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Oberle A, Hanzer F, Kokocinski F, Ennemoser A, Carli L, Vaccari E, Hengstschläger M, Feichtinger M. Evaluation of Nanopore Sequencing on Polar Bodies for Routine Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy. Clin Chem 2024; 70:747-758. [PMID: 38451051 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) using polar body (PB) biopsy offers a clinical benefit by reducing the number of embryo transfers and miscarriage rates but is currently not cost-efficient. Nanopore sequencing technology opens possibilities by providing cost-efficient and fast sequencing results with uncomplicated sample preparation work flows. METHODS In this comparative experimental study, 102 pooled PB samples (99 passing QC) from 20 patients were analyzed for aneuploidy using nanopore sequencing technology and compared with array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) results generated as part of the clinical routine. Samples were sequenced on a Nanopore MinION machine. Whole-chromosome copy-numbers were called by custom bioinformatic analysis software. Automatically called results were compared to aCGH results. RESULTS Overall, 96/99 samples were consistently detected as euploid or aneuploid in both methods (concordance = 97.0%, sensitivity = 0.957, specificity = 1.0, positive predictive value = 1.0, negative predictive value = 0.906). On the chromosomal level, concordance reached 98.7%. Chromosomal aneuploidies analyzed in this trial covered all 23 chromosomes with 98 trisomies, and 97 monosomies in 70 aCGH samples.The whole nanopore work flow is feasible in under 5 h (for one sample) with a maximum time of 16 h (for 12 samples), enabling fresh PB-euploid embryo transfer. A material cost of US$ 165 (EUR 150)/sample possibly enables cost-efficient aneuploidy screening. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study systematically comparing nanopore sequencing with standard methods for the detection of PB aneuploidy. High concordance rates confirmed the feasibility of nanopore technology for this application. Additionally, the fast and cost-efficient work flow reveals the clinical utility of this technology, making it clinically attractive for PB PGT-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oberle
- Wunschbaby Institut Feichtinger, Lainzer Straße 6, 1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Hanzer
- Wunschbaby Institut Feichtinger, Lainzer Straße 6, 1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Kokocinski
- Gene-Test Bioinformatics Solutions GmbH, Jakob-Müller-Str. 16, 68623 Lampertheim, Germany
| | - Anna Ennemoser
- Wunschbaby Institut Feichtinger, Lainzer Straße 6, 1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Carli
- Wunschbaby Institut Feichtinger, Lainzer Straße 6, 1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrico Vaccari
- Wunschbaby Institut Feichtinger, Lainzer Straße 6, 1130 Vienna, Austria
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Escudé-Logares L, Serrano-Novillo C, Uroz L, Galindo A, Márquez C. Advanced Paternal Age: A New Indicator for the Use of Microfluidic Devices for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Selection. J Clin Med 2024; 13:457. [PMID: 38256591 PMCID: PMC10816896 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
New social conditions and progress in ART have both contributed to the delay in parenthood in developed countries. While the effects of maternal age have been widely studied, paternal age is poorly understood, and there are no specific guides on ART techniques to treat its deleterious effects. It is known that there is an increase in sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) in elderly men, and new sperm selection devices using microfluids have been developed. This study analyses 189 ICSI cycles with donor oocytes performed between January 2018 and February 2022. Spermatozoa were selected using an MSS device or density gradients, followed by ICSI fertilization and fresh/thawed embryo transfer. We assessed the association between the selection technique, paternal age (< or ≥45) and reproductive outcomes. Fertilization (FR), blastulation (BR), implantation (IR), live-birth (LBR) and miscarriage (MR) rates were calculated. The results showed significantly higher IR (57.7% vs. 42.5%) and LBR (42.9% vs. 30.3%) when applying MSS selection, and particularly higher BR, IR and LBR when the paternal age was equal to or over 45 years (BR: 64.4 ± 23% vs. 50.1 ± 25%, IR: 51.5% vs. 31.6% and LBR: 42.4% vs. 23.7%). We also found a negative correlation between BR and paternal age (r2 = 0.084). The findings show that MSS enhances success in assisted reproduction cycles with ICSI, especially in couples with advanced paternal age. We propose advanced paternal age as a new indicator for the application of sperm selection techniques that reduce fragmentation.
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Yu W, Jin C, Zhang Q, Ni T, Yan J. Does reciprocal translocation affect the meiotic segregation products of non-translocation chromosomes? HUM FERTIL 2023; 26:702-711. [PMID: 37961879 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2023.2262810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the effect of chromosomal reciprocal translocation on meiotic segregation products of non-translocation chromosomes. A total of 744 reciprocal translocation carriers and 875 non-carriers were included in this study. A total of 6,832 blastocysts were biopsied and tested by next-generation sequencing. Blastocysts from the carrier group were classified into five subgroups according to the theoretical segregation pattern of quadrivalent structure. For carrier patients, normal meiotic segregation products of the non-translocation chromosome were classified after excluding the segregation modes of the quadrivalent structure. The proportion of normal non-translocation chromosome meiotic segregation products was similar between the carrier and noncarrier groups (p = 0.69). The generalized Estimation Equation revealed that there was no correlation between reciprocal translocation and meiotic segregation products of non-translocation chromosomes. Moreover, subgroup analyses showed that the segregation modes of quadrivalent structure (p = 0.00) and carrier's gender (p = 0.00) may affect the meiotic segregation products of non-translocation chromosomes. In conclusion, reciprocal translocation does not directly reduce the proportion of normal segregation products of non-translocation chromosomes. The difference among subgroups of different quadrivalent segregation patterns implied that interchromosomal effect may exist but the high incidence of chromosomal abnormalities for reciprocal translocation carriers should not be attributed to interchromosomal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tianxiang Ni
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junhao Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Samarasekera T, Willats E, Green MP, Hardy T, Rombauts L, Zander-Fox D. Impact of male age on paternal aneuploidy: single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray outcomes following blastocyst biopsy. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 47:103245. [PMID: 37619516 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does advanced paternal age (APA; ≥40 years) contribute to a higher incidence of paternal origin aneuploidy in preimplantation embryos? DESIGN This was a multicentre retrospective study of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray (Natera and Karyomapping) preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) outcomes of blastocyst-stage embryos. Whole-chromosome aneuploidy analysis was performed on 2409 embryos from 389 male patients undertaking 681 assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles between 2012-2021. Segmental aneuploidy analysis was performed on 867 embryos from 140 men undertaking 242 ART cycles between 2016-2021. Embryos were grouped based on paternal age at sperm collection: <35, 35-39 and ≥40 years. Paternal and maternal origin aneuploidy rates were compared between groups using chi-squared and/or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS There was no significant difference across groups in paternal origin whole-chromosome aneuploidy rate, overall (P=0.7561) or when segregated by type (trisomy and monosomy: P=0.2235 and 0.8156) or complexity (single versus 2, 3 or ≥4 aneuploidies: P=0.9733, 0.7517, 0.669 and 0.1481). Conversely, maternal origin whole-chromosome aneuploidy rate differed across groups (P<0.0001) in alignment with differing mean maternal age (P<0.001). Paternal origin deletions were 2.9-fold higher than maternal origin deletions (P=0.0084), independent of age stratification. No significant difference in paternal origin deletions was observed with APA ≥40 compared with the younger age groups (4.8% versus 2.5% and 2.8%, P=0.5292). Individual chromosome aneuploidy rates were too low to perform statistical comparisons. CONCLUSIONS No significant association was found between APA and the incidence of paternal origin aneuploidy in preimplantation embryos, irrespective of type or complexity. Thus, APA may not be an indication for PGT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark P Green
- Monash IVF, Melbourne, Australia.; School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Luk Rombauts
- Monash IVF, Melbourne, Australia.; Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deirdre Zander-Fox
- Monash IVF, Melbourne, Australia.; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Davis SM, Teerlink C, Lynch JA, Gorman BR, Pagadala M, Liu A, Panizzon MS, Merritt VC, Genovese G, Pyarajan S, Ross JL, Hauger RL. Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality of 1,609 Men with Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy: Results from the Diverse Million Veteran Program Cohort. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.07.15.23292710. [PMID: 37502926 PMCID: PMC10371178 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.15.23292710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Importance The reported phenotypes of men with 47,XXY and 47,XYY syndromes include tall stature, multisystem comorbidities, and poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, knowledge about these sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA) conditions has been derived from studies in the <15% of patients who are clinically diagnosed and also lack diversity in age and genetic ancestry. Objectives Determine the prevalence of clinically diagnosed and undiagnosed X or Y chromosome aneuploidy among men enrolled in the Million Veteran Program (MVP); describe military service metrics of men with SCAs; compare morbidity and mortality outcomes between men with SCA with and without a clinical diagnosis to matched controls. Design Cross-sectional, case-control. Setting United States Veterans Administration Healthcare System. Participants Biologic males enrolled in the MVP biobank with genomic identification of an additional X or Y chromosome (cases); controls matched 1:5 on sex, age, and genetic ancestry. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of men with SCAs from genomic analysis; clinical SCA diagnosis; Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI); rates of outpatient, inpatient, and emergency encounters per year; self-reported health outcomes; standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Results An additional X or Y chromosome was present in 145 and 125 per 100,000 males in the MVP, respectively, with the highest prevalence among men with European and East Asian ancestry. At a mean age of 61±12 years, 74% of male veterans with 47,XXY and >99% with 47,XYY remained undiagnosed. Individuals with 47,XXY (n=862) and 47,XYY (n=747) had similar military service history, all-cause SMR, and age of death compared to matched controls. CCI and healthcare utilization were higher among individuals with SCA, while several measures of HRQoL were lower. Men with a clinical diagnosis of 47,XXY had higher healthcare utilization but lower comorbidity score compared to those undiagnosed. Conclusion and Relevance One in 370 males in the MVP cohort have SCA, a prevalence comparable to estimates in the general population. While these men have successfully served in the military, they have higher morbidity and report poorer HRQoL with aging. Longer longitudinal follow-up of this sample will be informative for clinical and patient-reported outcomes, the role of ancestry, and mortality statistics. KEY POINTS Comparable to the general population, approximately 1 in 370 male veterans have a sex chromosome aneuploidy, but most are undiagnosed.Men with X or Y chromosome aneuploidy successfully complete US miliary duty with similar service history compared to their 46,XY peers.Medical comorbidities and healthcare utilization metrics are higher in male veterans with 47,XXY and 47,XYY during aging, however life expectancy is similar to matched controls.
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Samura O, Nakaoka Y, Miharu N. Sperm and Oocyte Chromosomal Abnormalities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1010. [PMID: 37371589 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametogenesis, the process of producing gametes, differs significantly between oocytes and sperm. Most oocytes have chromosomal aneuploidies, indicating that chromosomal aberrations in miscarried and newborn infants are of oocyte origin. Conversely, most structural anomalies are of sperm origin. A prolonged meiotic period caused by increasing female age is responsible for an increased number of chromosomal aberrations. Sperm chromosomes are difficult to analyze because they cannot be evaluated using somatic cell chromosome analysis methods. Nevertheless, researchers have developed methods for chromosome analysis of sperm using the fluorescence in situ hybridization method, hamster eggs, and mouse eggs, allowing for the cytogenetic evaluation of individual sperm. Reproductive medicine has allowed men with severe spermatogenic defects or chromosomal abnormalities to have children. However, using these techniques to achieve successful pregnancies results in higher rates of miscarriages and embryos with chromosomal abnormalities. This raises questions regarding which cases should undergo sperm chromosome analysis and how the results should be interpreted. Here, we reviewed clinical trials that have been reported on oocyte and sperm chromosome analyses. Examination of chromosomal abnormalities in gametes is critical in assisted reproductive technology. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to study the mechanism underlying gametic chromosomal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Samura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Nakaoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IVF Namba Clinic, Osaka 550-0015, Japan
| | - Norio Miharu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima 730-0052, Japan
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Dviri M, Madjunkova S, Koziarz A, Madjunkov M, Mashiach J, Nekolaichuk E, Trivodaliev K, Al-Asmar N, Moskovtsev SI, Librach C. Is there an association between paternal age and aneuploidy? Evidence from young donor oocyte-derived embryos: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:486-500. [PMID: 33355342 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed parenthood, by both women and men, has become more common in developed countries. The adverse effect of advanced maternal age on embryo aneuploidy and reproductive outcomes is well known. However, whether there is an association between paternal age (PA) and embryonic chromosomal aberrations remains controversial. Oocyte donation (OD) is often utilized to minimize maternal age effects on oocyte and embryo aneuploidy, thus providing an optimal model to assess the effect of PA. Several studies have revealed a higher than expected rate of aneuploidy in embryos derived from young oocyte donors, which warrants examination as to whether this may be attributed to advanced PA (APA). OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The objective of this systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis is to evaluate existing evidence regarding an association between PA and chromosomal aberrations in an OD model. SEARCH METHODS This review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched from inception through March 2020 using the (MeSH) terms: chromosome aberrations, preimplantation genetic screening and IVF. Original research articles, reporting on the types and/or frequency of chromosomal aberrations in embryos derived from donor oocytes, including data regarding PA, were included. Studies reporting results of IVF cycles using only autologous oocytes were excluded. Quality appraisal of included studies was conducted independently by two reviewers using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Assessment Scale. A one-stage IPD meta-analysis was performed to evaluate whether an association exists between PA and aneuploidy. Meta-analysis was performed using a generalized linear mixed model to account for clustering of embryos within patients and clustering of patients within studies. OUTCOMES The search identified 13 032 references, independently screened by 2 reviewers, yielding 6 studies encompassing a total of 2637 IVF-OD cycles (n = 20 024 embryos). Two 'low' quality studies using FISH to screen 12 chromosomes on Day 3 embryos (n = 649) reported higher total aneuploidy rates and specifically higher rates of trisomy 21, 18 and 13 in men ≥50 years. One 'moderate' and three 'high' quality studies, which used 24-chromosome screening, found no association between PA and aneuploidy in Day 5/6 embryos (n = 12 559). The IPD meta-analysis, which included three 'high' quality studies (n = 10 830 Day 5/6 embryos), found no significant effect of PA on the rate of aneuploidy (odds ratio (OR) 0.97 per decade of age, 95% CI 0.91-1.03), which was robust to sensitivity analyses. There was no association between PA and individual chromosome aneuploidy or segmental aberrations, including for chromosomes X and Y (OR 1.06 per decade of age, 95% CI 0.92-1.21). Monosomy was most frequent for chromosome 16 (217/10802, 2.01%, 95% CI 1.76-2.29%) and trisomy was also most frequent for chromosome 16 (194/10802, 1.80%, 95% CI 1.56-2.06%). WIDER IMPLICATIONS We conclude, based on the available evidence, that APA is not associated with higher rates of aneuploidy in embryos derived from OD. These results will help fertility practitioners when providing preconception counselling, particularly to older men who desire to have a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Dviri
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Reproductive Genetics, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Alex Koziarz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mitko Madjunkov
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Reproductive Genetics, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jordana Mashiach
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Reproductive Genetics, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erica Nekolaichuk
- Gerstein Science Information Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kire Trivodaliev
- Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Nasser Al-Asmar
- Igenomix, Narcís Monturiol Estarriol n°11, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergey Ivanovovich Moskovtsev
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Reproductive Genetics, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clifford Librach
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Reproductive Genetics, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Halvaei I, Litzky J, Esfandiari N. Advanced paternal age: effects on sperm parameters, assisted reproduction outcomes and offspring health. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:110. [PMID: 33183337 PMCID: PMC7664076 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many factors, including postponement of marriage, increased life expectancy, and improved success with assisted reproductive technologies have been contributing to increased paternal age in developed nations. This increased average paternal age has led to concerns about adverse effects of advanced paternal age on sperm quality, assisted reproductive outcomes, and the health of the offspring conceived by older fathers. This review discusses the association between advanced paternal age and sperm parameters, assisted reproduction success rates, and offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Halvaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Julia Litzky
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Navid Esfandiari
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont Medical Center, Larner College of Medicine, 111 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
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Aghajanova L, Kao CN, Cedars M, Tran N. Assessing the impact of semen quality on embryo development in an egg donation model. F S Rep 2020; 2:22-29. [PMID: 34223269 PMCID: PMC8244319 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate if any of the World Health Organization semen parameters and/or male age are associated with embryo development. Design Retrospective chart review between January 2008 and May 2015. Setting Academic fertility practice. Patients Anonymous egg donors aged ≤30 years. Interventions Chart review. Main Outcome Measures Sperm parameters were evaluated on a continuum and were dichotomized to determine if low values (strict morphology < 4%, concentration < 15 × 106, low motility < 40%) or older age (>50 years) are associated with embryo morphology. Repeated linear regression measures to determine the associations and multivariate testing to determine independent effects for each predictor were performed. Results Three hundred eighty-four donors with 574 egg donation cycles were identified, and 205 subjects with 275 cycles were included in the final analysis. The mean donor age was 25.31 ± 2.81 years, with a mean antral follicle count of 28.09 ± 10.5. The mean male age was 43.25 ± 6.65 years. The mean World Health Organization semen parameters at fertilization were 55.8 × 106 ± 44.3 × 106/mL concentration, 44.8% ± 20.2% motility, and 6.9% ± 5.3% strict morphology. Neither male age nor sperm morphology was associated with embryo morphology. A low total motile count was significantly associated with a higher cell number in day-3 embryos and a 1.56-times higher chance of poor day-3 cell symmetry. There was no statistically significant difference in blastocyst formation, clinical pregnancy, or live-birth rates. Conclusions Although statistically significant, the effect of the low total motile count on day-3 cell number and cell symmetry are likely clinically insignificant. Male age, race, or poor sperm morphology were not associated with a poor cycle outcome or impaired embryo development. The use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection likely alleviates the negative effect of diminished semen quality on treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Aghajanova
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Sunnyvale, California
| | - Chia-Ning Kao
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marcelle Cedars
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nam Tran
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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10
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Molecular basis of reproductive senescence: insights from model organisms. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 38:17-32. [PMID: 33006069 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Reproductive decline due to parental age has become a major barrier to fertility as couples have delayed having offspring into their thirties and forties. Advanced parental age is also associated with increased incidence of neurological and cardiovascular disease in offspring. Thus, elucidating the etiology of reproductive decline is of clinical importance. METHODS Deciphering the underlying processes that drive reproductive decline is particularly challenging in women in whom a discrete oocyte pool is established during embryogenesis and may remain dormant for tens of years. Instead, our understanding of the processes that drive reproductive senescence has emerged from studies in model organisms, both vertebrate and invertebrate, that are the focus of this literature review. CONCLUSIONS Studies of reproductive aging in model organisms not only have revealed the detrimental cellular changes that occur with age but also are helping identify major regulator proteins controlling them. Here, we discuss what we have learned from model organisms with respect to the molecular mechanisms that maintain both genome integrity and oocyte quality.
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Anton E, Garcia-Guixé E, Ramos-Muntada M, Godo A, Sandalinas M, Blanco J. Chromosome heteromorphisms: do they entail a reproductive risk for male carriers? Asian J Androl 2020; 22:544-546. [PMID: 31929195 PMCID: PMC7523617 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_130_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Anton
- Genetics of Male Fertility Group, Cell Biology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) 08193, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Ramos-Muntada
- Genetics of Male Fertility Group, Cell Biology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Godo
- Genetics of Male Fertility Group, Cell Biology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) 08193, Spain
| | | | - Joan Blanco
- Genetics of Male Fertility Group, Cell Biology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) 08193, Spain
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12
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Sarrate Z, Blanco J, Marina-Rugero F, Moreno-García JM, Ruiz-Jorro M, Lafuente-Varea R, Graña-Zanón F, Núñez-Calonge R, Ten J, Rueda J. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on sperm: indications to perform and assisted reproduction technology outcomes. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:1975-1987. [PMID: 31396849 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the consequences of an altered sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) result for ART outcomes and the indications for a sperm FISH analysis. METHODS Data from 439 infertile men were collected. Bivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of men's age, seminal alterations, and sperm FISH indication, with the incidence of X, Y, 13, 18, and 21 sperm chromosomal abnormalities. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to establish the most predictive variables for altered sperm FISH. Results from the IVF/ICSI cycles were collected for 248 out of 439 patients. Two distinct groups were established: 151 couples that used their own oocytes and 97 couples involved in egg donation programs. In both groups, ART outcomes were compared between normal and altered sperm FISH. RESULTS Teratozoospermia and oligozoospermia were associated with sperm chromosome anomalies (p < 0.05). Indications for sperm FISH analysis with the highest predictability were teratozoospermia, male age, oligozoospermia, and implantation failure (AUC = 0.702). Embryo quality (p = 0.096), pregnancy rate (p = 0.054), and implantation rate (p = 0.089) were higher in own-oocytes couples with normal sperm FISH than in altered sperm FISH couples, although differences were not statistically significant. In donor-oocytes couples, in which high-quality embryos were transferred later than in own-oocytes couples (3.8 vs. 3.0 days), we did not identify differences in the ART outcome between normal and altered sperm FISH couples. In both groups, the possible interference of woman age was negligible. CONCLUSIONS Sperm FISH is indicated in middle-aged oligoteratozoospermic patients with implantation failures in previous IVF/ICSI cycles. Sperm chromosome anomalies have a moderate detrimental impact on embryo quality, implantation, and pregnancy rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Sarrate
- Genetics of Male Fertility Group, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Joan Blanco
- Genetics of Male Fertility Group, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
| | | | | | - Miguel Ruiz-Jorro
- Crea Medicina de la Reproducción, c/ San Martín 4, 46003, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Ten
- Embryology Unit, Instituto Bernabéu, Av. Albufereta 31, 03016, Alicante, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rueda
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Unidad de Genética, Cátedra de Biomedicina Reproductiva Clínica Vistahermosa, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03110, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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13
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Carrasquillo RJ, Kohn TP, Cinnioglu C, Rubio C, Simon C, Ramasamy R, Al-Asmar N. Advanced paternal age does not affect embryo aneuploidy following blastocyst biopsy in egg donor cycles. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:2039-2045. [PMID: 31385121 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the impact of advanced paternal age on embryo aneuploidy. METHODS This is a multicenter international retrospective case series of couples undergoing assisted reproduction via in vitro fertilization using donor eggs to control for maternal factors and preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy via next-generation sequencing at Igenomix reproductive testing centers. The main outcome measure was the prevalence of embryo aneuploidy in egg donor cycles. Semen analysis data was retrieved for a small subset of the male patients. RESULTS Data from 1202 IVF/ICSI egg donor cycles using ejaculated sperm (total 6934 embryos) evaluated using PGT-A between January 2016 and April 2018 in a global population across all Igenomix centers were included. No significant association was identified between advancing paternal age and the prevalence of embryo aneuploidy overall and when analyzing for each chromosome. There was also no significant association between advancing paternal age and specific aneuploid conditions (monosomy, trisomy, partial deletion/duplication) for all chromosomes in the genome. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study of its kind in an international patient population to evaluate the impact of advancing paternal age on embryo aneuploidy. We conclude there is no specific effect of paternal age on the prevalence of embryo aneuploidy in the context of embryo biopsies from egg donor cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carrasquillo
- Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 145 Rosemary Street, C-1, Needham, MA, 02494, USA. .,Igenomix, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Taylor P Kohn
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL, USA
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14
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Pacchierotti F, Masumura K, Eastmond DA, Elhajouji A, Froetschl R, Kirsch-Volders M, Lynch A, Schuler M, Tweats D, Marchetti F. Chemically induced aneuploidy in germ cells. Part II of the report of the 2017 IWGT workgroup on assessing the risk of aneugens for carcinogenesis and hereditary diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 848:403023. [PMID: 31708072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As part of the 7th International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing held in Tokyo, Japan in November 2017, a workgroup of experts reviewed and assessed the risk of aneugens for human health. The present manuscript is one of three manuscripts from the workgroup and reports on the unanimous consensus reached on the evidence for aneugens affecting germ cells, their mechanisms of action and role in hereditary diseases. There are 24 chemicals with strong or sufficient evidence for germ cell aneugenicity providing robust support for the ability of chemicals to induce germ cell aneuploidy. Interference with microtubule dynamics or inhibition of topoisomerase II function are clear characteristics of germ cell aneugens. Although there are mechanisms of chromosome segregation that are unique to germ cells, there is currently no evidence for germ cell-specific aneugens. However, the available data are heavily skewed toward chemicals that are aneugenic in somatic cells. Development of high-throughput screening assays in suitable animal models for exploring additional targets for aneuploidy induction, such as meiosis-specific proteins, and to prioritize chemicals for the potential to be germ cell aneugens is encouraged. Evidence in animal models support that: oocytes are more sensitive than spermatocytes and somatic cells to aneugens; exposure to aneugens leads to aneuploid conceptuses; and, the frequencies of aneuploidy are similar in germ cells and zygotes. Although aneuploidy in germ cells is a significant cause of infertility and pregnancy loss in humans, there is currently limited evidence that aneugens induce hereditary diseases in human populations because the great majority of aneuploid conceptuses die in utero. Overall, the present work underscores the importance of protecting the human population from exposure to chemicals that can induce aneuploidy in germ cells that, in contrast to carcinogenicity, is directly linked to an adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pacchierotti
- Health Protection Technology Division, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - David A Eastmond
- Department of Molecular, Cell and System Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Azeddine Elhajouji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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15
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Simard M, Laprise C, Girard SL. Impact of Paternal Age at Conception on Human Health. Clin Chem 2019; 65:146-152. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.294421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The effect of maternal age at conception on various aspects of offspring health is well documented and often discussed. We seldom hear about the paternal age effect on offspring health, although the link is now almost as solid as with maternal age. The causes behind this, however, are drastically different between males and females.
CONTENT
In this review article, we will first examine documented physiological changes linked to paternal age effect. We will start with all morphological aspects of the testis that have been shown to be altered with aging. We will then move on to all the parameters of spermatogenesis that are linked with paternal age at conception. The biggest part of this review will focus on genetic changes associated with paternal age effects. Several studies that have established a strong link between paternal age at conception and the rate of de novo mutations will be reviewed. We will next discuss paternal age effects associated with telomere length and try to better understand the seemingly contradictory results. Finally, severe diseases that affect brain functions and normal development have been associated with older paternal age at conception. In this context, we will discuss the cases of autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, as well as several childhood cancers.
SUMMARY
In many Western civilizations, the age at which parents have their first child has increased substantially in recent decades. It is important to summarize major health issues associated with an increased paternal age at conception to better model public health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Simard
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Simon L Girard
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
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16
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Kanakis GA, Nieschlag E. Klinefelter syndrome: more than hypogonadism. Metabolism 2018; 86:135-144. [PMID: 29382506 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most frequent chromosome disorder in males (1:650 newborn males), defined by 47,XXY karyotype. The classical phenotype is that of a tall male with relatively long legs, small, firm testes and gynecomastia. Azoospermia and infertility are almost inevitably present, but may be overcome by TESE and ICSI. Nevertheless, a broad spectrum of phenotypes has been described and more than 70% of the actually existing KS men may remain undiagnosed throughout their lifespan. Accordingly, hypogonadism is usually not evident until early adulthood and progresses with ageing. KS patients present a series of comorbidities that increase morbidity and mortality by 40%. Such disturbances are the impaired metabolic profile (obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance) and a tendency to thrombosis, which all favor cardiovascular disease. They also present susceptibility for specific neoplasias (breast cancer, extragonadal germ cell tumors), autoimmune diseases as well as osteoporosis and bone fractures. Moreover, KS has been associated with verbal processing and attention deficits as well as social skill impairments, leading KS individuals to academic and professional achievements inferior to those of their peers of comparable socio-economic status. Nevertheless, the majority fall within the average range regarding their intellectual abilities and adaptive functioning. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is the mainstay of treatment in hypogonadal KS patients; however, randomized trials are needed to determine optimal therapeutic regimens and follow-up schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Kanakis
- Department of Endocrinology, Athens Naval & VA Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eberhard Nieschlag
- University Hospital of Muenster, Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Domagkstraße 11, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
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17
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Gat I, Tang K, Quach K, Kuznyetsov V, Antes R, Filice M, Zohni K, Librach C. Sperm DNA fragmentation index does not correlate with blastocyst aneuploidy or morphological grading. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179002. [PMID: 28591199 PMCID: PMC5462460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High DNA fragmentation index (DFI) may be associated with poor outcome after IVF. Our aim was to determine whether DFI impacts blastocyst quality or clinical outcome. This retrospective study included 134 couples who underwent 177 IVF-ICSI and pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS) cycles during January 1st, 2014—March 31st, 2016 and had documented previous DFI. Group 1 (DFI>30%) encompassed 25 couples who underwent 36 cycles; Group 2 (DFI 15–30%) included 45 couples and 57 cycles; group 3 (DFI<15%) included 64 couples and 83 cycles. Male partners within group 1 were older (45.1 compared to 40.6 and 38.3 years, respectively, p<0.05), had higher BMI (32.4 compared to 26.6 and 25.8 respectively, p<0.05) and lower sperm count and motility (46*106/ml and 35.5%, respectively) compared to groups 2 (61.8*106/ml and 46.6%, respectively) and 3 (75.8*106/ml and 55.1%, respectively, p<0.05). Female parameters including ovarian reserve and response and embryo development were similar. Total numbers of biopsied blastocysts were 116, 175 and 259 in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. PGS for 24 chromosomes revealed comparable euploidy rate of 46–50.4%, with a similar morphological classification. No significant differences were found regarding pregnancy rates or pregnancy loss. It seems that DFI doesn't correlate with blastocyst aneuploidy or morphological grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Gat
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pinchas Borenstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Ran Antes
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Clifford Librach
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Gynecology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Bonomi M, Rochira V, Pasquali D, Balercia G, Jannini EA, Ferlin A. Klinefelter syndrome (KS): genetics, clinical phenotype and hypogonadism. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:123-134. [PMID: 27644703 PMCID: PMC5269463 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is characterized by an extreme heterogeneity in its clinical and genetic presentation. The relationship between clinical phenotype and genetic background has been partially disclosed; nevertheless, physicians are aware that several aspects concerning this issue are far to be fully understood. By improving our knowledge on the role of some genetic aspects as well as on the KS, patients' interindividual differences in terms of health status will result in a better management of this chromosomal disease. The aim of this review is to provide an update on both genetic and clinical phenotype and their interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - V Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy.
- Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy.
| | - D Pasquali
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Balercia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - E A Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ferlin
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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19
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El Yakoubi W, Wassmann K. Meiotic Divisions: No Place for Gender Equality. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1002:1-17. [PMID: 28600780 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57127-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms the fusion of two gametes with a haploid set of chromosomes leads to the formation of the zygote, the first cell of the embryo. Accurate execution of the meiotic cell division to generate a female and a male gamete is required for the generation of healthy offspring harboring the correct number of chromosomes. Unfortunately, meiosis is error prone. This has severe consequences for fertility and under certain circumstances, health of the offspring. In humans, female meiosis is extremely error prone. In this chapter we will compare male and female meiosis in humans to illustrate why and at which frequency errors occur, and describe how this affects pregnancy outcome and health of the individual. We will first introduce key notions of cell division in meiosis and how they differ from mitosis, followed by a detailed description of the events that are prone to errors during the meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warif El Yakoubi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris, 75252, France.,CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, 75252, France
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris, 75252, France. .,CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, 75252, France.
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20
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Donate A, Estop AM, Giraldo J, Templado C. Paternal Age and Numerical Chromosome Abnormalities in Human Spermatozoa. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:241-8. [PMID: 27322585 DOI: 10.1159/000446724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between numerical chromosome abnormalities in sperm and age in healthy men. We performed FISH in the spermatozoa of 10 donors from the general population: 5 men younger than 40 years of age and 5 fertile men older than 60 years of age. For each chromosome, 1,000 sperm nuclei were analyzed, with a total of 15,000 sperm nuclei for each donor. We used a single sperm sample per donor, thus minimizing intra-donor variability and optimizing consistent analysis. FISH with a TelVysion assay, which provides data on aneuploidy of 19 chromosomes, was used in order to gain a more genome-wide perspective of the level of aneuploidy. Aneuploidy and diploidy rates observed in the younger and older groups were compared. There were no significant differences in the incidence of autosomal disomy, sex chromosome disomy, total chromosome disomy, diploidy, nor total numerical abnormalities between younger and older men. This work confirms that aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes is more common than that of autosomes and that this does not change with age. Our results suggest that some probe combinations have a tendency to indicate higher levels of diploidy, thus potentially affecting FISH results and highlighting the limitations of FISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Donate
- Unitat de Biologia Celx00B7;lular i Genx00E8;tica Mx00E8;dica, Departament de Biologia Celx00B7;lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Abstract
The paternal contribution to fertilization and embryogenesis is frequently overlooked as the spermatozoon is often considered to be a silent vessel whose only function is to safely deliver the paternal genome to the maternal oocyte. In this article, we hope to demonstrate that this perception is far from the truth. Typically, infertile men have been unable to conceive naturally (or through regular IVF), and therefore, a perturbation of the genetic integrity of sperm heads in infertile males has been under-considered. The advent of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) however has led to very successful treatment of male factor infertility and subsequent widespread use in IVF clinics worldwide. Until recently, little concern has been raised about the genetic quality of sperm in ICSI patients or the impact genetic aberrations could have on fertility and embryogenesis. This review highlights the importance of chromatin packaging in the sperm nucleus as essential for the establishment and maintenance of a viable pregnancy.
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22
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McCoy RC, Demko ZP, Ryan A, Banjevic M, Hill M, Sigurjonsson S, Rabinowitz M, Petrov DA. Evidence of Selection against Complex Mitotic-Origin Aneuploidy during Preimplantation Development. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005601. [PMID: 26491874 PMCID: PMC4619652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-chromosome imbalances affect over half of early human embryos and are the leading cause of pregnancy loss. While these errors frequently arise in oocyte meiosis, many such whole-chromosome abnormalities affecting cleavage-stage embryos are the result of chromosome missegregation occurring during the initial mitotic cell divisions. The first wave of zygotic genome activation at the 4-8 cell stage results in the arrest of a large proportion of embryos, the vast majority of which contain whole-chromosome abnormalities. Thus, the full spectrum of meiotic and mitotic errors can only be detected by sampling after the initial cell divisions, but prior to this selective filter. Here, we apply 24-chromosome preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) to 28,052 single-cell day-3 blastomere biopsies and 18,387 multi-cell day-5 trophectoderm biopsies from 6,366 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. We precisely characterize the rates and patterns of whole-chromosome abnormalities at each developmental stage and distinguish errors of meiotic and mitotic origin without embryo disaggregation, based on informative chromosomal signatures. We show that mitotic errors frequently involve multiple chromosome losses that are not biased toward maternal or paternal homologs. This outcome is characteristic of spindle abnormalities and chaotic cell division detected in previous studies. In contrast to meiotic errors, our data also show that mitotic errors are not significantly associated with maternal age. PGS patients referred due to previous IVF failure had elevated rates of mitotic error, while patients referred due to recurrent pregnancy loss had elevated rates of meiotic error, controlling for maternal age. These results support the conclusion that mitotic error is the predominant mechanism contributing to pregnancy losses occurring prior to blastocyst formation. This high-resolution view of the full spectrum of whole-chromosome abnormalities affecting early embryos provides insight into the cytogenetic mechanisms underlying their formation and the consequences for human fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv C. McCoy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Allison Ryan
- Natera, Inc., San Carlos, California, United States of America
| | - Milena Banjevic
- Natera, Inc., San Carlos, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hill
- Natera, Inc., San Carlos, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Dmitri A. Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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23
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Iwarsson E, Kvist U, Hultén MA. Disomy 21 in spermatozoa and the paternal origin of trisomy 21 Down syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:67. [PMID: 26300975 PMCID: PMC4545544 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trisomy 21 Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause for congenital malformations and intellectual disability. It is well known that in the outstanding majority of cases the extra chromosome 21 originates from the mother but only in less than 10 % from the father. The mechanism underlying this striking difference in parental origin of Trisomy 21 Down syndrome is still unknown. However, it seems likely that the main reason is a much higher stringency in the elimination of any trisomy 21 cells during fetal testicular than ovarian development. We have here focussed attention on the paternal gametic output, i.e. the incidence of disomy 21 in spermatozoa. Results We have used fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) to determine the copy number of chromosome 21 in spermatozoa from 11 men with normal spermiograms. Due to the well-known risk of false positive and false negative signals using a single FISH probe, we have applied two chromosome 21q probes, and we have added a chromosome 18-specific probe to allow differentiation between disomy 21 and diploidy. Analysing a total number of 2000 spermatozoa per case, we documented an average incidence of disomy 21 at 0.13 %, with a range of 0.00-0.25 % and a SD of 0.08. There was no indication of diploidy in this cohort of 22,000 sperm. Conclusion Numerous previous studies on the incidence of disomy 21 in sperm have been published, using FISH. As far as we are aware, none of these have applied more than a single chromosome 21-specific probe. Accepting our mean of 0.13 % of disomy 21, and providing there is no selective fertilisation capability of disomy 21 sperm in relation to the normal, we conclude that around 1 in 800 conceptions is expected to be trisomic for chromosome 21 of paternal origin. Bearing in mind that the maternal origin likely is at least 10 times more common, we tentatively propose that around 1 in 80 oocytes in the maternal ovarian reserve may be disomy 21. One reason for this discrepancy may be a more stringent selection against aberrant chromosome numbers during spermatogenesis than oogenesis. Further work is required to determine the relevant stages of spermatogenesis at which such a selection may take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Iwarsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Kvist
- Centre for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maj A Hultén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Increasing live birth rate by preimplantation genetic screening of pooled polar bodies using array comparative genomic hybridization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128317. [PMID: 26024488 PMCID: PMC4449032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic errors during oocyte maturation are considered the major contributors to embryonic aneuploidy and failures in human IVF treatment. Various technologies have been developed to screen polar bodies, blastomeres and trophectoderm cells for chromosomal aberrations. Array-CGH analysis using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) arrays is widely applied for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) using single cells. Recently, an increase in the pregnancy rate has been demonstrated using array-CGH to evaluate trophectoderm cells. However, in some countries, the analysis of embryonic cells is restricted by law. Therefore, we used BAC array-CGH to assess the impact of polar body analysis on the live birth rate. A disadvantage of polar body aneuploidy screening is the necessity of the analysis of both the first and second polar bodies, resulting in increases in costs for the patient and complex data interpretation. Aneuploidy screening results may sometimes be ambiguous if the first and second polar bodies show reciprocal chromosomal aberrations. To overcome this disadvantage, we tested a strategy involving the pooling of DNA from both polar bodies before DNA amplification. We retrospectively studied 351 patients, of whom 111 underwent polar body array-CGH before embryo transfer. In the group receiving pooled polar body array-CGH (aCGH) analysis, 110 embryos were transferred, and 29 babies were born, corresponding to live birth rates of 26.4% per embryo and 35.7% per patient. In contrast, in the control group, the IVF treatment was performed without preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). For this group, 403 embryos were transferred, and 60 babies were born, resulting in live birth rates of 14.9% per embryo and 22.7% per patient. In conclusion, our data show that in the aCGH group, the use of aneuploidy screening resulted in a significantly higher live birth rate compared with the control group, supporting the benefit of PGS for IVF couples in addition to the suitability and effectiveness of our polar body pooling strategy.
