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Cheetham CJ, McKelvey MC, McAuley DF, Taggart CC. Neutrophil-Derived Proteases in Lung Inflammation: Old Players and New Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5492. [PMID: 38791530 PMCID: PMC11122108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived proteases are critical to the pathology of many inflammatory lung diseases, both chronic and acute. These abundant enzymes play roles in key neutrophil functions, such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and reactive oxygen species release. They may also be released, inducing tissue damage and loss of tissue function. Historically, the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) have been the main subject of neutrophil protease research. Despite highly promising cell-based and animal model work, clinical trials involving the inhibition of NSPs have shown mixed results in lung disease patients. As such, the cutting edge of neutrophil-derived protease research has shifted to proteases that have had little-to-no research in neutrophils to date. These include the cysteine and serine cathepsins, the metzincins and the calpains, among others. This review aims to outline the previous work carried out on NSPs, including the shortcomings of some of the inhibitor-orientated clinical trials. Our growing understanding of other proteases involved in neutrophil function and neutrophilic lung inflammation will then be discussed. Additionally, the potential of targeting these more obscure neutrophil proteases will be highlighted, as they may represent new targets for inhibitor-based treatments of neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby J. Cheetham
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Daniel F. McAuley
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
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Kim S, Lee SK, Son A, Lee JH, Kim HG. A Comparative Inflammation-on-a-Chip with a Complete 3D Interface: Pharmacological Applications in COPD-Induced Neutrophil Migration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301673. [PMID: 37505448 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slow-progressing inflammatory lung disease that is associated with high mortality and disability. There is a lack of appropriate preclinical models of COPD, which hampers drug discovery efforts. Herein, a comparative inflammation-on-a-chip (IoC) is developed with a complete 3D interface without the formation of any micropillar and phaseguide structures that replicated chemoattractant-induced neutrophil transendothelial migration (NTEM), a key feature of COPD. The IoC model is used to evaluate the pharmacological effects of CXCR2 inhibitors (MK-7123, AZD5069, and SB225002) on the migration of neutrophil-like cells in the presence of plasma samples from patients with COPD. This is the first study to evaluate inhibitors of CXCR2-dependent NTEM in a comparative IoC model that mimics the physiological 3D microenvironment, consisting of an endothelial barrier, extracellular compartment, and inflammatory conditions. This IoC model will be useful to investigate COPD severity using patient samples, and will aid basic and translational research involving NTEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Kim
- Center for Infectious Disease Vaccine and Diagnosis Innovation, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyun Lee
- Center for Infectious Disease Vaccine and Diagnosis Innovation, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahryeong Son
- Center for Infectious Disease Vaccine and Diagnosis Innovation, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Center for Infectious Disease Vaccine and Diagnosis Innovation, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gi Kim
- Center for Infectious Disease Vaccine and Diagnosis Innovation, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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Mokra D, Mokry J, Barosova R, Hanusrichterova J. Advances in the Use of N-Acetylcysteine in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1713. [PMID: 37760016 PMCID: PMC10526097 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used because of its mucolytic effects, taking part in the therapeutic protocols of cystic fibrosis. NAC is also administered as an antidote in acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdosing. Thanks to its wide antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, NAC may also be of benefit in other chronic inflammatory and fibrotizing respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, idiopathic lung fibrosis, or lung silicosis. In addition, NAC exerts low toxicity and rare adverse effects even in combination with other treatments, and it is cheap and easily accessible. This article brings a review of information on the mechanisms of inflammation and oxidative stress in selected chronic respiratory diseases and discusses the use of NAC in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mokra
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia; (R.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Juraj Mokry
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Romana Barosova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia; (R.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Juliana Hanusrichterova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia; (R.B.); (J.H.)
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Reumkens C, Endres A, Simons SO, Savelkoul PH, Sprooten RT, Franssen FM. Application of the Rome severity classification of COPD exacerbations in a real-world cohort of hospitalised patients. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00569-2022. [PMID: 37228266 PMCID: PMC10204729 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00569-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the Rome classification was proposed in which objective and readily measurable variables were integrated to mark exacerbations of COPD (ECOPD) severity. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution of a real-world patient population with hospitalised ECOPD according to the current classification across the newly proposed severity classification. We assume that a significant proportion of hospitalised patients will have a mild or moderate event. Methods The Rome classification was applied to a cohort of 364 COPD patients hospitalised at the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC) with a severe ECOPD. Differences in in-hospital, 30- and 90-day mortality were compared between mild, moderate and severe ECOPD according to the new classification. Moreover, data were stratified by the different severity classes and compared regarding general disease characteristics and clinical parameters. Results According to the Rome proposal, 52 (14.3%) patients had a mild ECOPD, 204 (56.0%) a moderate and 108 (29.7%) a severe ECOPD. In-hospital mortality in mild, moderate and severe events was 3.8%, 6.9% and 13.9%, respectively. Most clinical parameters indicated a significantly worse condition in patients classified in the severe group, compared to those in mild or moderate groups. Conclusion Most of the events, traditionally all classified as severe because of the hospitalisation, were classified as moderate, while almost 15% were mild. The results of this study provide insight into the heterogeneity of hospitalised ECOPD and show that the newly proposed Rome criteria can differentiate between events with different short-term mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Reumkens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Endres
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sami O. Simons
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM, MUMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H.M. Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy T.M. Sprooten
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, MUMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Frits M.E. Franssen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM, MUMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Education, Ciro, Horn, The Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally
