Expression of endoglin in primary endometrial cancer

Endoglin and MMP14 Contribute to Ewing Sarcoma Spreading by Modulation of Cell–Matrix Interactions

Endoglin (ENG) is a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) marker typically expressed by active endothelium. This transmembrane glycoprotein is shed by matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14). Our previous work demonstrated potent preclinical activity of first-in-class anti-ENG antibody-drug conjugates as a nascent strategy to eradicate Ewing sarcoma (ES), a devastating rare bone/soft tissue cancer with a putative MSC origin. We also defined a correlation between ENG and MMP14 expression in ES. Herein, we show that ENG expression is significantly associated with a dismal prognosis in a large cohort of ES patients. Moreover, both ENG/MMP14 are frequently expressed in primary ES tumors and metastasis. To deepen in their functional relevance in ES, we conducted transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of in vitro ES models that unveiled a key role of ENG and MMP14 in cell mechano-transduction. Migration and adhesion assays confirmed that loss of ENG disrupts actin filament assembly and filopodia formation, with a concomitant effect on cell spreading. Furthermore, we observed that ENG regulates cell–matrix interaction through activation of focal adhesion signaling and protein kinase C expression. In turn, loss of MMP14 contributed to a more adhesive phenotype of ES cells by modulating the transcriptional extracellular matrix dynamics. Overall, these results suggest that ENG and MMP14 exert a significant role in mediating correct spreading machinery of ES cells, impacting the aggressiveness of the disease.

Canonical TGFβ Signaling and Its Contribution to Endometrial Cancer Development and Progression-Underestimated Target of Anticancer Strategies

Endometrial cancer is one of the leading gynecological cancers diagnosed among women in their menopausal and postmenopausal age. Despite the progress in molecular biology and medicine, no efficient and powerful diagnostic and prognostic marker is dedicated to endometrial carcinogenesis. The canonical TGFβ pathway is a pleiotropic signaling cascade orchestrating a variety of cellular and molecular processes, whose alterations are responsible for carcinogenesis that originates from different tissue types. This review covers the current knowledge concerning the canonical TGFβ pathway (Smad-dependent) induced by prototypical TGFβ isoforms and the involvement of pathway alterations in the development and progression of endometrial neoplastic lesions. Since Smad-dependent signalization governs opposed cellular processes, such as growth arrest, apoptosis, tumor cells growth and differentiation, as well as angiogenesis and metastasis, TGFβ cascade may act both as a tumor suppressor or tumor promoter. However, the final effect of TGFβ signaling on endometrial cancer cells depends on the cancer disease stage. The multifunctional role of the TGFβ pathway indicates the possible utilization of alterations in the TGFβ cascade as a potential target of novel anticancer strategies.

Endoglin/CD105-Based Imaging of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review

Molecular imaging of pathologic lesions can improve efficient detection of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. A shared pathophysiological feature is angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. Endoglin (CD105) is a coreceptor for ligands of the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) family and is highly expressed on angiogenic endothelial cells. Therefore, endoglin-based imaging has been explored to visualize lesions of the aforementioned diseases. This systematic review highlights the progress in endoglin-based imaging of cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and aortic aneurysm, focusing on positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, and ultrasound imaging. PubMed was searched combining the following subjects and their respective synonyms or relevant subterms: "Endoglin", "Imaging/Image-guided surgery". In total, 59 papers were found eligible to be included: 58 reporting about preclinical animal or in vitro models and one ex vivo study in human organs. In addition to exact data extraction of imaging modality type, tumor or cardiovascular disease model, and tracer (class), outcomes were described via a narrative synthesis. Collectively, the data identify endoglin as a suitable target for intraoperative and diagnostic imaging of the neovasculature in tumors, whereas for cardiovascular diseases, the evidence remains scarce but promising.

Expression of TIGIT/CD155 and correlations with clinical pathological features in human hepatocellular carcinoma

T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is a recently identified T cell coinhibitory receptor. Studies have shown that TIGIT is expressed in colon adenocarcinoma, uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma, breast carcinoma and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. However, the role of the TIGIT/human poliovirus receptor (CD155) pathway in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the expression of TIGIT and CD155 in HCC tissues and peripheral blood were determined, and correlations among TIGIT, CD155, TIGIT⁺ CD4⁺ T cells, TIGIT⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells and α-fetoprotein (AFP) were investigated in order to identify a potential target for diagnosing and treating HCC. Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis and western blotting were used to examine the expression of TIGIT and CD155 in cancerous tissues and peripheral blood collected from patients with HCC. The frequency of TIGIT⁺ CD4⁺ T cells and TIGIT⁺ Treg cells and the concentration of inflammatory cytokines secreted by T cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry and a Merck Milliplex assay. Correlations between the frequency of TIGIT⁺ CD4⁺ T and TIGIT⁺ Treg cells and AFP were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation test. With the degree of cancerous differentiation from high to low, the expression levels of TIGIT and CD155 were upregulated in the cancerous tissues from patients with HCC. TIGIT⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and TIGIT⁺ Treg cell frequencies were decreased in peripheral blood from postoperative patients with HCC. The increased expression of TIGIT was positively correlated with the level of AFP. These results indicate that co-inhibitory receptor TIGIT may be involved in the pathogenesis of HCC and represent a novel target for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.

