resistant and susceptible snail strains, with C3-1, C3-3, and CD109 having higher constitutive expression levels in the resistant (BS90) strain, whereas C3-2 and TEP-1 showed higher constitutive expression levels in the susceptible (NMRI) strain. Furthermore, TEP-specific response to S. mansoni miracidia exposure reiterated their differential expression, with resistant snails upregulating the expression of both TEP-4 and TEP-3 at 2 h and 48 h post-exposure, respectively. Further understanding the diverse TEP genes and their functions in invertebrate animal vectors will not only expand our knowledge in regard to this ancient family of immune proteins, but also offer the opportunity to identify novel molecular targets that could aid in the efforts to develop control methods to reduce schistosomiasis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Marquez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - N. Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - A. Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - A.E. Kane
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - N.R. Joffe
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - T.P. Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - M.G. Castillo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
- *Correspondence: M.G. Castillo,
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9
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Mutations of γCOP Gene Disturb Drosophila melanogaster Innate Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126499. [PMID: 35742941 PMCID: PMC9223523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly) is a valuable experimental platform for modeling host–pathogen interactions. It is also commonly used to define innate immunity pathways and to understand the mechanisms of both host tolerance to commensal microbiota and response to pathogenic agents. Herein, we investigate how the host response to bacterial infection is mirrored in the expression of genes of Imd and Toll pathways when D. melanogaster strains with different γCOP genetic backgrounds are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Using microarray technology, we have interrogated the whole-body transcriptome of infected versus uninfected fruit fly males with three specific genotypes, namely wild-type Oregon, γCOPS057302/TM6B and γCOP14a/γCOP14a. While the expression of genes pertaining to Imd and Toll is not significantly modulated by P. aeruginosa infection in Oregon males, many of the components of these cascades are up- or downregulated in both infected and uninfected γCOPS057302/TM6B and γCOP14a/γCOP14a males. Thus, our results suggest that a γCOP genetic background modulates the gene expression profiles of Imd and Toll cascades involved in the innate immune response of D. melanogaster, inducing the occurrence of immunological dysfunctions in γCOP mutants.
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10
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Caravello G, Franchet A, Niehus S, Ferrandon D. Phagocytosis Is the Sole Arm of Drosophila melanogaster Known Host Defenses That Provides Some Protection Against Microsporidia Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858360. [PMID: 35493511 PMCID: PMC9043853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites able to infest specifically a large range of species, including insects. The knowledge about the biology of microsporidial infections remains confined to mostly descriptive studies, including molecular approaches such as transcriptomics or proteomics. Thus, functional data to understand insect host defenses are currently lacking. Here, we have undertaken a genetic analysis of known host defenses of the Drosophila melanogaster using an infection model whereby Tubulinosema ratisbonensis spores are directly injected in this insect. We find that phagocytosis does confer some protection in this infection model. In contrast, the systemic immune response, extracellular reactive oxygen species, thioester proteins, xenophagy, and intracellular antiviral response pathways do not appear to be involved in the resistance against this parasite. Unexpectedly, several genes such as PGRP-LE seem to promote this infection. The prophenol oxidases that mediate melanization have different functions; PPO1 presents a phenotype similar to that of PGRP-LE whereas that of PPO2 suggests a function in the resilience to infection. Similarly, eiger and Unpaired3, which encode two cytokines secreted by hemocytes display a resilience phenotype with a strong susceptibility to T. ratisbonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dominique Ferrandon
- UPR9022, University of Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Modèles Insectes D’Immunité Innée (M3I) Unité Propre Recherche (UPR) 9022 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Strasbourg, France
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11
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Sensing microbial infections in the Drosophila melanogaster genetic model organism. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:35-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Portet A, Galinier R, Lassalle D, Faille A, Gourbal B, Duval D. Hemocyte siRNA uptake is increased by 5' cholesterol-TEG addition in Biomphalaria glabrata, snail vector of schistosome. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10895. [PMID: 33665030 PMCID: PMC7908872 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomphalaria glabrata is one of the snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of intestinal schistosomiasis disease. Numerous molecular studies using comparative approaches between susceptible and resistant snails to S. mansoni infection have helped identify numerous snail key candidates supporting such susceptible/resistant status. The functional approach using RNA interference (RNAi) remains crucial to validate the function of such candidates. CRISPR-Cas systems are still under development in many laboratories, and RNA interference remains the best tool to study B. glabrata snail genetics. Herein, we describe the use of modified small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules to enhance cell delivery, especially into hemocytes, the snail immune cells. Modification of siRNA with 5′ Cholesteryl TriEthylene Glycol (Chol-TEG) promotes cellular uptake by hemocytes, nearly eightfold over that of unmodified siRNA. FACS analysis reveals that more than 50% of hemocytes have internalized Chol-TEG siRNA conjugated to Cy3 fluorophores, 2 hours only after in vivo injection into snails. Chol-TEG siRNA targeting BgTEP1 (ThioEster-containing Protein), a parasite binding protein, reduced BgTEP1 transcript expression by 70–80% compared to control. The level of BgTEP1 protein secreted in the hemolymph was also decreased. However, despite the BgTEP1 knock-down at both RNA and protein levels, snail compatibility with its sympatric parasite is not affected suggesting functional redundancy among the BgTEP genes family in snail-schistosoma interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Portet
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France.,Department of Medicine, Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Damien Lassalle
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Alexandre Faille
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
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13
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Yuan C, Wu J, Peng Y, Li Y, Shen S, Deng F, Hu Z, Zhou J, Wang M, Zou Z. Transcriptome analysis of the innate immune system of Hyalomma asiaticum. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 177:107481. [PMID: 33035534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are considered to be the second most important vectors of human infectious diseases. The innate immune system is the key factor that affects its vector competence. Hyalomma asiaticum is the primary vector of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). However, the immune system of H. asiaticum remains virtually unknown. Here, a high throughput full-length mRNA sequencing method was adopted to define the immunotranscriptome of H. asiaticum infected with the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana and gram-negative bacterium Enterobacter cloacae. The analysis yielded 22,300 isoforms with an average length of 3233 bps. In total, 68 potential immunity-related genes were identified based on similarity to the homologs known to be involved in immunity. These included most members of the Toll and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, but not the IMD signaling pathway. Moreover, two copies of Dicer-2 and five copies of Argonaute-2 were detected. These genes are postulated to be involved in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, which is an important defense against RNA viruses. Overall, this study provides the foundation for understanding the immune response of H. asiaticum to CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
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14
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André C, Veillard F, Wolff P, Lobstein AM, Compain G, Monsarrat C, Reichhart JM, Noûs C, Burnouf DY, Guichard G, Wagner JE. Antibacterial activity of a dual peptide targeting the Escherichia coli sliding clamp and the ribosome. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:137-147. [PMID: 34458754 PMCID: PMC8341878 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial processivity factor, or sliding clamp (SC), is a target of choice for new antibacterial drugs development. We have previously developed peptides that target Escherichia coli SC and block its interaction with DNA polymerases in vitro. Here, one such SC binding peptide was fused to a Proline-rich AntiMicrobial Peptide (PrAMP) to allow its internalization into E. coli cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assays with a N-terminally modified bifunctional peptide that still enters the bacteria but fails to interact with the bacterial ribosome, the major target of PrAMPs, demonstrate that it actually interacts with the bacterial SC. Moreover, when compared to SC non-binding controls, this peptide induces a ten-fold higher antibacterial activity against E. coli, showing that the observed antimicrobial activity is linked to SC binding. Finally, an unmodified bifunctional compound significantly increases the survival of Drosophila melanogaster flies challenged by an E. coli infection. Our study demonstrates the potential of PrAMPs to transport antibiotics into the bacterial cytoplasm and validates the development of drugs targeting the bacterial processivity factor of Gram-negative bacteria as a promising new class of antibiotics. Bifunctional peptides targeting both the translation and the replication machineries have been developed and shown to act as new antimicrobials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe André
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Robert Escarpit F-33607 Pessac France
| | - Florian Veillard
- Insect Models of Innate Immunity, UPR 9022-CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Philippe Wolff
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Anne-Marie Lobstein
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Guillaume Compain
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Robert Escarpit F-33607 Pessac France
| | - Clément Monsarrat
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Robert Escarpit F-33607 Pessac France
| | - Jean-Marc Reichhart
- Insect Models of Innate Immunity, UPR 9022-CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Camille Noûs
- Laboratoire Cogitamus 1 3/4 rue Descartes 75005 Paris France
| | - Dominique Y Burnouf
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Gilles Guichard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Robert Escarpit F-33607 Pessac France
| | - Jérôme E Wagner
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg 67400 Illkirch France
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15
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Phenotypic Plasticity of Invasive Edge Glioma Stem-like Cells in Response to Ionizing Radiation. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1893-1905.e7. [PMID: 30759398 PMCID: PMC6594377 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresectable glioblastoma (GBM) cells in the invading tumor edge can act as seeds for recurrence. The molecular and
phenotypic properties of these cells remain elusive. Here, we report that the invading edge and tumor core have two distinct types
of glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) that resemble proneural (PN) and mesenchymal (MES) subtypes, respectively. Upon exposure to
ionizing radiation (IR), GSCs, initially enriched for a CD133+ PN signature, transition to a CD109+ MES
subtype in a C/EBP-β-dependent manner. Our gene expression analysis of paired cohorts of patients with primary and
recurrent GBMs identified a CD133-to-CD109 shift in tumors with an MES recurrence. Patient-derived
CD133−/CD109+ cells are highly enriched with clonogenic, tumor-initiating, and
radiation-resistant properties, and silencing CD109 significantly inhibits these phenotypes. We also report a conserved regulation
of YAP/TAZ pathways by CD109 that could be a therapeutic target in GBM. Minata et al., in response to the proinflammatory environment induced by radiation, find that the tumor cells at the
invasive edge acquire the expression of the CD109 protein concomitantly losing CD133. CD109 drives oncogenic signaling through the
YAP/TAZ pathway, confers radioresistance to the cells, and represents a new potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma.
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16
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Delprat A, Guillén Y, Ruiz A. Computational Sequence Analysis of Inversion Breakpoint Regions in the Cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis Lineage. J Hered 2020; 110:102-117. [PMID: 30407542 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated rates of chromosomal evolution in Drosophila mojavensis using whole-genome sequence information from D. mojavensis, Drosophila buzzatii, and Drosophila virilis. Drosophila mojavensis is a cactophilic species of the repleta group living under extreme ecological conditions in the deserts of the Southwestern United States and Northwestern México. The genome of D. buzzatii, another member of the repleta group, was recently sequenced and the largest scaffolds anchored to all chromosomes using diverse procedures. Chromosome organization between D. mojavensis and D. buzzatii was compared using MUMmer and GRIMM software. Our results corroborate previous cytological analyses that indicated chromosome 2 differed between these 2 species by 10 inversions, chromosomes X and 5 differed by one inversion each, and chromosome 4 was homosequential. In contrast, we found that chromosome 3 differed by 5 inversions instead of the expected 2 that were previously inferred by cytological analyses. Thirteen of these inversions occurred in the D. mojavensis lineage: 12 are fixed and one of them is a polymorphic inversion previously described in populations from Sonora and Baja California, México. We previously investigated the breakpoints of chromosome 2 inversions fixed in D. mojavensis. Here we characterized the breakpoint regions of the 5 inversions found in chromosome 3 in order to infer the molecular mechanism that generated each inversion and its putative functional consequences. Overall, our results reveal a number of gene alterations at the inversion breakpoints with putative adaptive consequences that point to natural selection as the cause for fast chromosomal evolution in D. mojavensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Delprat
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Yolanda Guillén
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alfredo Ruiz
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Castillo MG, Humphries JE, Mourão MM, Marquez J, Gonzalez A, Montelongo CE. Biomphalaria glabrata immunity: Post-genome advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103557. [PMID: 31759924 PMCID: PMC8995041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is an important intermediate host in the life cycle for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of schistosomiasis. Current treatment and prevention strategies have not led to a significant decrease in disease transmission. However, the genome of B. glabrata was recently sequenced to provide additional resources to further our understanding of snail biology. This review presents an overview of recently published, post-genome studies related to the topic of snail immunity. Many of these reports expand on findings originated from the genome characterization. These novel studies include a complementary gene linkage map, analysis of the genome of the B. glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line, as well as transcriptomic and proteomic studies looking at snail-parasite interactions and innate immune memory responses towards schistosomes. Also included are biochemical investigations on snail pheromones, neuropeptides, and attractants, as well as studies investigating the frontiers of molluscan epigenetics and cell signaling were also included. Findings support the current hypotheses on snail-parasite strain compatibility, and that snail host resistance to schistosome infection is dependent not only on genetics and expression, but on the ability to form multimeric molecular complexes in a timely and tissue-specific manner. The relevance of cell immunity is reinforced, while the importance of humoral factors, especially for secondary infections, is supported. Overall, these studies reflect an improved understanding on the diversity, specificity, and complexity of molluscan immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Castillo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | | | - Marina M Mourão
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Minas, Brazil
| | - Joshua Marquez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Adrian Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Cesar E Montelongo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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18
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Thioester-containing Proteins in the Drosophila melanogaster Immune Response against the Pathogen Photorhabdus. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020085. [PMID: 32013030 PMCID: PMC7073583 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster forms a magnificent model for interpreting conserved host innate immune signaling and functional processes in response to microbial assaults. In the broad research field of host-microbe interactions, model hosts are used in conjunction with a variety of pathogenic microorganisms to disentangle host immune system activities and microbial pathogenicity strategies. The pathogen Photorhabdus is considered an established model for analyzing bacterial virulence and symbiosis due to its unique life cycle that extends between two invertebrate hosts: an insect and a parasitic nematode. In recent years, particular focus has been given to the mechanistic participation of the D. melanogaster thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) in the overall immune capacity of the fly upon response against the pathogen Photorhabdus alone or in combination with its specific nematode vector Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The original role of certain TEPs in the insect innate immune machinery was linked to the antibacterial and antiparasite reaction of the mosquito malaria vector Anopheles gambiae; however, revamped interest in the immune competence of these molecules has recently emerged from the D. melanogaster-Photorhabdus infection system. Here, we review the latest findings on this topic with the expectation that such information will refine our understanding of the evolutionary immune role of TEPs in host immune surveillance.
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19
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A New Assessment of Thioester-Containing Proteins Diversity of the Freshwater Snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010069. [PMID: 31936127 PMCID: PMC7016707 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) superfamily is known to play important innate immune functions in a wide range of animal phyla. TEPs are involved in recognition, and in the direct or mediated killing of several invading organisms or pathogens. While several TEPs have been identified in many invertebrates, only one TEP (named BgTEP) has been previously characterized in the freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. As the presence of a single member of that family is particularly intriguing, transcriptomic data and the recently published genome were used to explore the presence of other BgTEP related genes in B. glabrata. Ten other TEP members have been reported and classified into different subfamilies: Three complement-like factors (BgC3-1 to BgC3-3), one α-2-macroblobulin (BgA2M), two macroglobulin complement-related proteins (BgMCR1, BgMCR2), one CD109 (BgCD109), and three insect TEP (BgTEP2 to BgTEP4) in addition to the previously characterized BgTEP that we renamed BgTEP1. This is the first report on such a level of TEP diversity and of the presence of macroglobulin complement-related proteins (MCR) in mollusks. Gene structure analysis revealed alternative splicing in the highly variable region of three members (BgA2M, BgCD109, and BgTEP2) with a particularly unexpected diversity for BgTEP2. Finally, different gene expression profiles tend to indicate specific functions for such novel family members.
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20
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Lu Y, Su F, Li Q, Zhang J, Li Y, Tang T, Hu Q, Yu XQ. Pattern recognition receptors in Drosophila immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103468. [PMID: 31430488 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects, which lack the adaptive immune system, have developed sophisticated innate immune system consisting of humoral and cellular immune responses to defend against invading microorganisms. Non-self recognition of microbes is the front line of the innate immune system. Repertoires of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and β-1, 3-glucans, and induce innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the structure, classification and roles of PRRs in innate immunity of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, focusing mainly on the peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs), scavenger receptors (SRs), thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), and lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Xing Q, Wang J, Zhao Q, Liao H, Xun X, Yang Z, Huang X, Bao Z. Alternative splicing, spatiotemporal expression of TEP family genes in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and their disparity in responses to ocean acidification. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:203-212. [PMID: 31610293 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The complement system constitutes a highly sophisticated and powerful body defense machinery acting in the innate immunity of both vertebrates and invertebrates. As central components of the complement system, significant effects of thioester-containing protein (TEP) family members on immunity have been reported in most vertebrates and in some invertebrates, but the spatiotemporal expression and regulatory patterns of TEP family genes under environmental stress have been less widely investigated in scallops. In this study, expression profiling of TEP family members in the Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis (designated PyTEPs) was performed at all developmental stages, in different healthy adult tissues, and in mantles during exposure to different levels of acidification (pH = 6.5 and 7.5) for different time points (3, 6, 12 and 24 h); this profiling was accomplished through in silico analysis of transcriptome and genome databases. Spatiotemporal expression patterns revealed that PyTEPs had specific functional differentiation in all stages of growth and development of the scallop. Expression analysis confirmed the inducible expression patterns of PyTEPs during exposure to acidification. Gene duplication and alternative splicing events simultaneously occurred in PyTEP1. Seven different cDNA variants of PyTEP1 (designated PyTEP1-A-PyTEP1-G) were identified in the scallop mantle transcriptome during acidic stress. These variants were produced by the alternative splicing of seven differentially transcribed exons (exons 18-24), which encode the highly variable central region. The responses to immune stress may have arisen through the gene duplication and alternative splicing of PyTEP1. The sequence diversity of PyTEP1 isoforms and their different expression profiles in response to ocean acidification (OA) suggested a mechanism used by scallops to differentiate and regulate PyTEP1 gene expression. Collectively, these results demonstrate the gene duplication and alternative splicing of TEP family genes and provide valuable resources for elucidating their versatile roles in bivalve innate immune responses to OA challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Yantai Marine Economic Research Institute, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Huan Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaogang Xun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zujing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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22
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Wang G, Na S, Qin L. Uncovering the cellular and humoral immune responses of Antheraea pernyi hemolymph to Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus infection by transcriptome analysis. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Critchlow JT, Norris A, Tate AT. The legacy of larval infection on immunological dynamics over metamorphosis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190066. [PMID: 31438817 PMCID: PMC6711287 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect metamorphosis promotes the exploration of different ecological niches, as well as exposure to different parasites, across life stages. Adaptation should favour immune responses that are tailored to specific microbial threats, with the potential for metamorphosis to decouple the underlying genetic or physiological basis of immune responses in each stage. However, we do not have a good understanding of how early-life exposure to parasites influences immune responses in subsequent life stages. Is there a developmental legacy of larval infection in holometabolous insect hosts? To address this question, we exposed flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) larvae to a protozoan parasite that inhabits the midgut of larvae and adults despite clearance during metamorphosis. We quantified the expression of relevant immune genes in the gut and whole body of exposed and unexposed individuals during the larval, pupal and adult stages. Our results suggest that parasite exposure induces the differential expression of several immune genes in the larval stage that persist into subsequent stages. We also demonstrate that immune gene expression covariance is partially decoupled among tissues and life stages. These results suggest that larval infection can leave a lasting imprint on immune phenotypes, with implications for the evolution of metamorphosis and immune systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Critchlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adriana Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Melcarne C, Lemaitre B, Kurant E. Phagocytosis in Drosophila: From molecules and cellular machinery to physiology. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:1-12. [PMID: 30953686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that plays a key role in both host defence and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. A range of surface receptors expressed on different cell types allow discriminating between self and non-self (or altered) material, thus enabling phagocytosis of pathogens and apoptotic cells. The phagocytosis process can be divided into four main steps: 1) binding of the phagocyte to the target particle, 2) particle internalization and phagosome formation, through remodelling of the plasma membrane, 3) phagosome maturation, and 4) particle destruction in the phagolysosome. In this review, we describe our present knowledge on phagocytosis in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, assessing each of the key steps involved in engulfment of both apoptotic cells and bacteria. We also assess the physiological role of phagocytosis in host defence, development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Melcarne
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - B Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - E Kurant
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 34988, Israel.