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Milara J, Ballester B, de Diego A, Calbet M, Ramis I, Miralpeix M, Cortijo J. The pan-JAK inhibitor LAS194046 reduces neutrophil activation from severe asthma and COPD patients in vitro. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5132. [PMID: 35332239 PMCID: PMC8948298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-T2 severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are airway chronic inflammatory disorders with a poor response to corticosteroids. LAS194046, a novel pan-Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, shows inhibitory effects on T2 allergic lung inflammation in rats. In this work we analyze the effects of LAS194046, fluticasone propionate and their combination in neutrophils from non-T2 severe asthma and COPD patients in vitro. Neutrophils from 23 healthy subjects, 23 COPD and 21 non-T2 severe asthma patients were incubated with LAS194046 (0.01 nM–1 µM), fluticasone propionate (0.1 nM–1 µM) or their combination and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS 1 µM). LAS194046 shows similar maximal % inhibition and potency inhibiting IL-8, MMP-9 and superoxide anion release in neutrophils from healthy, COPD and asthma. Fluticasone propionate suppresses mediator release only in neutrophils from healthy patients. The combination of LAS194046 with fluticasone propionate shows synergistic anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. The mechanisms involved in the synergistic effects of this combination include the increase of MKP1 expression, decrease of PI3Kδ, the induction of glucocorticoid response element and the decrease of ERK1/2, P38 and JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation compared with monotherapies. In summary, LAS194046 shows anti-inflammatory effects in neutrophils from COPD and severe non-T2 asthma patients and induces synergistic anti-inflammatory effects when combined with fluticasone propionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Pharmacy Unit, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Avenida tres cruces s/n, 46014, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Ballester
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfredo de Diego
- Respiratory Unit, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Research and Teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
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Chen J, Yang Z, Yuan Q, Guo LQ, Xiong DX. Prediction of gold stage in patients hospitalized with COPD exacerbations using blood neutrophils and demographic parameters as risk factors. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:329. [PMID: 34674678 PMCID: PMC8532260 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are unable to complete the pulmonary function test reliably due to their poor health conditions. Creating an easy-to-use instrument to identify the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage will offer valuable information that assists clinicians to choose appropriate clinical care to decrease the mortality in these patients. The objective of this study was to develop a prediction model to identify the GOLD stage in the hospitalized exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ECOPD) patients. Methods This prospective study involved 155 patients hospitalized for ECOPD. All participants completed lung function tests and the collection of blood neutrophils and demographic parameters. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted based on the data of 155 patients, and was used to analyze the disease severity predictive capability of blood neutrophils and demographic parameters. A support vector regression (SVR) based GOLD stage prediction model was built using the training data set (75%), whose accuracy was then verified by the testing data set (25%). Results The percentage of blood neutrophils (denoted as NEU%) combined with the demographic parameters was associated with a higher risk to severe episode of ECOPD. The area under the ROC curve was 0.84. The SVR model managed to predict the GOLD stage with an accuracy of 90.24%. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the forced expiratory volume in one second as the percentage of the predicted value (denoted as FEV1%pred) was 8.84%. Conclusions The NEU% and demographic parameters are associated with the pulmonary function of the hospitalized ECOPD patients. The established prediction model could assist clinicians in diagnosing GOLD stage and planning appropriate clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Respiratory Department, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Yuan
- Respiratory Department, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Quan Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Xi Xiong
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China. .,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China.
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Maté I, Martínez de Toda I, Arranz L, Álvarez-Sala JL, De la Fuente M. Accelerated immunosenescence, oxidation and inflammation lead to a higher biological age in COPD patients. Exp Gerontol 2021; 154:111551. [PMID: 34530106 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by inflammatory and oxidative alterations in the lung and extrapulmonary compartments, through involvement of the immune system. Several leukocyte functions are health markers and good predictors of longevity, and high pro-inflammatory and oxidative states are related to more aged profiles. Here, we aimed to investigate the aging rate in terms of immunosenescence in COPD men with respect to healthy age-matched controls. Several neutrophil (adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, superoxide anion stimulated production) and lymphocyte (adherence, chemotaxis, lymphoproliferation, natural killer activity) functions, cytokine concentrations released in response to lipopolysaccharide (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10) and redox parameters (intracellular glutathione content, basal superoxide anion level) were assessed in circulating leukocytes of men with moderate and severe stages of COPD, and compared to healthy age-matched volunteers. The biological age or aging rate in each participant was determined using the values of leukocyte functions. The results indicated impairment of immune functions in COPD patients, both in innate and adaptive immunity, and higher pro-inflammatory and oxidative states in peripheral leukocytes than controls. In general, these changes were more remarkable at the severe stage of airway obstruction. Importantly, COPD patients were found to be aging at a faster rate than age-matched healthy counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianire Maté
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Animal Physiology Unit), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez de Toda
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Animal Physiology Unit), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Arranz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Animal Physiology Unit), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Álvarez-Sala
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pneumology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Animal Physiology Unit), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