Mechanistic basis and clinical relevance of the role of transforming growth factor-β in cancer

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a key factor in cancer development and progression. TGF-β can suppress tumorigenesis by inhibiting cell cycle progression and stimulating apoptosis in early stages of cancer progression. However, TGF-β can modulate cancer-related processes, such as cell invasion, distant metastasis, and microenvironment modification that may be used by cancer cells to their advantage in late stages. Corresponding mechanisms include angiogenesis promotion, anti-tumor immunity suppression, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction. The correlation between TGF-β expression and cancer prognosis has also been extensively investigated. Results suggest that TGF-β pathway can be targeted to treat cancer; as such, the feasibility of this treatment is investigated in clinical trials.

Study progress in immune escape mechanism and immunotherapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor as well as a big threat to human health. The occurrence, development and prognosis of HCC are closely relevant to the immune escape and immune function in HCC patients. HCC patients, especially those in the terminal stage of the disease, have impaired immune function, which leads to reduced quality of life and raised death rate. Since immunotherapy can regulate the immune function to reduce recurrence and metastasis, improve the life quality and prolong survival, it has become an important part of comprehensive treatment for HCC. In this paper, we review the latest progress in research of immune escape mechanism and immunotherapy for primary HCC.

Endoglin, VEGF, and its receptors in predicting metastases in endometrial carcinoma

Preoperative evaluation of the risk for metastases in endometrial carcinoma is challenging. The growth of new vessels, angiogenesis, is important for tumor growth and purported to be involved in the metastatic process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of preoperative serum levels and immunohistochemical expression of angiogenic markers in predicting a metastasized disease. Preoperative sera from 98 consecutive women presenting with endometrial carcinoma were collected. Serum concentrations of VEGF, sFLT1, and CD105 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of CD105, VEGF, FLT1, and KDR. The results were correlated to the presence of metastases, presence of deep (≥50%) myometrial invasion, and the histological grade of the tumor. Tumors with other than endometrioid histology were excluded. Of the 80 evaluable patients, 11 had a metastasized disease. The serum concentration of VEGF was higher in the group with metastases than in the group without metastases (median [range], 743 pg/mL [546-1,183 pg/mL] vs. 383 pg/mL [31-1,524 pg/mL], p < 0.001, respectively). In the multivariable analysis, the concentration of VEGF was the sole independent, albeit weak predictive factor for the presence of metastases (odds ratio, 1.004, 95% confidence interval, 1.002-1.007; p = 0.001). The immunohistochemical expression of the markers was not associated with any of the clinicopathological features of the tumors. The results of the present study suggest that preoperative serum VEGF concentration correlates with the presence of metastases in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.

TGFβ-pathway is down-regulated in a uterine carcinosarcoma: a case study

Data assessing the role of various genetic alterations in uterine carcinosarcoma (CS), particularly the transforming growth factors-β (TGFβ) that play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration, are scarce. TGFβ exert their effects through specific receptors and associated auxiliary receptors. In the current study, we investigated the expression of TGFβ isoforms and their receptors, as well as selected genes in a case of CS. We applied the real-time fluorescence detection PCR method with FAM dye-labeled TaqMan specific probes. In a comparison to the normal counterpart, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFBRII, TGFBR3, ENG and CD109 were all down-regulated in uterine CS samples at different extents. BIRC5 and hTERT, markers of tumor survival, were up-regulated in CS as compared with normal counterparts. A concomitant increase of the hypoxia marker HIF1A expression pattern was noted, whereas the expression of GPR120, responsible for free fatty acids sensing, was not different in both counterparts evaluated. In conclusion, deregulation of various cellular mechanisms in uterine CS is associated with alterations at many levels - cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, and impaired response to stimuli from extracellular environment.

Role of TGF-β1 and its receptors in malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a cytokine which exerts a wide range of biological activities by initiating downstream signaling. As transmembrane receptors, TGFBRⅠ, TGFBRⅡ and TGFBRⅢ have been shown to play an important role in mediating TGF-β1 signal transduction. Owing to roles in promoting cell growth and development, alterations in TGF-β1 and its receptors may result in many diseases, especially tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant solid tumor with high risk of metastasis and recurrence and is associated with a high fatality. Recent studies point to a close relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma and the dysregulation of TGF-β1 signaling pathway. The changes in the levels of TGF-β1 and its receptors in tumor microenvironment may facilitate the invasive potential of HCC. In this article we mainly summarize the structure and function of TGF-β1 and its receptors and assess their role in metastasis and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma.