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Wang Y, Tang M. Review of in vitro toxicological research of quantum dot and potentially involved mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:940-962. [PMID: 29996464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are one of emerging engineering nanomaterials (NMs) with advantageous properties which can act as candidates for clinical imaging and diagnosis. Nevertheless, toxicological studies have proved that QDs for better or worse pose threats to diverse systems which are attributed to the release of metal ion and specific characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs), hampering the wide use of QDs to biomedical area. It has been postulated that mechanisms of toxicity evoked by QDs have implications in oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and release of metal ion. Meanwhile, DNA damage and disturbance of subcellular structures would occur during QDs treatment. This review is intended to conclude the cytotoxicity of QDs in multiple systems, as well as the potential mechanisms on the basis of recent literatures. Finally, toxicity-related factors are clarified, among which chirality seems to be a newly proposed influence factor that determines the destiny of cells in response to QDs. However, details of interaction between QDs and cells have not been well elucidated. Given that molecular mechanisms of QDs-induced toxicity are still not clearly elucidated, further research should be required for this meaningful topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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Lee S, Elaskandrany M, Lau LF, Lazzaro D, Grant MB, Chaqour B. Interplay between CCN1 and Wnt5a in endothelial cells and pericytes determines the angiogenic outcome in a model of ischemic retinopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1405. [PMID: 28469167 PMCID: PMC5431199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CYR61-CTGF-NOV (CCN)1 is a dynamically expressed extracellular matrix (ECM) protein with critical functions in cardiovascular development and tissue repair. Angiogenic endothelial cells (ECs) are a major cellular source of CCN1 which, once secreted, associates with the ECM and the cell surface and tightly controls the bidirectional flow of information between cells and the surrounding matrix. Endothelium-specific CCN1 deletion in mice using a cre/lox strategy induces EC hyperplasia and causes blood vessels to coalesce into large flat hyperplastic sinuses with no distinctive hierarchical organization. This is consistent with the role of CCN1 as a negative feedback regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor activation. In the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), pericytes become the predominant CCN1 producing cells. Pericyte-specific deletion of CCN1 significantly decreases pathological retinal neovascularization following OIR. CCN1 induces the expression of the non-canonical Wnt5a in pericyte but not in EC cultures. In turn, exogenous Wnt5a inhibits CCN1 gene expression, induces EC proliferation and increases hypersprouting. Concordantly, treatment of mice with TNP470, a non-canonical Wnt5a inhibitor, reestablishes endothelial expression of CCN1 and significantly decreases pathological neovascular growth in OIR. Our data highlight the significance of CCN1-EC and CCN1-pericyte communication signals in driving physiological and pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Menna Elaskandrany
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Douglas Lazzaro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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Dick AD. Doyne lecture 2016: intraocular health and the many faces of inflammation. Eye (Lond) 2016; 31:87-96. [PMID: 27636226 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogma for reasons of immune privilege including sequestration (sic) of ocular antigen, lack of lymphatic and immune competent cells in the vital tissues of the eye has long evaporated. Maintaining tissue and cellular health to preserve vision requires active immune responses to prevent damage and respond to danger. A priori the eye must contain immune competent cells, undergo immune surveillance to ensure homoeostasis as well as an ability to promote inflammation. By interrogating immune responses in non-infectious uveitis and compare with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), new concepts of intraocular immune health emerge. The role of macrophage polarisation in the two disorders is a tractable start. TNF-alpha regulation of macrophage responses in uveitis has a pivotal role, supported via experimental evidence and validated by recent trial data. Contrast this with the slow, insidious degeneration in atrophic AMD or in neovasular AMD, with the compelling genetic association with innate immunity and complement, highlights an ability to attenuate pathogenic immune responses and despite known inflammasome activation. Yolk sac-derived microglia maintains tissue immune health. The result of immune cell activation is environmentally dependent, for example, on retinal cell bioenergetics status, autophagy and oxidative stress, and alterations that skew interaction between macrophages and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). For example, dead RPE eliciting macrophage VEGF secretion but exogenous IL-4 liberates an anti-angiogenic macrophage sFLT-1 response. Impaired autophagy or oxidative stress drives inflammasome activation, increases cytotoxicity, and accentuation of neovascular responses, yet exogenous inflammasome-derived cytokines, such as IL-18 and IL-33, attenuate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Dick