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Ramasamy R, Chiba K, Butler P, Lamb DJ. Male biological clock: a critical analysis of advanced paternal age. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:1402-6. [PMID: 25881878 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research defines the impact of advanced maternal age on couples' fecundity and reproductive outcomes, but significantly less research has been focused on understanding the impact of advanced paternal age. Yet it is increasingly common for couples at advanced ages to conceive children. Limited research suggests that the importance of paternal age is significantly less than that of maternal age, but advanced age of the father is implicated in a variety of conditions affecting the offspring. This review examines three aspects of advanced paternal age: the potential problems with conception and pregnancy that couples with advanced paternal age may encounter, the concept of discussing a limit to paternal age in a clinical setting, and the risks of diseases associated with advanced paternal age. As paternal age increases, it presents no absolute barrier to conception, but it does present greater risks and complications. The current body of knowledge does not justify dissuading older men from trying to initiate a pregnancy, but the medical community must do a better job of communicating to couples the current understanding of the risks of conception with advanced paternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Ramasamy
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Koji Chiba
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter Butler
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dolores J Lamb
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Spreiz A, Kotzot D. Gonosomale Mosaike. MED GENET-BERLIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-014-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Aberrationen der Geschlechtschromosomen sind mit einer Inzidenz von ca. 0,2 % bei Neugeborenen von großer Relevanz. Häufig liegen sie in Form von numerischen und/oder strukturellen Mosaiken vor. Vor allem aufgrund der variablen Verteilung in verschiedenen Geweben ist die Genotyp-Phänotyp-Korrelation schwierig, was besonders bei pränatalen Befunden eine große Herausforderung darstellt und eine genetische Beratung erforderlich macht. Gonosomale Mosaike führen im weiblichen Geschlecht häufig zu den klinischen Symptomen des Turner-Syndroms (v. a. Kleinwuchs und Infertilität) einem potentiell erhöhten Gonadoblastomrisiko bei Vorhandensein einer XY-Zelllinie. Im männlichen Geschlecht sind Klinefelter-Mosaike ebenfalls häufig (bis ca. 20 %). Mosaike für die Karyotypen 47,XXX und 47,XYY werden seltener beobachtet; dies dürfte auch durch den geringen Krankheitswert und die daraus seltener resultierende Untersuchungsindikation begründet sein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Spreiz
- Aff1 grid.5361.1 0000000088532677 Sektion Humangenetik, Department für Medizinische Genetik, Molekulare und Klinische Pharmakologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Peter-Mayr-Str. 1 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - D. Kotzot
- Aff1 grid.5361.1 0000000088532677 Sektion Humangenetik, Department für Medizinische Genetik, Molekulare und Klinische Pharmakologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Peter-Mayr-Str. 1 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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Chatziparasidou A, Christoforidis N, Samolada G, Nijs M. Sperm aneuploidy in infertile male patients: a systematic review of the literature. Andrologia 2014; 47:847-60. [PMID: 25352353 DOI: 10.1111/and.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Males with abnormal karyotypes and subgroups of fertile and infertile males with normal karyotypes may be at risk of producing unbalanced or aneuploid spermatozoa. Biological, clinical, environmental and other factors may also cause additional sperm aneuploidy. However, increased risk of sperm aneuploidy is directly related to chromosomally abnormal embryo production and hence to poor reproductive potential. This systemic literature review focuses on the identification of these males because this is an essential step in the context of assisted reproduction. This research may allow for a more personalised and, hence, more accurate estimation of the risk involved in each case, which in turn will aid genetic counselling for affected couples and help with informed decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chatziparasidou
- Embryolab SA, IVF Unit, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Embryolab Academy, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Christoforidis
- Embryolab SA, IVF Unit, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Embryolab Academy, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Samolada
- Embryolab SA, IVF Unit, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Nijs
- Embryolab SA, IVF Unit, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Embryolab Academy, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Stern JE, Luke B, Hornstein MD, Cabral H, Gopal D, Diop H, Kotelchuck M. The effect of father's age in fertile, subfertile, and assisted reproductive technology pregnancies: a population based cohort study. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:1437-44. [PMID: 25193289 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare ages of mothers and of fathers at delivery in couples who are fertile, subfertile, and subfertile treated with assisted reproductive technology (ART) and to characterize birth outcomes in the ART population according to paternal age. METHODS Live birth deliveries in Massachusetts between July, 2004 and December, 2008 were identified from vital records and categorized by maternal fertility status and treatment as ART, subfertile or fertile. The ART births were linked to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System (SART CORS) database to obtain cycle-specific treatment data. Parental ages were obtained from birth certificates. Age of mothers and fathers were compared using ANOVA for continuous measures and χ (2) for categories. Risks of prematurity (<37 weeks), low birthweight (<2,500 g), and low birthweight z-score (small for gestatational age, SGA) were modeled using logistic regression by categories of paternal age as adjusted odds ratios and 95 % CI. RESULTS The study population included 9,092 ART, 6,238 subfertile, and 318,816 fertile deliveries. Paternal ages in the ART and subfertile groups were similar and differed significantly from those of the fertile group. Maternal age in the ART and subfertile groups averaged 5-6 years older than their fertile counterparts and fathers averaged 4-5 years older with twice as many being older than 37. The risks for prematurity, low birthweight and SGA did not increase with increasing paternal age. CONCLUSIONS Fathers in ART- treated and subfertile couples are older than in their fertile counterparts. Older paternal age was not assoicated with increased risk for prematurity, low birthweight, or SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy E Stern
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA,
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Hou Y, Fan W, Yan L, Li R, Lian Y, Huang J, Li J, Xu L, Tang F, Xie XS, Qiao J. Genome analyses of single human oocytes. Cell 2014; 155:1492-506. [PMID: 24360273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell genome analyses of human oocytes are important for meiosis research and preimplantation genomic screening. However, the nonuniformity of single-cell whole-genome amplification hindered its use. Here, we demonstrate genome analyses of single human oocytes using multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycle (MALBAC)-based sequencing technology. By sequencing the triads of the first and second polar bodies (PB1 and PB2) and the oocyte pronuclei from same female egg donors, we phase the genomes of these donors with detected SNPs and determine the crossover maps of their oocytes. Our data exhibit an expected crossover interference and indicate a weak chromatid interference. Further, the genome of the oocyte pronucleus, including information regarding aneuploidy and SNPs in disease-associated alleles, can be accurately deduced from the genomes of PB1 and PB2. The MALBAC-based preimplantation genomic screening in in vitro fertilization (IVF) enables accurate and cost-effective selection of normal fertilized eggs for embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hou
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liying Yan
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Li
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Lian
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinsen Li
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liya Xu
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - X Sunney Xie
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Jie Qiao
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China.
