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Establishing Co-Culture Blood–Brain Barrier Models for Different Neurodegeneration Conditions to Understand Its Effect on BBB Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065283. [PMID: 36982361 PMCID: PMC10049378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a functional interface that provides selective permeability, protection from toxic substances, transport of nutrients, and clearance of brain metabolites. Additionally, BBB disruption has been shown to play a role in many neurodegenerative conditions and diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a functional, convenient, and efficient in vitro co-cultured BBB model that can be used for several physiological conditions related to BBB disruption. Mouse brain-derived endothelial (bEnd.3) and astrocyte (C8-D1A) cells were co-cultured on transwell membranes to establish an intact and functional in vitro model. The co-cultured model and its effects on different neurological diseases and stress conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), neuroinflammation, and obesity, have been examined by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran, and tight junction protein analyses. Scanning electron microscope images showed evidence of astrocyte end-feet processes passing through the membrane of the transwell. Moreover, the co-cultured model showed effective barrier properties in the TEER, FITC, and solvent persistence and leakage tests when compared to the mono-cultured model. Additionally, the immunoblot results showed that the expression of tight junction proteins such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5, and occludin-1 was enhanced in the co-culture. Lastly, under disease conditions, the BBB structural and functional integrity was decreased. The present study demonstrated that the co-cultured in vitro model mimicked the BBB’s structural and functional integrity and, under disease conditions, the co-cultured model showed similar BBB damages. Therefore, the present in vitro BBB model can be used as a convenient and efficient experimental tool to investigate a wide range of BBB-related pathological and physiological studies.
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Xiao K, Zhou M, Lv Q, He P, Qin X, Wang D, Zhao J, Liu Y. Protocatechuic acid and quercetin attenuate ETEC-caused IPEC-1 cell inflammation and injury associated with inhibition of necroptosis and pyroptosis signaling pathways. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 36721159 PMCID: PMC9890695 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necroptosis and pyroptosis are newly identified forms of programmed cell death, which play a vital role in development of many gastrointestinal disorders. Although plant polyphenols have been reported to protect intestinal health, it is still unclear whether there is a beneficial role of plant polyphenols in modulating necroptosis and pyroptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-1) infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88. This research was conducted to explore whether plant polyphenols including protocatechuic acid (PCA) and quercetin (Que), attenuated inflammation and injury of IPEC-1 caused by ETEC K88 through regulating necroptosis and pyroptosis signaling pathways. METHODS IPEC-1 cells were treated with PCA (40 μmol/L) or Que (10 μmol/L) in the presence or absence of ETEC K88. RESULTS PCA and Que decreased ETEC K88 adhesion and endotoxin level (P < 0.05) in cell supernatant. PCA and Que increased cell number (P < 0.001) and decreased lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) activity (P < 0.05) in cell supernatant after ETEC infection. PCA and Que improved transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (P < 0.001) and reduced fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD4) flux (P < 0.001), and enhanced membrane protein abundance of occludin, claudin-1 and ZO-1 (P < 0.05), and rescued distribution of these tight junction proteins (P < 0.05) after ETEC infection. PCA and Que also declined cell necrosis ratio (P < 0.05). PCA and Que reduced mRNA abundance and concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 (P < 0.001), and down-regulated gene expression of toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) and its downstream signals (P < 0.001) after ETEC infection. PCA and Que down-regulated protein abundance of total receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (t-RIP1), phosphorylated-RIP1 (p-RIP1), p-RIP1/t-RIP1, t-RIP3, p-RIP3, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), p-MLKL, dynamin- related protein 1 (DRP1), phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) (P < 0.05) after ETEC infection. Moreover, PCA and Que reduced protein abundance of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), nod-like receptors family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), gasdermin D (GSDMD) and caspase-1 (P < 0.05) after ETEC infection. CONCLUSIONS In general, our data suggest that PCA and Que are capable of attenuating ETEC-caused intestinal inflammation and damage via inhibiting necroptosis and pyroptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xiao
- grid.412969.10000 0004 1798 1968Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohan Zhou
- grid.412969.10000 0004 1798 1968Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Lv
- grid.412969.10000 0004 1798 1968Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengwei He
- grid.412969.10000 0004 1798 1968Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Qin
- grid.412969.10000 0004 1798 1968Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- grid.412969.10000 0004 1798 1968Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- grid.411017.20000 0001 2151 0999Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Yulan Liu
- grid.412969.10000 0004 1798 1968Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 People’s Republic of China
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Bai J, Li J, Liu N, Jia H, Si X, Zhai Z, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Ren F, Wu Z. Glucosamine alleviates zearalenone damage to porcine trophectoderm cells by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Food Funct 2022; 13:7857-7870. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00928e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As one of the mycotoxins commonly found in feed and food, zearalenone (ZEA) mainly harms the reproductive functions of humans and animals. In our study, we investigated the protective effects...
