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Naranjo L, Stojanovich L, Djokovic A, Andreoli L, Tincani A, Maślińska M, Sciascia S, Infantino M, Garcinuño S, Kostyra-Grabczak K, Manfredi M, Regola F, Stanisavljevic N, Milanovic M, Saponjski J, Roccatello D, Cecchi I, Radin M, Benucci M, Pleguezuelo D, Serrano M, Shoenfeld Y, Serrano A. Circulating immune-complexes of IgG/IgM bound to B2-glycoprotein-I associated with complement consumption and thrombocytopenia in antiphospholipid syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957201. [PMID: 36172349 PMCID: PMC9511106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a multisystemic autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombotic events and/or gestational morbidity in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). In a previous single center study, APS-related clinical manifestations that were not included in the classification criteria (livedo reticularis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia) were associated with the presence of circulating immune-complexes (CIC) formed by beta-2-glycoprotein-I (B2GP1) and anti-B2GP1 antibodies (B2-CIC). We have performed a multicenter study on APS features associated with the presence of B2-CIC. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional and observational study was conducted on 303 patients recruited from six European hospitals who fulfilled APS classification criteria: 165 patients had primary APS and 138 APS associated with other systemic autoimmune diseases (mainly systemic lupus erythematosus, N=112). Prevalence of B2-CIC (IgG/IgM isotypes) and its association with clinical manifestations and biomarkers related to the disease activity were evaluated. Results B2-CIC prevalence in APS patients was 39.3%. B2-CIC-positive patients with thrombotic APS presented a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia (OR: 2.32, p=0.007), heart valve thickening and dysfunction (OR: 9.06, p=0.015) and triple aPL positivity (OR: 1.83, p=0.027), as well as lower levels of C3, C4 and platelets (p-values: <0.001, <0.001 and 0.001) compared to B2-CIC-negative patients. B2-CIC of IgM isotype were significantly more prevalent in gestational than thrombotic APS. Conclusions Patients with thrombotic events and positive for B2-CIC had lower platelet count and complement levels than those who were negative, suggesting a greater degree of platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Naranjo
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aleksandra Djokovic
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine , University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Laura Andreoli
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angela Tincani
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Maślińska
- Early Arthritis Clinic, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Savino Sciascia
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (ERK-net Member), Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Center of the Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Infantino
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Garcinuño
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kinga Kostyra-Grabczak
- Early Arthritis Clinic, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariangela Manfredi
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Regola
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Natasa Stanisavljevic
- Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine , University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milomir Milanovic
- Internal Medicine Department, Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovica Saponjski
- Cardiology Department, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dario Roccatello
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (ERK-net Member), Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Center of the Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Irene Cecchi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (ERK-net Member), Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Center of the Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Radin
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (ERK-net Member), Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Center of the Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benucci
- Rheumatology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel Pleguezuelo
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Serrano,
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Antonio Serrano
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Koopman JJE, van Essen MF, Rennke HG, de Vries APJ, van Kooten C. Deposition of the Membrane Attack Complex in Healthy and Diseased Human Kidneys. Front Immunol 2021; 11:599974. [PMID: 33643288 PMCID: PMC7906018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane attack complex-also known as C5b-9-is the end-product of the classical, lectin, and alternative complement pathways. It is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases by causing cellular injury and tissue inflammation, resulting in sclerosis and fibrosis. These deleterious effects are, consequently, targeted in the development of novel therapies that inhibit the formation of C5b-9, such as eculizumab. To clarify how C5b-9 contributes to kidney disease and to predict which patients benefit from such therapy, knowledge on deposition of C5b-9 in the kidney is essential. Because immunohistochemical staining of C5b-9 has not been routinely conducted and never been compared across studies, we provide a review of studies on deposition of C5b-9 in healthy and diseased human kidneys. We describe techniques to stain deposits and compare the occurrence of deposits in healthy kidneys and in a wide spectrum of kidney diseases, including hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, C3 glomerulopathy, and thrombotic microangiopathies such as the atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, vasculitis, interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, kidney tumors, and rejection of kidney transplants. We summarize how these deposits are related with other histological lesions and clinical characteristics. We evaluate the prognostic relevance of these deposits in the light of possible treatment with complement inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J E Koopman
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mieke F van Essen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Helmut G Rennke
- Division of Renal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aiko P J de Vries
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Chen X, Zhang YY, Ye D, Yang G, Song YN, Mo LH, Yang PC, Song JP. House Dust Mite Specific Antibodies induce Neutrophilic Inflammation in the Heart. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:8807-8817. [PMID: 32754279 PMCID: PMC7392007 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Inflammatory heart disorders are among the causes of human death. The causative factors of heart inflammation are to be further elucidated. House dust mite (HDM)-derived protein antigens are involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. This study aims to investigate the role of HDM-specific autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of heart inflammation. Methods: Human heart tissue samples were obtained from surgically removed hearts in heart transplantation. The interaction of the heart tissues with HDM-specific antibodies was assessed by pertinent immune analysis. The role of HDM-specific autoantibodies in the induction of heart inflammation was assessed with a murine model. Results: HDM-specific IgG (mIgG) was detected in the serum of patients with myocarditis (Mcd); the mIgG titers were positively correlated with the neutrophil counts in the heart tissues. The mIgG specifically bound to keratin-10 (KRT10) in heart vascular endothelial cells and the heart tissue protein extracts. The amounts of C3a, C5a and C5b-9 were increased in the mouse heart tissues after exposing to mIgG. In the presence of the complement-containing serum, mIgG bound cardiovascular epithelial monolayers to impair the barrier functions. Administration of mIgG or HDM induced the Mcd-like inflammation in the heart, in which neutrophils were the dominant cellular components in the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Conclusions: Mcd patients with neutrophilic inflammation in the heart had higher serum levels of mIgG. The mIgG bound heart endothelial cells to impair the endothelial barrier functions and induce neutrophilic inflammation in the heart.