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Lea S, Gaskell R, Hall S, Maschera B, Hessel E, Singh D. Assessment of bacterial exposure on phagocytic capability and surface marker expression of sputum macrophages and neutrophils in COPD patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:99-109. [PMID: 34143447 PMCID: PMC8446400 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective phagocytosis has been shown in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) bronchoalveolar lavage and blood monocyte-derived macrophages. Phagocytic capabilities of sputum macrophages and neutrophils in COPD are unknown. We investigated phagocytosis in these cells from COPD patients and controls. Phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae or fluorescently labelled non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) by sputum macrophages and neutrophils was determined by gentamycin protection assay (COPD; n = 5) or flow cytometry in 14 COPD patients, 8 healthy smokers (HS) and 9 healthy never-smokers (HNS). Sputum macrophages and neutrophils were differentiated by adherence for the gentamycin protection assay or receptor expression (CD206 and CD66b, respectively), by flow cytometry. The effects of NTHi on macrophage expression of CD206 and CD14 and neutrophil expression of CD16 were determined by flow cytometry. There was greater uptake of S. pneumoniae [~10-fold more colony-forming units (CFU)/ml] by sputum neutrophils compared to macrophages in COPD patients. Flow cytometry showed greater NTHi uptake by neutrophils compared to macrophages in COPD (67 versus 38%, respectively) and HS (61 versus 31%, respectively). NTHi uptake by macrophages was lower in HS (31%, p = 0.019) and COPD patients (38%, p = 0.069) compared to HNS (57%). NTHi uptake by neutrophils was similar between groups. NTHi exposure reduced CD206 and CD14 expression on macrophages and CD16 expression on neutrophils. Sputum neutrophils showed more phagocytic activity than macrophages. There was some evidence that bacterial phagocytosis was impaired in HS sputum macrophages, but no impairment of neutrophils was observed in HS or COPD patients. These results highlight the relative contributions of neutrophils and macrophages to bacterial clearance in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lea
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Rosemary Gaskell
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Simon Hall
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit (AI RU)GlaxoSmithKlineStevenageUK
| | - Barbara Maschera
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit (AI RU)GlaxoSmithKlineStevenageUK
| | - Edith Hessel
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation‐DPU (RRI DPU)GlaxoSmithKlineStevenageUK
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Medicines Evaluation UnitManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
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Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Currently Proposed Treatments of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100979. [PMID: 34681202 PMCID: PMC8539950 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality. A hallmark of COPD is progressive airflow obstruction primarily caused by cigarette smoke (CS). CS exposure causes an imbalance favoring pro- over antioxidants (oxidative stress), leading to transcription factor activation and increased expression of inflammatory mediators and proteases. Different cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes, contribute to COPD pathophysiology. Alteration in cell functions results in the generation of an oxidative and inflammatory microenvironment, which contributes to disease progression. Current treatments include inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilator therapy. However, these therapies do not effectively halt disease progression. Due to the complexity of its pathophysiology, and the risk of exacerbating symptoms with existing therapies, other specific and effective treatment options are required. Therapies directly or indirectly targeting the oxidative imbalance may be promising alternatives. This review briefly discusses COPD pathophysiology, and provides an update on the development and clinical testing of novel COPD treatments.
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Brito A, Santos T, Herculano K, Miranda M, Sá AK, Carvalho JL, Albertini R, Castro-Faria-Neto H, Ligeiro-de-Oliveira AP, Aimbire F. The MAPKinase Signaling and the Stimulatory Protein-1 (Sp1) Transcription Factor Are Involved in the Phototherapy Effect on Cytokines Secretion from Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Stimulated with Cigarette Smoke Extract. Inflammation 2021; 44:1643-1661. [PMID: 33730343 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the phototherapy effect with low-level laser on human bronchial epithelial cells activated by cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Phototherapy has been reported to actuate positively for controlling the generation/release of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory mediators from different cellular type activated by distinct stimuli. It is not known whether the IL-8 and IL-10 release from CSE-stimulated human bronchial epithelium (BEAS) cells can be influenced by phototherapy. Human bronchial epithelial cell (BEAS) line was cultured in a medium with CSE and irradiated (660 nm) at 9 J. Apoptosis index was standardized with Annexin V and the cellular viability was evaluated by MTT. IL-8, IL-10, cAMP, and NF-κB were measured by ELISA as well as the Sp1, JNK, ERK1/2, and p38MAPK. Phototherapy effect was studied in the presence of mithramycin or the inhibitors of JNK or ERK. The IL-8, cAMP, NF-κB, JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 were downregulated by phototherapy. Both the JNK and the ERK inhibitors potentiated the phototherapy effect on IL-8 as well as on cAMP secretion from BEAS. On the contrary, IL-10 and Sp1 were upregulated by phototherapy. The mithramycin blocked the phototherapy effect on IL-10. The results suggest that phototherapy has a dual effect on BEAS cells because it downregulates the IL-8 secretion by interfering with CSE-mediated signaling pathways, and oppositely upregulates the IL-10 secretion through of Sp1 transcription factor. The manuscript provides evidence that the phototherapy can interfere with MAPK signaling via cAMP in order to attenuate the IL-8 secretion from CSE-stimulated BEAS. In addition, the present study showed that phototherapy effect is driven to downregulation of the both the IL-8 and the ROS secretion and at the same time the upregulation of IL-10 secretion. Besides it, the increase of Sp-1 transcription factor was crucial for laser effect in upregulating the IL-10 secretion. The dexamethasone corticoid produces a significant inhibitory effect on IL-8 as well as ROS secretion, but on the other hand, the corticoid blocked the IL-10 secretion. Taking it into consideration, it is reasonable to suggest that the beneficial effect of laser therapy on lung diseases involves its action on unbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators secreted by human bronchial epithelial cells through different signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brito
- Pos-graduation in Biophotonic, University Nove de Julho - Uninove, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T Santos
- Pos-graduation in Biophotonic, University Nove de Julho - Uninove, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Herculano
- Pos-graduation in Biophotonic, University Nove de Julho - Uninove, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Miranda
- Pos-graduation in Biophotonic, University Nove de Julho - Uninove, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A K Sá
- Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, no. 330 - Vila Nair, CEP: 12231-280, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J L Carvalho
- Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, no. 330 - Vila Nair, CEP: 12231-280, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Albertini
- Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, no. 330 - Vila Nair, CEP: 12231-280, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FioCruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A P Ligeiro-de-Oliveira
- Pos-graduation in Biophotonic, University Nove de Julho - Uninove, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Aimbire
- Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, no. 330 - Vila Nair, CEP: 12231-280, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jain P, Nishiguchi A, Linz G, Wessling M, Ludwig A, Rossaint R, Möller M, Singh S. Reconstruction of Ultra-thin Alveolar-capillary Basement Membrane Mimics. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000427. [PMID: 33987968 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar-capillary basement membrane (BM) is ultra-thin (<2 µm) extracellular matrix that maintains integral epithelial-endothelial cell layers. In vitro reconstructions of alveolar-capillary barrier supported on synthetic scaffolds closely resembling the fibrous and ultra-thin natural BM are essential in mimicking the lung pathophysiology. Although BM topology and dimensions are well known to significantly influence cellular behavior, conventionally used BM mimics fail to recreate this natural niche. To overcome this, electrospun ultra-thin 2 µm poly(caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibrous mesh is used to establish an alveolar-capillary barrier model of lung endothelial/epithelial cells. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability studies reveal integral tight junctions and improved mass transport through the highly porous PCL meshes compared to conventional dense membranes with etched pores. The chemotaxis of neutrophils is shown across the barrier in presence of inflammatory response that is naturally impeded in confined regions. Conventional requirement of 3 µm or larger pore size can lead to barrier disruption due to epithelial/endothelial cell invasion. Despite high porosity, the interconnected BM mimic prevents barrier disruption and allows neutrophil transmigration, thereby demonstrating the physiological relevance of the thin nanofibrous meshes. It is envisioned that these bipolar cultured barriers would contribute to an organ-level in vitro model for pathological disease, environmental pollutants, and nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Jain
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Akihiro Nishiguchi
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Georg Linz
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rolf Rossaint
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (MPImF), Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Victoni T, Barreto E, Lagente V, Carvalho VF. Oxidative Imbalance as a Crucial Factor in Inflammatory Lung Diseases: Could Antioxidant Treatment Constitute a New Therapeutic Strategy? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6646923. [PMID: 33628371 PMCID: PMC7889360 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6646923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory lung disease results in a high global burden of death and disability. There are no effective treatments for the most severe forms of many inflammatory lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, corticosteroid-resistant asthma, and coronavirus disease 2019; hence, new treatment options are required. Here, we review the role of oxidative imbalance in the development of difficult-to-treat inflammatory lung diseases. The inflammation-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) means that endogenous antioxidants may not be sufficient to prevent oxidative damage, resulting in an oxidative imbalance in the lung. In turn, intracellular signaling events trigger the production of proinflammatory mediators that perpetuate and aggravate the inflammatory response and may lead to tissue damage. The production of high levels of ROS in inflammatory lung diseases can induce the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, the inactivation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling and histone deacetylase 2, a decrease in glucocorticoid binding to its receptor, and thus resistance to glucocorticoid treatment. Hence, antioxidant treatment might be a therapeutic option for inflammatory lung diseases. Preclinical studies have shown that antioxidants (alone or combined with anti-inflammatory drugs) are effective in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases, although the clinical evidence of efficacy is weaker. Despite the high level of evidence for the efficacy of antioxidants in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases, the discovery and clinical investigation of safer, more efficacious compounds are now a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Victoni
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Emiliano Barreto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Vincent Lagente
- NuMeCan Institute (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Vinicius F. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
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13
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Lonergan M, Dicker AJ, Crichton ML, Keir HR, Van Dyke MK, Mullerova H, Miller BE, Tal-Singer R, Chalmers JD. Blood neutrophil counts are associated with exacerbation frequency and mortality in COPD. Respir Res 2020; 21:166. [PMID: 32611352 PMCID: PMC7329438 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying patients with COPD at increased risk of poor outcomes is challenging due to disease heterogeneity. Potential biomarkers need to be readily available in real-life clinical practice. Blood eosinophil counts are widely studied but few studies have examined the prognostic value of blood neutrophil counts (BNC). METHODS In a large population-based COPD registry in the East of Scotland (TARDIS: Tayside Allergic and Respiratory Disease Information System), BNC were compared to measures of disease severity and mortality for up to 15 years follow-up. Potential mechanisms of disease modification by BNC were explored in a nested microbiome substudy. RESULTS 178,120 neutrophil counts were obtained from 7220 people (mean follow up 9 years) during stable disease periods. Median BNC was 5200cells/μL (IQR 4000-7000cells/μL). Mortality rates among the 34% of patients with elevated BNCs (defined as 6000-15000cells/μL) at the study start were 80% higher (14.0/100 person years v 7.8/100py, P < 0.001) than those with BNC in the normal range (2000-6000cells/μL). People with elevated BNC were more likely to be classified as GOLD D (46% v 33% P < 0.001), have more exacerbations (mean 2.3 v 1.3/year, P < 0.001), and were more likely to have severe exacerbations (13% vs. 5%, P < 0.001) in the following year. Eosinophil counts were much less predictive of these outcomes. In a sub-cohort (N = 276), patients with elevated BNC had increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria and reduced microbiome diversity. CONCLUSION High BNC may provide a useful indicator of risk of exacerbations and mortality in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Lonergan
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Alison J Dicker
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Megan L Crichton
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Holly R Keir
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Melissa K Van Dyke
- Epidemiology, Value Evidence and Outcomes, GSK R&D, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Hana Mullerova
- Epidemiology, Value Evidence and Outcomes, GSK R&D, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Bruce E Miller
- Medical Innovation, Value Evidence and Outcomes, GSK R&D, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Ruth Tal-Singer
- Medical Innovation, Value Evidence and Outcomes, GSK R&D, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - James D Chalmers
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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14