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Fertilität bei Männern über 40 Jahren. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-013-0581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Increasing age in a woman is a well-documented risk factor for meiotic errors, but the effect of paternal age is less clear. Although it is generally agreed that spermatogenesis declines with age, the mechanisms that account for this remain unclear. Because meiosis involves a complex and tightly regulated series of processes that include DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulation, we postulated that the effects of age might be evident as an increase in the frequency of meiotic errors. Accordingly, we analyzed spermatogenesis in male mice of different ages, examining meiotic chromosome dynamics in spermatocytes at prophase, at metaphase I, and at metaphase II. Our analyses demonstrate that recombination levels are reduced in the first wave of spermatogenesis in juvenile mice but increase in older males. We also observed age-dependent increases in XY chromosome pairing failure at pachytene and in the frequency of prematurely separated autosomal homologs at metaphase I. However, we found no evidence of an age-related increase in aneuploidy at metaphase II, indicating that cells harboring meiotic errors are eliminated by cycle checkpoint mechanisms, regardless of paternal age. Taken together, our data suggest that advancing paternal age affects pairing, synapsis, and recombination between homologous chromosomes--and likely results in reduced sperm counts due to germ cell loss--but is not an important contributor to aneuploidy.
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Delhanty JDA. The origins of genetic variation between individual human oocytes and embryos: implications for infertility. HUM FERTIL 2013; 16:241-5. [DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2013.843792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Later parenting is considered by many to have advantages, parents-to-be may feel themselves more stable to rear children. In addition, many men start a second family later in life. Thus, paternal age becomes an emerging issue. Aging affects male fertility by a scope of factors, which are not fully understood to date. Generally, the amount of produced sperm cells as well as their motility decreases with age, as testicular histological architecture deteriorates. Decreased fecundity and an increased risk for disturbed pregnancies occur with advancing paternal age. Some rare autosomal dominant pathologies are clearly related to paternal age. Altered patterns of epigenetics/gene expression in aging sperm seem to affect a range of neurocognitive disorders and also metabolic dyshomeostasis across generations. Such effects refer to men older than 40 years and may have impact on socio-economic issues. Nevertheless, councelling of older men seeking paternity should be patient-oriented and weigh statistical probabilities against the right for individual life-planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zitzmann
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical Andrology, Domagkstrasse 11, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Templado C, Uroz L, Estop A. New insights on the origin and relevance of aneuploidy in human spermatozoa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:634-43. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Maiburg M, Repping S, Giltay J. The genetic origin of Klinefelter syndrome and its effect on spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:253-60. [PMID: 22749222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome is the most prevalent chromosome abnormality and genetic cause of azoospermia in males. The availability of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has allowed men with Klinefelter syndrome to father their own genetic offspring. When providing ART to men with Klinefelter syndrome, it is important to be able to counsel them properly on both the chance of finding sperm and the potential effects on their offspring. The aim of this review is twofold: [1] to describe the genetic etiology of Klinefelter syndrome and [2] to describe how spermatogenesis occurs in men with Klinefelter syndrome and the consequences this has for children born from men with Klinefelter syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Maiburg
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Agopian AJ, Marengo LK, Mitchell LE. Predictors of trisomy 21 in the offspring of older and younger women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 94:31-5. [PMID: 22125229 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced maternal age is the only well-established risk factor for trisomy 21, yet the majority of affected individuals are born to younger women. To identify factors associated with the risk of trisomy 21 in the offspring of younger and older women, we analyzed data for cases with trisomy 21 from the Texas Birth Defects Registry for 1999 to 2007. METHODS Data were analyzed separately for younger (i.e., <35 years of age at delivery; n = 2306) and older (i.e., ≥ 35 years of age at delivery; n = 1811) women using Poisson regression. RESULTS After adjustment for maternal age and several other covariates, the prevalence of trisomy 21 in the offspring of women in both maternal age groups was higher in male than in female infants and in offspring of women who were Hispanic (compared with non-Hispanic white women) or who had at least one previous liveborn child compared to those with none. In the offspring of older women only, the prevalence of trisomy 21 was also significantly higher when the father was 20 to 24 years old (compared with 25 to 29 years old; adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47-3.49) and Hispanic (compared with non-Hispanic white; aPR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.13-1.58) and among women with less than a high school education (compared with greater than high school). CONCLUSIONS This study identified several factors, in addition to maternal age, that were associated with trisomy 21 risk. In general, these factors were similar for both maternal age groups, although paternal characteristics were significantly associated with risk of trisomy 21 only in offspring of older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Agopian
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
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