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25
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Galenza A, Foley E. Immunometabolism: Insights from the Drosophila model. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:22-34. [PMID: 30684503 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms inhabit an environment that includes a mix of essential nutrients and large numbers of potentially harmful microbes. Germline-encoded receptors scan the environment for microbe associated molecular patterns, and, upon engagement, activate powerful defenses to protect the host from infection. At the same time, digestive enzymes and transporter molecules sieve through ingested material for building blocks and energy sources necessary for survival, growth, and reproduction. We tend to view immune responses as a potent array of destructive forces that overwhelm potentially harmful agents. In contrast, we view metabolic processes as essential, constructive elements in the maintenance and propagation of life. However, there is considerable evidence of functional overlap between the two processes, and disruptions to one frequently modify outputs of the other. Studies of immunometabolism, or interactions between immunity and metabolism, have increased in prominence with the discovery of inflammatory components to metabolic diseases such as type two diabetes. In this review, we will focus on contributions of studies with the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to our understanding of immunometabolism. Drosophila is widely used to study immune signaling, and to understand the regulation of metabolism in vivo, and this insect has considerable potential as a tool to build our understanding of the molecular and cellular bridges that connect immune and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Galenza
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Zhou J, Yu HY, Zhang W, Ahmad F, Hu SN, Zhao LL, Zou Z, Sun JH. Comparative analysis of the Monochamus alternatus immune system. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:581-603. [PMID: 28247970 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, is regarded as a notorious forest pest in Asia, vectoring an invasive pathogenic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is known to cause pine wilt disease. However, little sequence information is available for this vector beetle. This hampered the research on its immune system. Based on the transcriptome of M. alternatus, we have identified and characterized 194 immunity-related genes in M. alternatus, and compared them with homologues molecules from other species known to exhibit immune responses against invading microbes. The lower number of putative immunity-related genes in M. alternatus were attributed to fewer C-type lectin, serine protease (SP) and anti-microbial peptide (AMP) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. alternatus had a unique recognition gene, galectin3, orthologues of which were not identified in Tribolium castaneum, Drosophila melanogastor, Anopheles gambiae and Apis mellifera. This suggested a lineage-specific gene evolution for coleopteran insects. Our study provides the comprehensive sequence resources of the immunity-related genes of M. alternatus, presenting valuable information for better understanding of the molecular mechanism of innate immunity processes in M. alternatus against B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Faheem Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Song-Nian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Matetovici I, Van Den Abbeele J. Thioester-containing proteins in the tsetse fly (Glossina) and their response to trypanosome infection. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27. [PMID: 29528164 PMCID: PMC5969219 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are conserved proteins with a role in innate immune immunity. In the current study, we characterized the TEP family in the genome of six tsetse fly species (Glossina spp.). Tsetse flies are the biological vectors of several African trypanosomes, which cause sleeping sickness in humans or nagana in livestock. The analysis of the tsetse TEP sequences revealed information about their structure, evolutionary relationships and expression profiles under both normal and trypanosome infection conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of the family showed that tsetse flies harbour a genomic expansion of specific TEPs that are not found in other dipterans. We found a general expression of all TEP genes in the alimentary tract, mouthparts and salivary glands. Glossina morsitans and Glossina palpalis TEP genes display a tissue-specific expression pattern with some that are markedly up-regulated when the fly is infected with the trypanosome parasite. A different TEP response was observed to infection with Trypanosoma brucei compared to Trypanosoma congolense, indicating that the tsetse TEP response is trypanosome-specific. These findings are suggestive for the involvement of the TEP family in tsetse innate immunity, with a possible role in the control of the trypanosome parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Matetovici
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM)AntwerpBelgium
| | - J. Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM)AntwerpBelgium
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28
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Portet A, Galinier R, Pinaud S, Portela J, Nowacki F, Gourbal B, Duval D. BgTEP: An Antiprotease Involved in Innate Immune Sensing in Biomphalaria glabrata. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1206. [PMID: 29899746 PMCID: PMC5989330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect thioester-containing protein (iTEP) is the most recently defined group among the thioester-containing protein (TEP) superfamily. TEPs are key components of the immune system, and iTEPs from flies and mosquitoes were shown to be major immune weapons. Initially characterized from insects, TEP genes homologous to iTEP were further described from several other invertebrates including arthropods, cniderians, and mollusks albeit with few functional characterizations. In the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, a vector of the schistosomiasis disease, the presence of a TEP protein (BgTEP) was previously described in a well-defined immune complex involving snail lectins (fibrinogen-related proteins) and schistosome parasite mucins (SmPoMuc). To investigate the potential role of BgTEP in the immune response of the snail, we first characterized its genomic organization and its predicted protein structure. A phylogenetic analysis clustered BgTEP in a well-conserved subgroup of mollusk TEP. We then investigated the BgTEP expression profile in different snail tissues and followed immune challenges using different kinds of intruders during infection kinetics. Results revealed that BgTEP is particularly expressed in hemocytes, the immune-specialized cells in invertebrates, and is secreted into the hemolymph. Transcriptomic results further evidenced an intruder-dependent differential expression pattern of BgTEP, while interactome experiments showed that BgTEP is capable of binding to the surface of different microbes and parasite either in its full length form or in processed forms. An immunolocalization approach during snail infection by the Schistosoma mansoni parasite revealed that BgTEP is solely expressed by a subtype of hemocytes, the blast-like cells. This hemocyte subtype is present in the hemocytic capsule surrounding the parasite, suggesting a potential role in the parasite clearance by encapsulation. Through this work, we report the first characterization of a snail TEP. Our study also reveals that BgTEP may display an unexpected functional dual role. In addition to its previously characterized anti-protease activity, we demonstrate that BgTEP can bind to the intruder surface membrane, which supports a likely opsonin role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Portet
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Julien Portela
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Fanny Nowacki
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
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Gerdol M, Luo YJ, Satoh N, Pallavicini A. Genetic and molecular basis of the immune system in the brachiopod Lingula anatina. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:7-30. [PMID: 29278680 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The extension of comparative immunology to non-model systems, such as mollusks and annelids, has revealed an unexpected diversity in the complement of immune receptors and effectors among evolutionary lineages. However, several lophotrochozoan phyla remain unexplored mainly due to the lack of genomic resources. The increasing accessibility of high-throughput sequencing technologies offers unique opportunities for extending genome-wide studies to non-model systems. As a result, the genome-based study of the immune system in brachiopods allows a better understanding of the alternative survival strategies developed by these immunologically neglected phyla. Here we present a detailed overview of the molecular components of the immune system identified in the genome of the brachiopod Lingula anatina. Our findings reveal conserved intracellular signaling pathways as well as unique strategies for pathogen detection and killing in brachiopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Yi-Jyun Luo
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; Anton Dohrn Zoological Station, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
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30
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Thioester-Containing Proteins 2 and 4 Affect the Metabolic Activity and Inflammation Response in Drosophila. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00810-17. [PMID: 29463615 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00810-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is an outstanding model for studying host antipathogen defense. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding how metabolism and immunity are interrelated in flies, little information has been obtained on the molecular players that regulate metabolism and inflammation in Drosophila during pathogenic infection. Recently, we reported that the inactivation of thioester-containing protein 2 (Tep2) and Tep4 promotes survival and decreases the bacterial burden in flies upon infection with the virulent pathogens Photorhabdus luminescens and Photorhabdus asymbiotica Here, we investigated physiological and pathological defects in tep mutant flies in response to Photorhabdus challenge. We find that tep2 and tep4 loss-of-function mutant flies contain increased levels of carbohydrates and triglycerides in the presence or absence of Photorhabdus infection. We also report that Photorhabdus infection leads to higher levels of nitric oxide and reduced transcript levels of the apical caspase-encoding gene Dronc in tep2 and tep4 mutants. We show that Tep2 and Tep4 are upregulated mainly in the fat body rather than the gut in Photorhabdus-infected wild-type flies and that tep mutants contain decreased numbers of Photorhabdus bacteria in both tissue types. We propose that the inactivation of Tep2 or Tep4 in adult Drosophila flies results in lower levels of inflammation and increased energy reserves in response to Photorhabdus, which could confer a survival-protective effect during the initial hours of infection.