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Milara J, Díaz-Platas L, Contreras S, Ribera P, Roger I, Ballester B, Montero P, Cogolludo Á, Morcillo E, Cortijo J. MUC1 deficiency mediates corticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2018; 19:226. [PMID: 30458870 PMCID: PMC6247701 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung inflammation in COPD is poorly controlled by inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Strategies to improve ICS efficacy or the search of biomarkers who may select those patients candidates to receive ICS in COPD are needed. Recent data indicate that MUC1 cytoplasmic tail (CT) membrane mucin can mediate corticosteroid efficacy in chronic rhinosinusitis. The objective of this work was to analyze the previously unexplored role of MUC1 on corticosteroid efficacy in COPD in vitro and in vivo models. Methods MUC1-CT expression was measured by real time PCR, western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The inflammatory mediators IL-8, MMP9, GM-CSF and MIP3α were measured by ELISA. The effect of MUC1 on inflammation and corticosteroid anti-inflammatory effects was measured using cell siRNA in vitro and Muc1-KO in vivo animal models. Results MUC1-CT expression was downregulated in lung tissue, bronchial epithelial cells and lung neutrophils from smokers (n = 11) and COPD (n = 11) patients compared with healthy subjects (n = 10). MUC1 was correlated with FEV1% (ρ = 0.7479; p < 0.0001) in smokers and COPD patients. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) decreased the expression of MUC1 and induced corticosteroid resistance in human primary bronchial epithelial cells and human neutrophils. MUC1 Gene silencing using siRNA-MUC1 impaired the anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone and reduced glucocorticoid response element activation. Dexamethasone promoted glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα) and MUC1-CT nuclear translocation and co-localization that was inhibited by CSE. Lung function decline and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide and cigarette smoke in Muc1 KO mice was resistant to dexamethasone. Conclusions These results confirm a role for MUC1-CT mediating corticosteroid efficacy in COPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0927-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jaume I University, Castellón de la Plana, Spain. .,Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain. .,Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Avenida tres cruces s/n, E-46014, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lucía Díaz-Platas
- Unidade Radiofármacos PET, GALARIA, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sonia Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Ribera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ballester
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Cogolludo
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Morcillo
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Health Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Research and teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Ni L, Dong C. Roles of Myeloid and Lymphoid Cells in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1431. [PMID: 29977245 PMCID: PMC6021485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the third largest cause of human mortality in the world after stroke and heart disease. COPD is characterized by sustained inflammation of the airways, leading to destruction of lung tissue and declining pulmonary function. The main risk factor is known to be cigarette smoke currently. However, the strategies for prevention and treatment have not altered significantly for many years. A growing body of evidences indicates that the immune system plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COPD. The repeated and progressive activation of immune cells is at least in part the source of this chronic inflammation. In this review paper, we have conducted an extensive literature search of the studies of immune cells in COPD patients. The objective is to assess the contributions of different immune cell types, the imbalance of pro/anti-inflammatory immune cells, such as M1/M2 macrophages, Tc1/Tc10, and Th17/Treg, and their mediators in the peripheral blood as well as in the lung to the pathogenesis of COPD. Therefore, understanding their roles in COPD development will help us find the potential target to modify this disease. This review focuses predominantly on data derived from human studies but will refer to animal studies where they help understand the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ni
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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16
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Palmér R, Mäenpää J, Jauhiainen A, Larsson B, Mo J, Russell M, Root J, Prothon S, Chialda L, Forte P, Egelrud T, Stenvall K, Gardiner P. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 1 Inhibitor AZD7986 Induces a Sustained, Exposure-Dependent Reduction in Neutrophil Elastase Activity in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:1155-1164. [PMID: 29484635 PMCID: PMC6282495 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), such as neutrophil elastase (NE), are activated by dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1) during neutrophil maturation. High NSP levels can be detrimental, particularly in lung tissue, and inhibition of NSPs is therefore an interesting therapeutic opportunity in multiple lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis. We conducted a randomized, placebo‐controlled, first‐in‐human study to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple oral doses of the DPP1 inhibitor AZD7986 in healthy subjects. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling and showed that AZD7986 inhibits whole blood NE activity in an exposure‐dependent, indirect manner—consistent with in vitro and preclinical predictions. Several dose‐dependent, possibly DPP1‐related, nonserious skin findings were observed, but these were not considered to prevent further clinical development. Overall, the study results provided confidence to progress AZD7986 to phase II and supported selection of a clinically relevant dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Palmér
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jukka Mäenpää
- Patient Safety, Respiratory, Inflammation, Autoimmunity, Infections and Vaccines Therapeutic Area, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Jauhiainen
- Early Clinical Biometrics, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Larsson
- RIA Translational Medicines Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Mo
- Translational Biology, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Muir Russell
- Precision Medicine Laboratories, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Root
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Prothon
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ligia Chialda
- Parexel Early Phase Clinical Unit, Harrow, London, UK
| | - Pablo Forte
- Parexel Early Phase Clinical Unit, Harrow, London, UK
| | | | - Kristina Stenvall
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philip Gardiner
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Evidence of a Redox-Dependent Regulation of Immune Responses to Exercise-Induced Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2840643. [PMID: 27974950 PMCID: PMC5126438 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2840643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We used thiol-based antioxidant supplementation (n-acetylcysteine, NAC) to determine whether immune mobilisation following skeletal muscle microtrauma induced by exercise is redox-sensitive in healthy humans. According to a two-trial, double-blind, crossover, repeated measures design, 10 young men received either placebo or NAC (20 mg/kg/day) immediately after a muscle-damaging exercise protocol (300 eccentric contractions) and for eight consecutive days. Blood sampling and performance assessments were performed before exercise, after exercise, and daily throughout recovery. NAC reduced the decline of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and the increase of plasma protein carbonyls, serum TAC and erythrocyte oxidized glutathione, and TBARS and catalase activity during recovery thereby altering postexercise redox status. The rise of muscle damage and inflammatory markers (muscle strength, creatine kinase activity, CRP, proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules) was less pronounced in NAC during the first phase of recovery. The rise of leukocyte and neutrophil count was decreased by NAC after exercise. Results on immune cell subpopulations obtained by flow cytometry indicated that NAC ingestion reduced the exercise-induced rise of total macrophages, HLA+ macrophages, and 11B+ macrophages and abolished the exercise-induced upregulation of B lymphocytes. Natural killer cells declined only in PLA immediately after exercise. These results indicate that thiol-based antioxidant supplementation blunts immune cell mobilisation in response to exercise-induced inflammation suggesting that leukocyte mobilization may be under redox-dependent regulation.
