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Muthular M, Bálsamo F, Passero P, Jewtuchowicz V, Miozza V, Villalba MB, Brusca MI, Pérez C. Effects of tamoxifen on periodontal disease and Candida albicans of patients with breast cancer and other pathologies. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:129-137. [PMID: 30672328 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is involved in periodontal disease, which is influenced by sex hormones. AIM To study the effects of the estrogen antagonist tamoxifen (TAM) on periodontal disease of oncological patients; clinical oral strains of C. albicans. PATIENTS With periodontitis and breast cancer and other with AIDS were used. MATERIALS & METHODS Periodontal disease was evaluated by the academy of periodontology procedures and the growth of clinical C. albicans isolates were evaluated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute techniques. RESULTS Women who consumed TAM for more than 2 years decreased periodontitis severity. In vitro, TAM inhibited the growth of both fluconazole-sensitive and resistant C. albicans. CONCLUSION Administered TAM chronically improves periodontal health and has antifungal activity on oral strains isolated from patients with odontologic and medical pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Muthular
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, MT de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Bálsamo
- Cátedra de Radiología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, MT de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Passero
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, MT de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Jewtuchowicz
- Dirección médica, Centro Médico Austral OMI, Montevideo 955, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Miozza
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, MT de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Blanco Villalba
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, MT de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Brusca
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Pérez
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, MT de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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The susceptibility of Candida albicans strains to selected anticancer drugs and flucytosine, relevance of the presence of self-splicing intron in 25S rDNA. J Mycol Med 2018; 29:39-43. [PMID: 30545669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of intron 25S allows to divide the Candida albicans species into three subclasses (A, B, C). Intronless and intron harboring strains were reported to have different susceptibility to some drugs, for example to flucytosine and bleomycin. OBJECTIVES In this paper we tested the activity of selected antineoplastic agents, bleomycin, mitomycin C, dactinomycin and fluorouracil as well as antifungal drug flucytosine against 49 C. albicans isolates. Twenty-four strains used in this work contained intron, whereas twenty-five were intronless. METHODS The minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by the standard microdilution method according to EUCAST. RESULTS All of the tested agents showed antifungal activity. Bleomycin was the strongest with an average minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] of 15.5mg/L (range: 2-32), while the highest MIC was found for dactinomycin: 172.14mg/L (range: 128-256). Intron harboring strains seem to be more susceptible to bleomycin and flucytosine; however, differences were not statistically significant. The only two strains with elevated MICs for flucytosine were intronless. In contrast, the MIC of 5-fluorouracil was more than two times lower in intron harbouring strains comparing to intronless strains (P-value=0.0124). We found that the addition of folinate significantly increased the susceptibility of intronless strains to fluorouracil. MIC of fluorouracil decreased in this group from 58.24 (range: 16-256) to 16,78mg/L (2-64) after the supplementation of folinate. CONCLUSION The antifungal potential of tested substances, especially the simultaneous action of fluorouracil and folinate (combination used in oncology), is encouraging further research.