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Bertero A, Augustyniak J, Buzanska L, Caloni F. Species-specific models in toxicology: in vitro epithelial barriers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 70:103203. [PMID: 31176950 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Species-specific in vitro epithelial barriers represent interesting predictive tools for risk assessment evaluation in toxicological studies. Moreover, these models could be applied either as stand-alone methods for the study of absorption, bioavailability, excretion, transport, effects of xenobiotics, or through an Integrated Testing Strategy. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of in vitro species-specific epithelial barrier models from bovine, dog and swine. Bovine mammary epithelial barrier as a fundamental instrument for the evaluation of the toxicant excretion, the blood brain barrier as a useful first approach in toxicological and pharmacological studies, the porcine intestinal barrier, the canine skin barrier, and finally the pulmonary barrier from bovine and swine species are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertero
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET) Milan, Italy
| | - J Augustyniak
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Buzanska
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - F Caloni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET) Milan, Italy.
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Kaiser A, Willer T, Steinberg P, Rautenschlein S. Establishment of an In Vitro Intestinal Epithelial Cell Culture Model of Avian Origin. Avian Dis 2017; 61:229-236. [DOI: 10.1637/11524-110216-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kaiser
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Willer
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Building 123, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
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HUIEC, Human intestinal epithelial cell line with differentiated properties: process of isolation and characterisation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127 Suppl 5:S204-9. [PMID: 25821058 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is composed of diverse cell types, most abundant being the enterocytes. Among other functions, they maintain the intestinal barrier and play a critical role in the absorption of nutrients, drugs and toxins. This study describes the development and characterization of human intestinal epithelial cells (HUIEC), a spontaneously arising cell line established by selective trypsinization and cloning of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in a uniform population of highly epithelial cells with a strong growth potential.
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Zakrzewski SS, Richter JF, Krug SM, Jebautzke B, Lee IFM, Rieger J, Sachtleben M, Bondzio A, Schulzke JD, Fromm M, Günzel D. Improved cell line IPEC-J2, characterized as a model for porcine jejunal epithelium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79643. [PMID: 24260272 PMCID: PMC3829867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lines matching the source epithelium are indispensable for investigating porcine intestinal transport and barrier properties on a subcellular or molecular level and furthermore help to reduce animal usage. The porcine jejunal cell line IPEC-J2 is established as an in vitro model for porcine infection studies but exhibits atypically high transepithelial resistances (TER) and only low active transport rates so that the effect of nutritional factors cannot be reliably investigated. This study aimed to properly remodel IPEC-J2 and then to re-characterize these cells regarding epithelial architecture, expression of barrier-relevant tight junction (TJ) proteins, adequate TER and transport function, and reaction to secretagogues. For this, IPEC-J2 monolayers were cultured on permeable supports, either under conventional (fetal bovine serum, FBS) or species-specific (porcine serum, PS) conditions. Porcine jejunal mucosa was analyzed for comparison. Main results were that under PS conditions (IPEC-J2/PS), compared to conventional FBS culture (IPEC-J2/FBS), the cell height increased 6-fold while the cell diameter was reduced by 50%. The apical cell membrane of IPEC-J2/PS exhibited typical microvilli. Most importantly, PS caused a one order of magnitude reduction of TER and of trans- and paracellular resistance, and a 2-fold increase in secretory response to forskolin when compared to FBS condition. TJ ultrastructure and appearance of TJ proteins changed dramatically in IPEC-J2/PS. Most parameters measured under PS conditions were much closer to those of typical pig jejunocytes than ever reported since the cell line’s initial establishment in 1989. In conclusion, IPEC-J2, if cultured under defined species-specific conditions, forms a suitable model for investigating porcine paracellular intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke S. Zakrzewski
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F. Richter
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Jebautzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - In-Fah M. Lee
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Rieger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Sachtleben
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Bondzio
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D. Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: correspondence:
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Lesko S, Wessler I, Gäbel G, Petto C, Pfannkuche H. Cholinergic modulation of epithelial integrity in the proximal colon of pigs. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:411-20. [PMID: 23407109 DOI: 10.1159/000345437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the gut, acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesised by enteric neurons, as well as by 'non-neuronal' epithelial cells. In studies of non-intestinal epithelia, ACh was involved in the generation of an intact epithelial barrier. In the present study, primary cultured porcine colonocytes were used to determine whether treatment with exogenous ACh or expression of endogenous epithelium-derived ACh may modulate epithelial tightness in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Piglet colonocytes were cultured on filter membranes for 8 days. The tightness of the growing epithelial cell layer was evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). To determine whether ACh modulates the tightness of the cell layer, cells were treated with cholinergic, muscarinic and/or nicotinic agonists and antagonists. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cholinergic receptors and ACh were determined by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and HPLC, respectively. RESULTS Application of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (10 µm) and the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (10 µM) resulted in significantly higher TEER values compared to controls. The effect was completely inhibited by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Application of atropine alone (without any agonist) led to significantly lower TEER values compared to controls. Synthesis of ACh by epithelial cells was proven by detection of muscarinic and nicotinic receptor mRNAs, immunohistochemical detection of ChAT and detection of ACh by HPLC. CONCLUSION ACh is strongly involved in the regulation of epithelial tightness in the proximal colon of pigs via muscarinic pathways. Non-neuronal ACh seems to be of particular importance for epithelial cells forming a tight barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Lesko
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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