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Usui J, Salvatore SP, Alsaloum M, Goldberg A, Kuo S, Seshan SV. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis following tubulointerstitial nephritis is a late manifestation of IgG4-related kidney disease: A distinctive case. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2019.200331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Pérez D, Stojanovich L, Naranjo L, Stanisavljevic N, Bogdanovic G, Serrano M, Serrano A. Presence of Immune Complexes of IgG/IgM Bound to B2-glycoprotein I Is Associated With Non-criteria Clinical Manifestations in Patients With Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2644. [PMID: 30524428 PMCID: PMC6256181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disorder defined by the presence of both clinical (thromboembolic events or pregnancy morbidity) and laboratory (antiphospholipid antibodies, aPL) manifestations. Despite their importance, several clinical manifestations strongly associated with APS such as livedo reticularis (LR), thrombocytopenia, sicca-ophthalmic(sicca), heart, or neurological manifestations are not included in the APS clinical classification criteria. Circulating immune complexes (CIC) formed by Beta-2-glycoprotein I (B2GPI) and aPL (B2-CIC) have been described and their presence has been related with thrombotic events. Methods: Cross-sectional and observational cohort study in APS patients with thrombotic symptomatology. Setting and Participants: Fifty-seven patients from the University Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa (Belgrade, Serbia) who met the APS classification criteria (35 with primary APS and 22 with APS associated to systemic lupus erythematosus). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of B2-CIC in APS patients and to evaluate their association with clinical manifestations of APS not included in the classification criteria. Results: B2-CIC prevalence in APS patients was 19.3%. The presence of thrombocytopenia (OR:5.7), livedo reticularis (OR:5.6), sicca (OR:12.6), and leukopenia (OR:5.6) was significantly higher in patients with B2-CIC than in the rest of APS patients. C3 and C4 complement factor levels were significantly lower in B2-CIC positive patients, which suggests a greater consumption of complement. Patients with quadruple aPL positivity (triple aPL-positivity plus the presence of B2-CIC) showed a higher prevalence of thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and LR than those with single/double aPL-positivity. No significant differences were found in the frequencies observed in patients with triple-only vs. single/double aPL-positivity. There were no significant differences between patients with primary APS and lupus-associated APS regarding the prevalence of B2-CIC and outcomes. Conclusions: Presence of B2-CIC is strongly associated with several non-criteria clinical manifestations related to APS and to higher complement consumption. More studies are required to better understand the clinical significance of B2-CIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Pérez
- Immunology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ljudmila Stojanovich
- Internal Medicine, "Bezanijska Kosa", University Medical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Laura Naranjo
- Immunology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Internal Medicine, "Bezanijska Kosa", University Medical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Immunology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Serrano
- Immunology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Changes in N-glycans of IgG4 and its relationship with the existence of hypocomplementemia and individual organ involvement in patients with IgG4-related disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196163. [PMID: 29672582 PMCID: PMC5908088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although increased serum IgG4 level and tissue infiltration of IgG4-positive cells are key events in IgG4-related disease (IgG4RD), and nearly half of IgG4RD patients show hypocomplementemia, the role of IgG4 in the pathogenesis of IgG4RD remains unclear. Many reports show that altered IgG glycosylation, especially IgG with agalactosylated N-linked glycan (G0 N-glycan), have proinflammatory roles including complement activation, implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. This study determined the concentration of N-linked glycans (N-glycan) released from serum IgG4 in IgG4RD patients and compared the difference of glycosylation changes to those in healthy controls. We also compared the concentration of each IgG4 glycoform between patients with and without hypocomplementemia and individual organ involvement (kidney, pancreas, lymph node) in IgG4RD. Methods We collected sera from 12 IgG4RD patients and 8 healthy controls. IgG4 was isolated from sera via Melon™ Gel IgG Spin Purification Kit followed by Capture Select IgG4 (Hu) Affinity Matrix. IgG4 N-glycans were analyzed by S-BIO GlycanMap® Xpress methodology. Results Significant increases of IgG4 G0 N-glycan and IgG4 fucosylated N-glycan (F1 N-glycan) concentrations were observed in IgG4RD compared with healthy controls. Although we observed decreased levels of IgG4 F0 glycan in IgG4RD with hypocomplementemia, there were no significant differences in the galactosylation and sialyation of IgG4 N-glycans. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the glycosylation of IgG4 N-glycans between patients with and without individual organ involvement of IgG4RD. Conclusions Although IgG4 has anti-inflammatory properties, IgG4 G0 and F1 glycans were increased in patients with IgG4RD. Our results suggest that decreased galactosylation of IgG4 is not related to complement activation and the differences of individual organ involvement in IgG4RD. IgG4 fucosylation change may be related to complement activation in IgG4RD. Further investigation is needed to clarify the role of IgG4 in IgG4RD.