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18
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Milara J, Cervera A, de Diego A, Sanz C, Juan G, Gavaldà A, Miralpeix M, Morcillo E, Cortijo J. Non-neuronal cholinergic system contributes to corticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Respir Res 2016; 17:145. [PMID: 27825347 PMCID: PMC5101693 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) with long-acting beta-2 agonists is a well-documented combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) based on its additive anti-inflammatory properties. By contrast, the recommendation of ICS in combination with long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) is not evidence-based. In this study, neutrophils obtained from COPD patients were used to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of aclidinium bromide (a long-acting muscarinic antagonist) with corticosteroids and their potential additive effect. Methods Human sputum and blood neutrophils were isolated from healthy individuals (n = 37), patients with stable COPD (n = 52) and those with exacerbated COPD (n = 16). The cells were incubated with corticosteroid fluticasone propionate (0.1 nM–1 μM), aclidinium bromide (0.1 nM–1 μM) or a combination thereof and stimulated with 1 μg of lipopolysaccharide/ml or 5 % cigarette smoke extract. Levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-9, CCL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-1β were measured and the mechanisms of corticosteroid resistance evaluated at the end of the incubation. Results The non-neuronal cholinergic system was over-expressed in neutrophils from COPD patients, as evidenced by increases in the expression of muscarinic receptors (M2, M4 and M5), choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Aclidinium bromide demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils from COPD patients, reversing their resistance to corticosteroids. Additive effects of combined aclidinium bromide and fluticasone propionate in blocking M2 receptor levels, inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase-δ and enhancing the glucocorticoid response element transcription factor were demonstrated and were accompanied by an increase in the corticosteroid-induced expression of anti-inflammatory-related genes. Conclusions LAMAs potentiate the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids in neutrophils from COPD patients in vitro, thus providing a scientific rationale for their use in combination with corticosteroids in the treatment of COPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0467-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- Department of pharmacology, faculty of medicine, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain. .,Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain. .,Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Avenida tres cruces s/n, E-46014, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Angela Cervera
- Respiratory Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfredo de Diego
- Respiratory Unit, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Sanz
- Department of pharmacology, faculty of medicine, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gustavo Juan
- Respiratory Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Esteban Morcillo
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Health Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Research and teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
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19
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Lee H, Um SJ, Kim YS, Kim DK, Jang AS, Choi HS, Kim YH, Kim TE, Yoo KH, Jung KS. Association of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Lung Function and Exacerbations in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156511. [PMID: 27258044 PMCID: PMC4892618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (NLR) is a widely available marker of inflammation. Several types of inflammatory cells and mediators have been found to be involved in the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We sought to evaluate the association of the NLR with severity of airflow limitation and disease exacerbations in a COPD population. METHODS We analyzed 885 patients from the Korean COPD Subtype Study cohort that recruited subjects with COPD from 44 referral hospitals. We determined the relationship of NLR levels to severity of lung function using a linear regression model. In addition, we analyzed the experiences of COPD exacerbation according to the NLR quartiles. RESULTS NLR levels were inversely associated with severity of airflow limitation as measured by FEV1% predicted and absolute values after adjustments for age, gender, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, and the use of inhaled corticosteroid (P<0.001, respectively). In the multivariate binary regression model, the NLR 4th quartile (vs. 1st quartile) was found to be a significant predictor of exacerbations during 1-year follow-up (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.03 to 4.06, P = 0.041). Adding an NLR to FEV1 significantly improved prediction for exacerbations during 1-year follow-up as measured by the net reclassification improvement (NRI = 7.8%, P = 0.032) and the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI = 0.014, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS The NLR showed a significant inverse relationship to airflow limitation and was a prognostic marker for future exacerbations in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heock Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Um
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog Kyeom Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - An Soo Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sook Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee Hyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Gangdong Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ha Yoo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Suck Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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20
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Gupta V, Khan A, Higham A, Lemon J, Sriskantharajah S, Amour A, Hessel EM, Southworth T, Singh D. The effect of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibition on matrix metalloproteinase-9 and reactive oxygen species release from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:155-162. [PMID: 27049289 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterised by increased neutrophilic inflammation. A potential novel anti-inflammatory target in COPD is phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3 kinase), which targets neutrophil function. This study evaluated the effects of selective PI3Kδ inhibition on COPD blood and sputum neutrophils both in the stable state and during exacerbations. METHODS Blood and sputum neutrophils from stable and exacerbating COPD patients were cultured with the corticosteroid dexamethasone, a pan PI3 kinase inhibitor (ZSTK474), a δ selective PI3 kinase inhibitor (GSK045) and a p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor (BIRB 796); matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release were analysed. RESULTS PI3Kδ inhibition significantly reduced MMP-9, intracellular ROS and extracellular ROS release from blood neutrophils (45.6%, 30.1% and 47.4% respectively; p<0.05) and intracellular ROS release from sputum neutrophils (16.6%; p<0.05) in stable patients. PI3Kδ selective inhibition significantly reduced stimulated MMP-9 (36.4%; p<0.05) and unstimulated and stimulated ROS release (12.6 and 26.7%; p<0.05) from blood neutrophils from exacerbating patients. The effects of the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor and dexamethasone in these experiments were generally lower than PI3Kδ inhibition. CONCLUSION PI3Kδ selective inhibition is a potential strategy for targeting glucocorticoid insensitive MMP-9 and ROS secretion from COPD neutrophils, both in the stable state and during exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gupta
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
| | - A Khan
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - A Higham
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - J Lemon
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - S Sriskantharajah
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - A Amour
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - E M Hessel
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - T Southworth
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - D Singh
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
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Milara J, Lluch J, Almudever P, Freire J, Xiaozhong Q, Cortijo J. Roflumilast N-oxide reverses corticosteroid resistance in neutrophils from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:314-22. [PMID: 24636089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid functions are markedly impaired in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast N-oxide (RNO) is the active metabolite of roflumilast approved as a treatment to reduce the risk of exacerbations in patients with severe COPD. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the differential effects of RNO versus corticosteroids and their potential additive/synergistic effect in neutrophils from patients with COPD, thus providing scientific rationale for the combination of roflumilast with corticosteroids in the clinic. METHODS Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from patients with COPD (n = 32), smokers (n = 7), and healthy nonsmokers (n = 25). Levels of IL-8, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), and biomarkers of glucocorticoid resistance were determined by using ELISA and RT-PCR. Neutrophils were incubated with dexamethasone (0.1 nmol/L to 1 μmol/L), RNO (0.1 nmol/L to 1 μmol/L), or the combination of 1 nmol/L RNO plus 10 nmol/L DEX and stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) or cigarette smoke extract 5%; levels of IL-8, MMP-9, and other biomarkers were measured at the end of the incubation period. RESULTS Peripheral neutrophils from patients with COPD showed a primed phenotype with an increased basal release of IL-8 and MMP-9 and expressed a corticosteroid resistance molecular profile characterized by an increase in phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and glucocorticoid receptor β expression and a decrease in HDAC activity and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 expression. RNO demonstrated robust anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils from patients with COPD, reversing their resistance to corticosteroids. The combination of RNO and dexamethasone showed additive/synergistic effects, which were consistent with the reversal of corticosteroid-resistant molecular markers by RNO. CONCLUSION RNO reverses corticosteroid resistance and shows strong anti-inflammatory effects alone or in combination with corticosteroids on neutrophils from patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- Clinical Research Unit (UIC), University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier Lluch
- Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Almudever
- Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Julio Cortijo
- Clinical Research Unit (UIC), University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain; Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
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Pathological changes in the COPD lung mesenchyme--novel lessons learned from in vitro and in vivo studies. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:121-8. [PMID: 24747433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and, in contrast to the trend for cardiovascular diseases, mortality rates still continue to climb. This increase is in part due to an aging population, being expanded by the "Baby boomer" generation who grew up when smoking rates were at their peak and by people in developing countries living longer. Sadly, there has been a disheartening lack of new therapeutic approaches to counteract the progressive decline in lung function associated with the disease that leads to disability and death. COPD is characterized by irreversible chronic airflow limitation that is caused by emphysematous destruction of lung elastic tissue and/or obstruction in the small airways due to occlusion of their lumen by inflammatory mucus exudates, narrowing and obliteration. These lesions are mainly produced by the response of the tissue to the repetitive inhalational injury inflicted by noxious gases, including cigarette smoke, which involves interaction between infiltrating inflammatory immune cells, resident cells (e.g. epithelial cells and fibroblasts) and the extra cellular matrix. This interaction leads to tissue destruction and airway remodeling with changes in elastin and collagen, such that the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit is dysregulated in both the disease pathologies. This review focuses on: 1--novel inflammatory and remodeling factors that are altered in COPD; 2--in vitro and in vivo models to understand the mechanism whereby the extra cellular matrix environment in altered in COPD; and 3--COPD in the context of wound-repair tissue responses, with a focus on the regulation of mesenchymal cell fate and phenotype.