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31
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Haller S, Franchet A, Hakkim A, Chen J, Drenkard E, Yu S, Schirmeier S, Li Z, Martins N, Ausubel FM, Liégeois S, Ferrandon D. Quorum-sensing regulator RhlR but not its autoinducer RhlI enables Pseudomonas to evade opsonization. EMBO Rep 2018. [PMID: 29523648 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When Drosophila melanogaster feeds on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, some bacteria cross the intestinal barrier and eventually proliferate in the hemocoel. This process is limited by hemocytes through phagocytosis. P. aeruginosa requires the quorum-sensing regulator RhlR to elude the cellular immune response of the fly. RhlI synthesizes the autoinducer signal that activates RhlR. Here, we show that rhlI mutants are unexpectedly more virulent than rhlR mutants, both in fly and in nematode intestinal infection models, suggesting that RhlR has RhlI-independent functions. We also report that RhlR protects P. aeruginosa from opsonization mediated by the Drosophila thioester-containing protein 4 (Tep4). RhlR mutant bacteria show higher levels of Tep4-mediated opsonization, as compared to rhlI mutants, which prevents lethal bacteremia in the Drosophila hemocoel. In contrast, in a septic model of infection, in which bacteria are introduced directly into the hemocoel, Tep4 mutant flies are more resistant to wild-type P. aeruginosa, but not to the rhlR mutant. Thus, depending on the infection route, the Tep4 opsonin can either be protective or detrimental to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Haller
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Franchet
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdul Hakkim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eliana Drenkard
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shen Yu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zi Li
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nelson Martins
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frederick M Ausubel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Liégeois
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Ferrandon
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France .,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Dostálová A, Rommelaere S, Poidevin M, Lemaitre B. Thioester-containing proteins regulate the Toll pathway and play a role in Drosophila defence against microbial pathogens and parasitoid wasps. BMC Biol 2017; 15:79. [PMID: 28874153 PMCID: PMC5584532 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the thioester-containing protein (TEP) family contribute to host defence in both insects and mammals. However, their role in the immune response of Drosophila is elusive. In this study, we address the role of TEPs in Drosophila immunity by generating a mutant fly line, referred to as TEPq Δ , lacking the four immune-inducible TEPs, TEP1, 2, 3 and 4. RESULTS Survival analyses with TEPq Δ flies reveal the importance of these proteins in defence against entomopathogenic fungi, Gram-positive bacteria and parasitoid wasps. Our results confirm that TEPs are required for efficient phagocytosis of bacteria, notably for the two Gram-positive species tested, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Furthermore, we show that TEPq Δ flies have reduced Toll pathway activation upon microbial infection, resulting in lower expression of antimicrobial peptide genes. Epistatic analyses suggest that TEPs function upstream or independently of the serine protease ModSP at an initial stage of Toll pathway activation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study brings new insights into the role of TEPs in insect immunity. It reveals that TEPs participate in both humoral and cellular arms of immune response in Drosophila. In particular, it shows the importance of TEPs in defence against Gram-positive bacteria and entomopathogenic fungi, notably by promoting Toll pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dostálová
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Rommelaere
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mickael Poidevin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Theopold U, Schmid M. Thioester-containing proteins: At the crossroads of immune effector mechanisms. Virulence 2017; 8:1468-1470. [PMID: 28704162 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1355662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Theopold
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Martin Schmid
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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34
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Brutscher LM, Daughenbaugh KF, Flenniken ML. Virus and dsRNA-triggered transcriptional responses reveal key components of honey bee antiviral defense. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6448. [PMID: 28743868 PMCID: PMC5526946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent high annual losses of honey bee colonies are associated with many factors, including RNA virus infections. Honey bee antiviral responses include RNA interference and immune pathway activation, but their relative roles in antiviral defense are not well understood. To better characterize the mechanism(s) of honey bee antiviral defense, bees were infected with a model virus in the presence or absence of dsRNA, a virus associated molecular pattern. Regardless of sequence specificity, dsRNA reduced virus abundance. We utilized next generation sequencing to examine transcriptional responses triggered by virus and dsRNA at three time-points post-infection. Hundreds of genes exhibited differential expression in response to co-treatment of dsRNA and virus. Virus-infected bees had greater expression of genes involved in RNAi, Toll, Imd, and JAK-STAT pathways, but the majority of differentially expressed genes are not well characterized. To confirm the virus limiting role of two genes, including the well-characterized gene, dicer, and a probable uncharacterized cyclin dependent kinase in honey bees, we utilized RNAi to reduce their expression in vivo and determined that virus abundance increased, supporting their involvement in antiviral defense. Together, these results further our understanding of honey bee antiviral defense, particularly the role of a non-sequence specific dsRNA-mediated antiviral pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Brutscher
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Katie F Daughenbaugh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Michelle L Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA. .,Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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35
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Shokal U, Eleftherianos I. Evolution and Function of Thioester-Containing Proteins and the Complement System in the Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:759. [PMID: 28706521 PMCID: PMC5489563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is evolutionary conserved among organisms. The complement system forms an important and efficient immune defense mechanism. It consists of plasma proteins that participate in microbial detection, which ultimately results in the production of various molecules with antimicrobial activity. Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are a superfamily of secreted effector proteins. In vertebrates, certain TEPs act in the innate immune response by promoting recruitment of immune cells, phagocytosis, and direct lysis of microbial invaders. Insects are excellent models for dissecting the molecular basis of innate immune recognition and response to a wide range of microbial infections. Impressive progress in recent years has generated crucial information on the role of TEPs in the antibacterial and antiparasite response of the tractable model insect Drosophila melanogaster and the mosquito malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. This knowledge is critical for better understanding the evolution of TEPs and their involvement in the regulation of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Shokal
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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36
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RNAseq Analysis of the Drosophila Response to the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1955-1967. [PMID: 28450373 PMCID: PMC5473771 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is an outstanding model to study the molecular and functional basis of host-pathogen interactions. Currently, our knowledge of microbial infections in D. melanogaster is well understood; however, the response of flies to nematode infections is still in its infancy. Here, we have used the potent parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, which lives in mutualism with its endosymbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila, to examine the transcriptomic basis of the interaction between D. melanogaster and entomopathogenic nematodes. We have employed next-generation RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to investigate the transcriptomic profile of D. melanogaster larvae in response to infection by S. carpocapsae symbiotic (carrying X. nematophila) or axenic (lacking X. nematophila) nematodes. Bioinformatic analyses have identified the strong induction of genes that are associated with the peritrophic membrane and the stress response, as well as several genes that participate in developmental processes. We have also found that genes with different biological functions are enriched in D. melanogaster larvae responding to either symbiotic or axenic nematodes. We further show that while symbiotic nematode infection enriched certain known immune-related genes, axenic nematode infection enriched several genes associated with chitin binding, lipid metabolic functions, and neuroactive ligand receptors. In addition, we have identified genes with a potential role in nematode recognition and genes with potential antinematode activity. Findings from this study will undoubtedly set the stage for the identification of key regulators of antinematode immune mechanisms in D. melanogaster, as well as in other insects of socioeconomic importance.