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Wakharde AA, Halbandge SD, Phule DB, Karuppayil SM. Anticancer Drugs as Antibiofilm Agents in Candida albicans: Potential Targets. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:232-246. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Anandrao Wakharde
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored) SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with “A” grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivkrupa Devrao Halbandge
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored) SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with “A” grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Datta Baburao Phule
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored) SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with “A” grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sankunny Mohan Karuppayil
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored) SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with “A” grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, India
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Ali A, Jadhav A, Jangid P, Patil R, Shelar A, Karuppayil SM. The human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, Dicyclomine targets signal transduction genes and inhibits the virulence factors in the human pathogen, Candida albicans. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2018; 71:456-466. [PMID: 29348527 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-017-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dicyclomine is a human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist used for the treatment of abdominal cramps. We are reporting here that dicyclomine can inhibit the in vitro growth and virulence factors of the human pathogen Candida albicans very effectively. Dicyclomine inhibited adhesion, early biofilm, mature biofilm, and planktonic growth. Yeast to hyphal form transition of C. albicans in various inducer media such as serum, proline, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine was inhibited. Dicyclomine also could kill C. albicans cells within 15 min of exposure. Dicyclomine appears to inhibit the yeast to hyphal conversion by affecting signal transduction pathway. The expression of selected genes associated with yeast to hyphal form transition in serum in presence of dicyclomine was studied using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RtPCR). The RtPCR analysis showed that dicyclomine targets both cAMP pathway as well as MAPK cascade. Eight genes were upregulated. Out of these, three major upregulated genes were Bcy1, Tup1, and Mig1. Dicyclomine downregulated Ume6, Ece1, and Pde2 genes which are involved in cAMP signaling pathway and also downregulated the DNA binding protein gene, Rfg1. Dicyclomine significantly upregulated the master negative regulator of hyphal formation, Tup1. Based on this study we suggest that the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, dicyclomine could be repositioned as a potential anti-Candida albicans as well as anti-virulence agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad Ali
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST&UGC-SAP Sponsored), SR TM University (NAAC Accredited with "A" grade), Nanded,, 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashwini Jadhav
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST&UGC-SAP Sponsored), SR TM University (NAAC Accredited with "A" grade), Nanded,, 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyanka Jangid
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST&UGC-SAP Sponsored), SR TM University (NAAC Accredited with "A" grade), Nanded,, 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajendra Patil
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST&UGC-SAP Sponsored), SR TM University (NAAC Accredited with "A" grade), Nanded,, 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amruta Shelar
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST&UGC-SAP Sponsored), SR TM University (NAAC Accredited with "A" grade), Nanded,, 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sankunny Mohan Karuppayil
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST&UGC-SAP Sponsored), SR TM University (NAAC Accredited with "A" grade), Nanded,, 431606, Maharashtra, India.
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Jadhav A, Bansode B, Phule D, Shelar A, Patil R, Gade W, Kharat K, Karuppayil SM. The antibacterial agent, moxifloxacin inhibits virulence factors of Candida albicans through multitargeting. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:96. [PMID: 28409362 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolines are broad spectrum fourth generation antibiotics. Some of the Fluoroquinolines exhibit antifungal activity. We are reporting the potential mechanism of action of a fluoroquinoline antibiotic, moxifloxacin on the growth, morphogenesis and biofilm formation of the human pathogen Candida albicans. Moxifloxacin was found to be Candidacidal in nature. Moxifloxacin seems to inhibit the yeast to Hyphal morphogenesis by affecting signaling pathways. It arrested the cell cycle of C. albicans at S phase. Docking of moxifloxacin with predicted structure of C. albicans DNA Topoisomerase II suggests that moxifloxacin may bind and inhibit the activity of DNA Topoisomerase II in C. albicans. Moxifloxacin could be used as a dual purpose antibiotic for treating mixed infections caused by bacteria as well as C. albicans. In addition chances of developing moxifloxacin resistance in C. albicans are less considering the fact that moxifloxacin may target multiple steps in yeast to hyphal transition in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Jadhav
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Sponsored), SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with 'A' Grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India
| | - Bhagyashree Bansode
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Sponsored), SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with 'A' Grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India
| | - Datta Phule
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Sponsored), SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with 'A' Grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India
| | - Amruta Shelar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune Univesity, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune Univesity, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Wasudev Gade
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune Univesity, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Kiran Kharat
- Department of Biotechnology, Deogiri College Aurangabad, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sankunny Mohan Karuppayil
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Sponsored), SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with 'A' Grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India.