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Geary K, Yazici C, Seibold A, Guzman G. IgG4-Related Cholangiopathy and Its Mimickers: A Case Report and Review Highlighting the Importance of Early Diagnosis. Int J Surg Pathol 2017; 26:165-173. [PMID: 28905689 DOI: 10.1177/1066896917730902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 (IgG4)-related disease is a recently described clinical entity that can involve multiple organs. It is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis. A key distinguishing factor is its dramatic response to steroid therapy. Although best described in cases of autoimmune pancreatitis, IgG4-related disease has also been implicated in patients with cholangitis and is now commonly referred to as IgG4-related cholangiopathy. It is characterized by elevated serum IgG4 levels, an IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration with storiform fibrosis/obliterative phlebitis of the bile duct wall, and a response to steroids. It is crucial to differentiate IgG4-related cholangiopathy from its mimickers, such as primary biliary cholangitis, secondary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, secondary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma, because treatment modalities and outcomes of IgG4-related cholangiopathy differ significantly from these disorders. Here, we present an interesting case of IgG4-related cholangiopathy, discuss clinical and pathological features crucial to its early diagnosis, and compare and contrast this condition with its potentially confounding mimickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Geary
- 1 University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Anita Seibold
- 2 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Jeong HJ, Shin SJ, Lim BJ. Overview of IgG4-Related Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Its Mimickers. J Pathol Transl Med 2015; 50:26-36. [PMID: 26666884 PMCID: PMC4734970 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2015.11.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is the most common form of renal involvement in IgG4-related disease. It is characterized by a dominant infiltrate of IgG4-positive plasma cells in the interstitium and storiform fibrosis. Demonstration of IgG4-positive plasma cells is essential for diagnosis, but the number of IgG4-positive cells and the ratio of IgG4-positive/IgG-positive plasma cells may vary from case to case and depending on the methods of tissue sampling even in the same case. IgG4-positive plasma cells can be seen in TIN associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, or anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis, which further add diagnostic confusion and difficulties. To have a more clear view of IgG4-TIN and to delineate differential points from other TIN with IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrates, clinical and histological features of IgG4-TIN and its mimickers were reviewed. In the rear part, cases suggesting overlap of IgG4-TIN and its mimickers and glomerulonephritis associated with IgG4-TIN were briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Joo Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Umehara H, Nakajima A, Nakamura T, Kawanami T, Tanaka M, Dong L, Kawano M. IgG4-related disease and its pathogenesis-cross-talk between innate and acquired immunity. Int Immunol 2014; 26:585-95. [PMID: 25024397 PMCID: PMC4201844 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG4-RD, a novel disease involving many immune-system components IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a novel clinical entity proposed in Japan in the 21th century and is attracting strong attention over the world. The characteristic manifestations of IgG4-RD are increased serum IgG4 concentration and tumefaction by IgG4+ plasma cells. Although the clinical manifestations in various organs have been established, the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD is still unknown. Recently, many reports of aberrant acquired immunity such as Th2-diminated immune responses have been published. However, many questions still remain, including questions about the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD and the roles of IgG4. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD by focusing on the cross-talk between innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Umehara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan Department of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Present address: Department of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Nakajima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takuji Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kawanami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masao Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Lingli Dong
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Mitsuhiro Kawano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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