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37
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Shokal U, Kopydlowski H, Eleftherianos I. The distinct function of Tep2 and Tep6 in the immune defense of Drosophila melanogaster against the pathogen Photorhabdus. Virulence 2017; 8:1668-1682. [PMID: 28498729 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1330240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous and recent investigations on the innate immune response of Drosophila have identified certain mechanisms that promote pathogen elimination. However, the function of Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) in the fly still remains elusive. Recently we have shown the contribution of TEP4 in the antibacterial immune defense of Drosophila against non-pathogenic E. coli, and the pathogens Photorhabdus luminescens and P. asymbiotica. Here we studied the function of Tep genes in both humoral and cellular immunity upon E. coli and Photorhabdus infection. We found that while Tep2 is induced after Photorhabdus and E. coli infection; Tep6 is induced by P. asymbiotica only. Moreover, functional ablation of hemocytes results in significantly low transcript levels of Tep2 and Tep6 in response to Photorhabdus. We show that Tep2 and Tep6 loss-of-function mutants have prolonged survival against P. asymbiotica, Tep6 mutants survive better the infection of P. luminescens, and both tep mutants are resistant to E. coli and Photorhabdus. We also find a distinct pattern of immune signaling pathway induction in E. coli or Photorhabdus infected Tep2 and Tep6 mutants. We further show that Tep2 and Tep6 participate in the activation of hemocytes in Drosophila responding to Photorhabdus. Finally, inactivation of Tep2 or Tep6 affects phagocytosis and melanization in flies infected with Photorhabdus. Our results indicate that distinct Tep genes might be involved in different yet crucial functions in the Drosophila antibacterial immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Shokal
- a Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences , Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington DC , USA
| | - Hannah Kopydlowski
- a Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences , Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington DC , USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- a Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences , Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington DC , USA
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38
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Li C, Li H, Xiao B, Chen Y, Wang S, Lǚ K, Yin B, Li S, He J. Identification and functional analysis of a TEP gene from a crustacean reveals its transcriptional regulation mediated by NF-κB and JNK pathways and its broad protective roles against multiple pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:45-58. [PMID: 28069434 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are present in a wide range of species from deuterostomes to protostomes and are thought to be involved in innate immunity. In the current study, a TEP gene homologous to insect TEPs (iTEP) from the crustacean Litopenaeus vannamei, named LvTEP1, is cloned and functionally characterized. The open reading frame (ORF) of LvTEP1 is 4383 bp in length, encoding a polypeptide of 1460 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 161.1 kDa LvTEP1, which is most similar to other TEPs from insects, contains some conserved sequence features, including a N-terminal signal peptide, a canonical thioester (TE) motif, and a C-terminal distinctive cysteine signature. LvTEP1 is expressed in most immune-related tissues, such as intestine, epithelium, and hemocytes, and the mRNA level of LvTEP1 is upregulated in hemocytes after bacterial and viral challenges, indicating its involvement in the shrimp innate immune response. An expression assay in Drosophila S2 cells shows LvTEP1 to be a full-length secretory protein, and processed forms are present in the supernatant. Of note, only the processed form of LvTEP1 protein can bind to both the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, and its abundance can be induced after bacterial treatment. Moreover, knockdown of LvTEP1 renders shrimps more susceptible to both V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus, as well as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, suggesting its essential defensive role against these invading microbes. We also observe that the expression of LvTEP1 is regulated in a manner dependent on both NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors in naive shrimps and in vitro, suggesting that LvTEP1 could be poised in the body cavity prior to infection and thus play an important role in basal immunity. Taken together, our findings provide some in vitro and in vivo evidence for the involvement of LvTEP1 in shrimp innate immunity and provide some insight into its expression regulation mediated by multiple transcription factors or signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China.
| | - Haoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Bang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Yonggui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Kai Lǚ
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Sedong Li
- Fisheries Research Institute of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China.
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Baxter RHG, Contet A, Krueger K. Arthropod Innate Immune Systems and Vector-Borne Diseases. Biochemistry 2017; 56:907-918. [PMID: 28072517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods, especially ticks and mosquitoes, are the vectors for a number of parasitic and viral human diseases, including malaria, sleeping sickness, Dengue, and Zika, yet arthropods show tremendous individual variation in their capacity to transmit disease. A key factor in this capacity is the group of genetically encoded immune factors that counteract infection by the pathogen. Arthropod-specific pattern recognition receptors and protease cascades detect and respond to infection. Proteins such as antimicrobial peptides, thioester-containing proteins, and transglutaminases effect responses such as lysis, phagocytosis, melanization, and agglutination. Effector responses are initiated by damage signals such as reactive oxygen species signaling from epithelial cells and recognized by cell surface receptors on hemocytes. Antiviral immunity is primarily mediated by siRNA pathways but coupled with interferon-like signaling, antimicrobial peptides, and thioester-containing proteins. Molecular mechanisms of immunity are closely linked to related traits of longevity and fertility, and arthropods have the capacity for innate immunological memory. Advances in understanding vector immunity can be leveraged to develop novel control strategies for reducing the rate of transmission of both ancient and emerging threats to global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H G Baxter
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Alicia Contet
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Kathryn Krueger
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Advances in Myeloid-Like Cell Origins and Functions in the Model Organism Drosophila melanogaster. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5. [PMID: 28102122 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0038-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila has long served as a valuable model for deciphering many biological processes, including immune responses. Indeed, the genetic tractability of this organism is particularly suited for large-scale analyses. Studies performed during the last 3 decades have proven that the signaling pathways that regulate the innate immune response are conserved between Drosophila and mammals. This review summarizes the recent advances on Drosophila hematopoiesis and immune cellular responses, with a particular emphasis on phagocytosis.
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Kolev M, Kemper C. Keeping It All Going-Complement Meets Metabolism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1. [PMID: 28149297 PMCID: PMC5241319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionary old and crucial component of innate immunity, which is key to the detection and removal of invading pathogens. It was initially discovered as a liver-derived sentinel system circulating in serum, the lymph, and interstitial fluids that mediate the opsonization and lytic killing of bacteria, fungi, and viruses and the initiation of the general inflammatory responses. Although work performed specifically in the last five decades identified complement also as a critical instructor of adaptive immunity—indicating that complement’s function is likely broader than initially anticipated—the dominant opinion among researchers and clinicians was that the key complement functions were in principle defined. However, there is now a growing realization that complement activity goes well beyond “classic” immune functions and that this system is also required for normal (neuronal) development and activity and general cell and tissue integrity and homeostasis. Furthermore, the recent discovery that complement activation is not confined to the extracellular space but occurs within cells led to the surprising understanding that complement is involved in the regulation of basic processes of the cell, particularly those of metabolic nature—mostly via novel crosstalks between complement and intracellular sensor, and effector, pathways that had been overlooked because of their spatial separation. These paradigm shifts in the field led to a renaissance in complement research and provide new platforms to now better understand the molecular pathways underlying the wide-reaching effects of complement functions in immunity and beyond. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge about complement’s emerging relationship with the cellular metabolism machinery with a focus on the functional differences between serum-circulating versus intracellularly active complement during normal cell survival and induction of effector functions. We will also discuss how taking a closer look into the evolution of key complement components not only made the functional connection between complement and metabolism rather “predictable” but how it may also give clues for the discovery of additional roles for complement in basic cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Volohonsky G, Hopp AK, Saenger M, Soichot J, Scholze H, Boch J, Blandin SA, Marois E. Transgenic Expression of the Anti-parasitic Factor TEP1 in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006113. [PMID: 28095489 PMCID: PMC5240933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes genetically engineered to be resistant to Plasmodium parasites represent a promising novel approach in the fight against malaria. The insect immune system itself is a source of anti-parasitic genes potentially exploitable for transgenic designs. The Anopheles gambiae thioester containing protein 1 (TEP1) is a potent anti-parasitic protein. TEP1 is secreted and circulates in the mosquito hemolymph, where its activated cleaved form binds and eliminates malaria parasites. Here we investigated whether TEP1 can be used to create malaria resistant mosquitoes. Using a GFP reporter transgene, we determined that the fat body is the main site of TEP1 expression. We generated transgenic mosquitoes that express TEP1r, a potent refractory allele of TEP1, in the fat body and examined the activity of the transgenic protein in wild-type or TEP1 mutant genetic backgrounds. Transgenic TEP1r rescued loss-of-function mutations, but did not increase parasite resistance in the presence of a wild-type susceptible allele. Consistent with previous reports, TEP1 protein expressed from the transgene in the fat body was taken up by hemocytes upon a challenge with injected bacteria. Furthermore, although maturation of transgenic TEP1 into the cleaved form was impaired in one of the TEP1 mutant lines, it was still sufficient to reduce parasite numbers and induce parasite melanization. We also report here the first use of Transcription Activator Like Effectors (TALEs) in Anopheles gambiae to stimulate expression of endogenous TEP1. We found that artificial elevation of TEP1 expression remains moderate in vivo and that enhancement of endogenous TEP1 expression did not result in increased resistance to Plasmodium. Taken together, our results reveal the difficulty of artificially influencing TEP1-mediated Plasmodium resistance, and contribute to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mosquito resistance to Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Volohonsky