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Kathwate GH, Shinde RB, Karuppayil SM. Antiepileptic Drugs Inhibit Growth, Dimorphism, and Biofilm Mode of Growth in Human Pathogen Candida albicans. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 13:307-12. [PMID: 26241210 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.29007.ghkdrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the potential of existing drugs for their unknown properties may offer advantages over conventional drug development by saving time and money. Candida albicans, an important human opportunist, shares many genetic properties with humans. This has encouraged us to study drugs that are not originally antifungals against C. albicans. In the present study, we have tested six antiepileptic drugs for their activities against C. albicans. Their effects on growth, time-dependent killing, yeast-to-hyphal form switching, and biofilms formation by C. albicans were studied. Out of the drugs studied, four drugs, which are γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists in humans, inhibited growth, yeast-to-hyphal form switching, and biofilm formation in C. albicans. Lorazepam inhibited growth of C. albicans at 25 μg/ml, followed by midazolam and diazepam (minimum inhibitory concentrations 100 and 400 μg/ml, respectively). Members from other group voltage-gated sodium channel blockers failed to inhibit C. albicans. Our study has identified GABA receptor agonists used in epileptic therapy as potential candidates for antifungal drug development against the human pathogen C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunderao H Kathwate
- DST-FIST- and UGC-SAP-Sponsored School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University , Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravikumar B Shinde
- DST-FIST- and UGC-SAP-Sponsored School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University , Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Mohan Karuppayil
- DST-FIST- and UGC-SAP-Sponsored School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University , Nanded, Maharashtra, India
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Kopecká M. Microtubules and Actin Cytoskeleton of Cryptococcus neoformans as Targets for Anticancer Agents to Potentiate a Novel Approach for New Antifungals. Chemotherapy 2015; 61:117-21. [PMID: 26650399 DOI: 10.1159/000437134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the targeting of microtubules (MT) and F-actin cytoskeleton (AC) of the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans with agents for cancer therapy, in order to examine whether this yeast cytoskeleton could become a new antifungal target for the inhibition of cell division. METHODS Cells treated with 10 cytoskeleton inhibitors in yeast extract peptone dextrose medium were investigated by phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy, and growth inhibition was estimated by cell counts using a Bürker chamber and measuring absorbance for 6 days. RESULTS Docetaxel, paclitaxel, vinblastine sulfate salt, cytochalasin D and chlorpropham [isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate] did not inhibit proliferation. The MT inhibitors methyl benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate (BCM), nocodazole, thiabendazole (TBZ) and vincristine (VINC) disrupted MT and inhibited mitoses, but anucleated buds emerged on cells that increased in size, vacuolated and seemed to die after 2 days. The response of the cells to the presence of the actin inhibitor latrunculin A (LA) included the disappearance of actin patches, actin cables and actin rings; this arrested budding and cell division. However, in 3-4 days, resistant budding cells appeared in all 5 inhibitors. Disruption of the MT and AC and inhibition of cell division and budding persisted only when the MT and AC inhibitors were combined, i.e. VINC + LA, BCM + LA or TBZ + LA. CONCLUSION The MT and AC of C. neoformans are new antifungal targets for the persistent inhibition of cell division by combined F-actin and MT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kopecká
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
ABSTRACT New antifungals are needed, particularly in the developing world, to treat life-threatening fungal infections, such as cryptococcosis. Drug repurposing is one strategy to identify new drug-like compounds, but it is often difficult to identify a mechanism of action. Here we discuss the outstanding effort by Butts et al. to identify calmodulin as an antifungal target of repurposed estrogen receptor antagonists [A. Butts, K. Koselny, Y. Chabrier-Roselló, C. P. Semighini, Y. C. S. Brown, et al., mBio 5(1):e00765-13, 2014, doi:10.1128/mBio.00765-13]. The authors show that these compounds bind to and directly inhibit fungal calmodulin and also reduce fungal burden in an animal disease model. These studies thus establish both the key preclinical efficacy and the antifungal mechanism of action, which will allow these compounds to progress toward development of novel antifungal therapies.