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Pace E, Ferraro M, Di Vincenzo S, Gerbino S, Bruno A, Lanata L, Gjomarkaj M. Oxidative stress and innate immunity responses in cigarette smoke stimulated nasal epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:292-9. [PMID: 24269501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) may play a significant role in diseases of the upper airway including chronic rhinosinusitis. Even short term exposure of cigarette smoke has adverse effects on mitochondrial functions and redox homeostasis in tissues which may progress to further complications associated with chronic smoking. Cigarette smoke alters toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression and activation in bronchial epithelial cells. Carbocysteine is an anti-oxidant and mucolytic agent. The effects of carbocysteine on CSE induced oxidative stress and on associated innate immune and inflammatory responses in nasal epithelial cells are largely unknown. The present study was aimed to assess in CSE stimulated nasal epithelial cells (RPMI 2650) the effects of carbocysteine (10(-4)M) on: cell survival, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, TLR4 expression, LPS binding and neutrophil chemotaxis (actin reorganization). We found that CSE increased ROS production, TLR4 expression, LPS binding and neutrophil chemotaxis and all these events were counteracted by pre-incubating CSE stimulated RPMI 2650 cells with carbocysteine. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence that carbocysteine may be considered a promising therapeutic strategy in chronic inflammatory nasal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maria Ferraro
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy; Scienze e Biotecnologie Mediche e Sperimentali-Pneumologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Gerbino
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreina Bruno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Mark Gjomarkaj
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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Flavonoids and 5-aminosalicylic acid inhibit the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:710239. [PMID: 24381411 PMCID: PMC3871909 DOI: 10.1155/2013/710239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been suggested to play a pathophysiological role in several autoimmune diseases. Since NET-formation in response to several biological and chemical stimuli is mostly ROS dependent, in theory any substance that inhibits or scavenges ROS could prevent ROS-dependent NET release. Therefore, in the present comprehensive study, several antioxidative substances were assessed for their capacity to inhibit NET formation of primary human neutrophils in vitro. We could show that the flavonoids (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin hydrate, and rutin trihydrate as well as vitamin C and the pharmacological substances N-acetyl-L-cysteine and 5-aminosalicylic acid inhibited PMA induced ROS production and NET formation. Therefore, a broad spectrum of antioxidative substances that reduce ROS production of primary human neutrophils also inhibits ROS-dependent NET formation. It is tempting to speculate that such antioxidants can have beneficial therapeutic effects in diseases associated with ROS-dependent NET formation.
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25
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Pace E, Ferraro M, Siena L, Scafidi V, Gerbino S, Di Vincenzo S, Gallina S, Lanata L, Gjomarkaj M. Carbocysteine regulates innate immune responses and senescence processes in cigarette smoke stimulated bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:198-204. [PMID: 24076166 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke represents the major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) alter TLR4 expression and activation in bronchial epithelial cells. Carbocysteine, an anti-oxidant and mucolytic agent, is effective in reducing the severity and the rate of exacerbations in COPD patients. The effects of carbocysteine on TLR4 expression and on the TLR4 activation downstream events are largely unknown. This study was aimed to explore whether carbocysteine, in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16-HBE), counteracted some pro-inflammatory CSE-mediated effects. In particular, TLR4 expression, LPS binding, p21 (a senescence marker), IL-8 mRNA and release in CSE-stimulated 16-HBE as well as actin reorganization in neutrophils cultured with supernatants from bronchial epithelial cells which were stimulated with CSE and/or carbocysteine were assessed. TLR4 expression, LPS binding, and p21 expression were assessed by flow cytometry, IL-8 mRNA by Real Time PCR and IL-8 release by ELISA. Actin reorganization, a prerequisite for cell migration, was determined using Atto 488 phalloidin in neutrophils by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. CSE increased: (1) TLR4, LPS binding and p21 expression; (2) IL-8 mRNA and IL-8 release due to IL-1 stimulation; (3) neutrophil migration. Carbocysteine in CSE stimulated bronchial epithelial cells, reduced: (1) TLR4, LPS binding and p21; (2) IL-8 mRNA and IL-8 release due to IL-1 stimulation; (3) neutrophil chemotactic migration. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidences that carbocysteine may contribute to control the inflammatory and senescence processes present in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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Abstract
Neutrophils are central to the pathogenesis of COPD, releasing a range of pro-inflammatory and tissue destructive mediators. Sputum neutrophil numbers are elevated in COPD patients compared to healthy controls. We critically appraise the potential of sputum neutrophils as a biomarker in COPD. We show that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of this biomarker to define a phenotype of patients with more severe disease characteristics or a different prognosis. However, sputum neutrophil measurements can be used to measure the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Gupta
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital Of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, M23 9QZ, UK.
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Stockley JA, Walton GM, Lord JM, Sapey E. Aberrant neutrophil functions in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the neutrophil as an immunotherapeutic target. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1211-7. [PMID: 23994347 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, progressive and debilitating chronic inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, with significant systemic manifestations and co-morbidities. Smoking cigarettes is the main risk factor, but only a fifth of smokers have clinically significant airflow obstruction and the inflammation persists after smoking cessation. This suggests that smoking (and exposure to other inhaled toxins) may be necessary but not sufficient to cause COPD. Neutrophils are believed central to COPD and their accumulation and degranulation are associated with tissue damage, increased inflammation and disordered tissue repair. It was assumed that neutrophil activity and function were appropriate in COPD, responding to the presence of high levels of inflammation in the lung. However more recent studies of neutrophil function (including migration, reactive oxygen species generation, degranulation, phagocytosis and extracellular trap (NET) production) suggest that there is a general impairment in COPD neutrophil responses that predispose towards increased inflammation and reduced bacterial clearance. This may be amenable to correction and manipulating neutrophil intracellular pathways (such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase signalling) appears to restore some key COPD neutrophil responses. Targeting neutrophil intra-cellular signalling may provide a means to normalise neutrophil behaviour in COPD. This could lead to improvements in disease outcomes by reducing extraneous inflammatory burden. However further studies are needed to determine if these findings are relevant in vivo and whether this would impact positively upon health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Stockley
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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28
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Sin D, van Eeden SF. Neutrophil-Mediated Lung Damage: A New COPD Phenotype? Respiration 2012; 83:103-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000334178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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