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U963, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (GV); (EM)
| | - Ann-Katrin Hopp
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U963, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mélanie Saenger
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U963, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Soichot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U963, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Heidi Scholze
- Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Genetik, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jens Boch
- Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Genetik, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stéphanie A. Blandin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U963, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Marois
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U963, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (GV); (EM)
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Shokal U, Eleftherianos I. Thioester-Containing Protein-4 Regulates the Drosophila Immune Signaling and Function against the Pathogen Photorhabdus. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:83-93. [PMID: 27771727 DOI: 10.1159/000450610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite important progress in identifying the molecules that participate in the immune response of Drosophila melanogaster to microbial infections, the involvement of thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) in the antibacterial immunity of the fly is not fully clarified. Previous studies mostly focused on identifying the function of TEP2, TEP3 and TEP6 molecules in the D. melanogaster immune system. Here, we investigated the role of TEP4 in the regulation and function of D. melanogaster host defense against 2 virulent pathogens from the genus Photorhabdus, i.e. the insect pathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens and the emerging human pathogen P. asymbiotica. We demonstrate that Tep4 is strongly upregulated in adult flies following the injection of Photorhabdus bacteria. We also show that Tep4 loss-of-function mutants are resistant to P. luminescens but not to P. asymbiotica infection. In addition, we find that inactivation of Tep4 results in the upregulation of the Toll and Imd immune pathways, and the downregulation of the Jak/Stat and Jnk pathways upon Photorhabdus infection. We document that loss of Tep4 promotes melanization and phenoloxidase activity in the mutant flies infected with Photorhabdus. Together, these findings generate novel insights into the immune role of TEP4 as a regulator and effector of the D. melanogaster antibacterial immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Shokal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
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Londono-Renteria B, Grippin C, Cardenas JC, Troupin A, Colpitts TM. Human C5a Protein Participates in the Mosquito Immune Response Against Dengue Virus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:505-512. [PMID: 26843451 PMCID: PMC4892811 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by Aedes spp mosquitoes during a bloodmeal uptake. The bloodmeal consists of host cells, immune factors, and possibly blood-borne pathogens, such as arboviruses. Human cells and immune-related factors, like the complement system, can remain active in the bloodmeal and may be able to interact with pathogens in the mosquito. Previous studies have shown that active complement proteins impact Plasmodium parasite viability in the Anopheles midgut. Thus, we investigated the effects of the human complement on DENV infection in the midgut of Aedes aegypti. Our findings indicate that mosquitoes receiving DENV mixed with normal non-inactivated human serum showed significantly lower viremia than those fed with heat-inactivated serum. This implies that human complement may act to limit DENV infection in the mosquito midgut. In addition, we found that human complement C5a protein was able to directly communicate with mosquito cells, affecting the cell antiviral response against DENV. Our results also show that human C5a protein is able to interact with several membrane-bound mosquito proteins. Together these results suggest an important role of human complement protein in DENV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209 (; ),
| | - Crystal Grippin
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70130 , and
| | - Jenny C Cardenas
- Microbiology and Clinical Laboratory, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Los Patios - Norte de Santander, Colombia
| | - Andrea Troupin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209 (; )
| | - Tonya M Colpitts
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209 (; )
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Kučerová L, Kubrak OI, Bengtsson JM, Strnad H, Nylin S, Theopold U, Nässel DR. Slowed aging during reproductive dormancy is reflected in genome-wide transcriptome changes in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:50. [PMID: 26758761 PMCID: PMC4711038 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In models extensively used in studies of aging and extended lifespan, such as C. elegans and Drosophila, adult senescence is regulated by gene networks that are likely to be similar to ones that underlie lifespan extension during dormancy. These include the evolutionarily conserved insulin/IGF, TOR and germ line-signaling pathways. Dormancy, also known as dauer stage in the larval worm or adult diapause in the fly, is triggered by adverse environmental conditions, and results in drastically extended lifespan with negligible senescence. It is furthermore characterized by increased stress resistance and somatic maintenance, developmental arrest and reallocated energy resources. In the fly Drosophila melanogaster adult reproductive diapause is additionally manifested in arrested ovary development, improved immune defense and altered metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this adaptive lifespan extension are not well understood. Results A genome wide analysis of transcript changes in diapausing D. melanogaster revealed a differential regulation of more than 4600 genes. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis reveal that many of these genes are part of signaling pathways that regulate metabolism, stress responses, detoxification, immunity, protein synthesis and processes during aging. More specifically, gene readouts and detailed mapping of the pathways indicate downregulation of insulin-IGF (IIS), target of rapamycin (TOR) and MAP kinase signaling, whereas Toll-dependent immune signaling, Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways are upregulated during diapause. Furthermore, we detected transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes specifically associated with aging and longevity. Conclusions We find that many affected genes and signal pathways are shared between dormancy, aging and lifespan extension, including IIS, TOR, JAK/STAT and JNK. A substantial fraction of the genes affected by diapause have also been found to alter their expression in response to starvation and cold exposure in D. melanogaster, and the pathways overlap those reported in GO analysis of other invertebrates in dormancy or even hibernating mammals. Our study, thus, shows that D. melanogaster is a genetically tractable model for dormancy in other organisms and effects of dormancy on aging and lifespan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2383-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kučerová
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Olga I Kubrak
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonas M Bengtsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gupta SK, Kupper M, Ratzka C, Feldhaar H, Vilcinskas A, Gross R, Dandekar T, Förster F. Scrutinizing the immune defence inventory of Camponotus floridanus applying total transcriptome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26198742 PMCID: PMC4508827 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defence mechanisms of organisms are shaped by their lifestyle, environment and pathogen pressure. Carpenter ants are social insects which live in huge colonies comprising genetically closely related individuals in high densities within nests. This lifestyle potentially facilitates the rapid spread of pathogens between individuals. In concert with their innate immune system, social insects may apply external immune defences to manipulate the microbial community among individuals and within nests. Additionally, carpenter ants carry a mutualistic intracellular and obligate endosymbiotic bacterium, possibly maintained and regulated by the innate immune system. Thus, different selective forces could shape internal immune defences of Camponotus floridanus. RESULTS The immune gene repertoire of C. floridanus was investigated by re-evaluating its genome sequence combined with a full transcriptome analysis of immune challenged and control animals using Illumina sequencing. The genome was re-annotated by mapping transcriptome reads and masking repeats. A total of 978 protein sequences were characterised further by annotating functional domains, leading to a change in their original annotation regarding function and domain composition in about 8% of all proteins. Based on homology analysis with key components of major immune pathways of insects, the C. floridanus immune-related genes were compared to those of Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera, and other hymenoptera. This analysis revealed that overall the immune system of carpenter ants comprises many components found in these insects. In addition, several C. floridanus specific genes of yet unknown functions but which are strongly induced after immune challenge were discovered. In contrast to solitary insects like Drosophila or the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis, the number of genes encoding pattern recognition receptors specific for bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and a variety of known antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes is lower in C. floridanus. The comparative analysis of gene expression post immune-challenge in different developmental stages of C. floridanus suggests a stronger induction of immune gene expression in larvae in comparison to adults. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of the immune system of C. floridanus with that of other insects revealed the presence of a broad immune repertoire. However, the relatively low number of PGN recognition proteins and AMPs, the identification of Camponotus specific putative immune genes, and stage specific differences in immune gene regulation reflects Camponotus specific evolution including adaptations to its lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir K Gupta
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Kupper
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Carolin Ratzka
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Department of Animal Ecology, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Roy Gross
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,EMBL Heidelberg, BioComputing Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Frank Förster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Castillo JC, Creasy T, Kumari P, Shetty A, Shokal U, Tallon LJ, Eleftherianos I. Drosophila anti-nematode and antibacterial immune regulators revealed by RNA-Seq. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:519. [PMID: 26162375 PMCID: PMC4499211 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drosophila melanogaster activates a variety of immune responses against microbial infections. However, information on the Drosophila immune response to entomopathogenic nematode infections is currently limited. The nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is an insect parasite that forms a mutualistic relationship with the gram-negative bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens. Following infection, the nematodes release the bacteria that quickly multiply within the insect and produce several toxins that eventually kill the host. Although we currently know that the insect immune system interacts with Photorhabdus, information on interaction with the nematode vector is scarce. Results Here we have used next generation RNA-sequencing to analyze the transcriptional profile of wild-type adult flies infected by axenic Heterorhabditis nematodes (lacking Photorhabdus bacteria), symbiotic Heterorhabditis nematodes (carrying Photorhabdus bacteria), and Photorhabdus bacteria alone. We have obtained approximately 54 million reads from the different infection treatments. Bioinformatic analysis shows that infection with Photorhabdus alters the transcription of a large number of Drosophila genes involved in translational repression as well in response to stress. However, Heterorhabditis infection alters the transcription of several genes that participate in lipidhomeostasis and metabolism, stress responses, DNA/protein sythesis and neuronal functions. We have also identified genes in the fly with potential roles in nematode recognition, anti-nematode activity and nociception. Conclusions These findings provide fundamental information on the molecular events that take place in Drosophila upon infection with the two pathogens, either separately or together. Such large-scale transcriptomic analyses set the stage for future functional studies aimed at identifying the exact role of key factors in the Drosophila immune response against nematode-bacteria complexes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1690-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Castillo
- Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA. .,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Todd Creasy
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Priti Kumari
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Amol Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Upasana Shokal
- Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Luke J Tallon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA.
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Vlisidou I, Wood W. Drosophila blood cells and their role in immune responses. FEBS J 2015; 282:1368-82. [PMID: 25688716 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been extensively used to study the humoral arm of innate immunity because of the developmental and functional parallels with mammalian innate immunity. However, the fly cellular response to infection is far less understood. Investigative work on Drosophila haemocytes, the immunosurveillance cells of the insect, has revealed that they fulfil roles similar to mammalian monocytes and macrophages. They respond to wound signals and orchestrate the coagulation response. In addition, they phagocytose and encapsulate invading pathogens, and clear up apoptotic bodies controlling inflammation. This review briefly describes the Drosophila haematopoietic system and discusses what is currently known about the contribution of haemocytes to the immune response upon infection and wounding, during all stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Vlisidou
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
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Urbanová V, Šíma R, Šauman I, Hajdušek O, Kopáček P. Thioester-containing proteins of the tick Ixodes ricinus: gene expression, response to microbial challenge and their role in phagocytosis of the yeast Candida albicans. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:55-64. [PMID: 25224405 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability of ticks to act as vectors for a wide range of serious human and animal infectious diseases is apparently linked to the insufficiency of the tick immune system to effectively eliminate pathogens they transmit. At the tick-pathogen interface, an important role is presumably played by components of an ancient complement system that includes a repertoire of thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), which in Ixodes sp. comprises three α2-macroglobulins (A2M), three C3 complement component-related molecules (C3), two macroglobulin complement-related (Mcr) and one insect-type TEPs (Tep). In order to assess the function of TEPs in tick immunity, a quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis of tick TEPs was performed at various developmental stages of Ixodes ricinus, and in tissues dissected from adult females. Expression of TEP genes was mostly tissue specific; IrA2M1, IrC3-1, IrC3-3 were found to be expressed in cells of tick fat body adjacent to the tracheal trunks, IrA2M2 in hemocytes, IrTep in ovaries, IrMcr1 in salivary glands and only IrA2M3, IrC3-2 and IrMcr2 mRNAs were present in multiple organs. Expression of tick TEPs was further examined in response to injection of model microbes representing Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. The greatest expression induction was observed for IrA2M1 and IrC3-1 after challenge with the yeast Candida albicans. Phagocytosis of the yeast was strongly dependent on an active thioester bond and the subsequent silencing of individual tick TEPs by RNA interference demonstrated the involvement of IrC3-1 and IrMcr2. This result suggests the existence of a distinct complement-like pathway, different from that leading to phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria. Understanding of the tick immune response against model microbes should provide new concepts for investigating interactions between ticks and relevant tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Urbanová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre ASCR, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šíma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre ASCR, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Šauman
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre ASCR, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Hajdušek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre ASCR, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre ASCR, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic.
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Bonnay F, Nguyen XH, Cohen-Berros E, Troxler L, Batsche E, Camonis J, Takeuchi O, Reichhart JM, Matt N. Akirin specifies NF-κB selectivity of Drosophila innate immune response via chromatin remodeling. EMBO J 2014; 33:2349-62. [PMID: 25180232 PMCID: PMC4253524 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The network of NF-κB-dependent transcription that activates both pro- and anti-inflammatory genes in mammals is still unclear. As NF-κB factors are evolutionarily conserved, we used Drosophila to understand this network. The NF-κB transcription factor Relish activates effector gene expression following Gram-negative bacterial immune challenge. Here, we show, using a genome-wide approach, that the conserved nuclear protein Akirin is a NF-κB co-factor required for the activation of a subset of Relish-dependent genes correlating with the presence of H3K4ac epigenetic marks. A large-scale unbiased proteomic analysis revealed that Akirin orchestrates NF-κB transcriptional selectivity through the recruitment of the Osa-containing-SWI/SNF-like Brahma complex (BAP). Immune challenge in Drosophila shows that Akirin is required for the transcription of a subset of effector genes, but dispensable for the transcription of genes that are negative regulators of the innate immune response. Therefore, Akirins act as molecular selectors specifying the choice between subsets of NF-κB target genes. The discovery of this mechanism, conserved in mammals, paves the way for the establishment of more specific and less toxic anti-inflammatory drugs targeting pro-inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bonnay
- UPR9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- UPR9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Eva Cohen-Berros
- UPR9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Troxler
- UPR9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Eric Batsche
- Département de Biologie du Développement, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA2578, Unité de Régulation Epigénétique, Paris, France
| | | | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Institute for Virus Research Kyoto University CREST, JST, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jean-Marc Reichhart
- UPR9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Matt
- UPR9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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