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Routh MM, Chauhan NM, Karuppayil SM. Cancer drugs inhibit morphogenesis in the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:855-9. [PMID: 24516452 PMCID: PMC3910200 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000300029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida infections are very common in cancer patients and it is a common practice to prescribe antifungal antibiotics along with anticancer drugs. Yeast to hyphal form switching is considered to be important in invasive candidiasis. Targeting morphogenetic switching may be useful against invasive candidiasis. In this study, we report the antimorphogenetic properties of thirty cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhushree M Routh
- DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored School of Life Sciences, SRTM University, MS, India
| | - Nitin M Chauhan
- DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored School of Life Sciences, SRTM University, MS, India
| | - S Mohan Karuppayil
- DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored School of Life Sciences, SRTM University, MS, India
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Rajput SB, Karuppayil SM. β-Asarone, an active principle of Acorus calamus rhizome, inhibits morphogenesis, biofilm formation and ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:139-142. [PMID: 23123225 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Candida potential of Acorus calamus rhizome and its active principle, β-asarone, was evaluated against the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. β-Asarone exhibited promising growth inhibitory activity at 0.5mg/ml and it was fungicidal at 8 mg/ml. Time dependant kill curve assay showed that MFC of β-asarone was highly toxic to C. albicans, killing 99.9% inoculum within 120 min of exposure. β-Asarone caused significant inhibition of C. albicans morphogenesis and biofilm development at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Our data indicate that the growth inhibitory activity of β-asarone might be through inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Hemolytic assay showed that β-asarone is non-toxic, even at concentrations approaching MIC value. Our results suggest that β-asarone may be safe as a topical antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep B Rajput
- DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored School of Life Sciences, SRTM University, Nanded 431606, MS, India
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Shinde RB, Rajput SB, Raut JS, Karuppayil SM. An in vitro repositioning study reveals antifungal potential of chloroquine to inhibit growth and morphogenesis in Candida albicans. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2013; 59:167-70. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.59.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Raut JS, Shinde RB, Chauhan NM, Karuppayil SM. Terpenoids of plant origin inhibit morphogenesis, adhesion, and biofilm formation by Candida albicans. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:87-96. [PMID: 23216018 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.749398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-related infections caused by Candida albicans and associated drug resistant micro-organisms are serious problems for immunocompromised populations. Molecules which can prevent or remove biofilms are needed. Twenty-eight terpenoids of plant origin were analysed for their activity against growth, virulence attributes, and biofilms of C. albicans. Eighteen molecules exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of <2 mg ml(-1) for planktonic growth. Selected molecules inhibited yeast to hyphal dimorphism at low concentrations (0.031-0.5 mg ml(-1)), while adhesion to a solid surface was prevented at 0.5-2 mg ml(-1). Treatment with 14 terpenoids resulted in significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of biofilm formation, and of these, linalool, nerol, isopulegol, menthol, carvone, α-thujone, and farnesol exhibited biofilm-specific activity. Eight terpenoids were identified as inhibitors of mature biofilms. This study demonstrated the antibiofilm potential of terpenoids, which need to be further explored as therapeutic strategy against biofilm associated infections of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant S Raut
- DST-FIST & UGC-SAP School of Life Sciences, SRTM University, Nanded, 431 606, MS, India
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Kvakkestad KM, Gammelsrud KW, Brandtzaeg P, Høiby EA. Unchanged antibiotic susceptibility in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after long-term in vitro exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Chemotherapy 2012; 58:118-22. [PMID: 22507969 DOI: 10.1159/000337058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain antineoplastic drugs inhibit bacterial growth. Whether these drugs also cause genetic changes in bacteria that lead to increased antibiotic resistance is not yet documented. Given the massive and repeated antibiotic treatment most cancer patients undergo, this question is important. We have examined the possible effects of in vitro long-term antineoplastic exposure on antibiotic resistance. METHODS Using the disc diffusion method, two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATCC 27583) were exposed to methotrexate, fluorouracil, vincristine, doxorubicin and cytarabine during 50 overnight cycles. The bacterial strains were susceptibility-tested to several antibiotics before and after repeated exposure to antineoplastics. RESULTS No changes in antibiotic susceptibility were seen in the two bacterial strains after long-term exposure to any of the antineoplastic drugs tested. CONCLUSION Long-term in vitro antineoplastic exposure did not change the antibiotic susceptibility in the E. coli or P. aeruginosa strains.
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Baltch AL, Lawrence D, Ritz WJ, Andersen N, Bopp LH, Michelsen PB, Carlyn CJ, Smith RP. Effects of Anidulafungin and Voriconazole, Singly and in Combination, on Cytokine/Chemokine Production by Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Infected with Candida glabrata or Activated by Lipopolysaccharide. Chemotherapy 2012; 58:146-51. [DOI: 10.1159/000337076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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