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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Song J, Huang YF, Zhang WJ, Chen XF, Guo YM. Ocular diseases: immunological and molecular mechanisms. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:780-8. [PMID: 27275439 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.05.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors, such as environmental, microbial and endogenous stress, antigen localization, can trigger the immunological events that affect the ending of the diverse spectrum of ocular disorders. Significant advances in understanding of immunological and molecular mechanisms have been researched to improve the diagnosis and therapy for patients with ocular inflammatory diseases. Some kinds of ocular diseases are inadequately responsive to current medications; therefore, immunotherapy may be a potential choice as an alternative or adjunctive treatment, even in the prophylactic setting. This article first provides an overview of the immunological and molecular mechanisms concerning several typical and common ocular diseases; second, the functions of immunological roles in some of systemic autoimmunity will be discussed; third, we will provide a summary of the mechanisms that dictate immune cell trafficking to ocular local microenvironment in response to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300161, China
| | - Yi-Fei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300161, China; Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300161, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu-Mian Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300161, China
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Local (topical and intraocular) therapy for ocular Adamantiades−Behçetʼs disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2015; 26:546-52. [DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ilhan HD, Bilgin AB, Toylu A, Dogan ME, Apaydin KC. The Expression of GDF-15 in the Human Vitreous in the Presence of Retinal Pathologies with an Inflammatory Component. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2015; 24:178-83. [PMID: 26177355 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2014.981549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a protein implicated in the regulation of the inflammatory response, was investigated in the vitreous of patients with vitreoretinal disorders. METHODS Vitreous and plasma samples were collected from patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (IERM), macular hole (MH), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), nucleus drop (ND), or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). GDF-15 concentrations were measured using ELISA. RESULTS The vitreous levels of GDF-15 were higher in ND (5) and PDR (14) patients (1494 ± 243 and 904 ± 138 pg/mL, respectively) than RRD (3), MH (3), and IERM (8) patients (302 ± 160, 288 ± 24, and 254 ± 91 pg/mL, respectively). The vitreous levels of GDF-15 were significantly higher in patients with inflammatory vitreoretinal disorders (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing that GDF-15 appears to be expressed in the vitreous, and that its expression is significantly higher in the presence of a vitreoretinal disorder in which there is an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asli Toylu
- b Akdeniz University , Department of Medical Genetics , Antalya , Turkey , and
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Photoreceptor replacement therapy: Challenges presented by the diseased recipient retinal environment. Vis Neurosci 2014; 31:333-44. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952523814000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVision loss caused by the death of photoreceptors is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. Rapid advances in stem cell biology and techniques in cell transplantation have made photoreceptor replacement by transplantation a very plausible therapeutic strategy. These advances include the demonstration of restoration of vision following photoreceptor transplantation and the generation of transplantable populations of donor cells from stem cells. In this review, we present a brief overview of the recent progress in photoreceptor transplantation. We then consider in more detail some of the challenges presented by the degenerating retinal environment that must play host to these transplanted cells, how these may influence transplanted photoreceptor cell integration and survival, and some of the progress in developing strategies to circumnavigate these issues.
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Molecular pathology of macrophages and interleukin-17 in age-related macular degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:193-8. [PMID: 24664698 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by degeneration of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells as well as by changes of choroidal capillaries in the macula. Although AMD is not a typical uveitis, there is a consistence and an imbalance of ocular para-inflammation. Ocular inflammation, particularly in the macula, plays a critical role in AMD pathogenesis. The inflammatory and immune-related elements involved in AMD include inflammatory and related cells as well as the secreted molecules and factors from these cells. Innate immune system elements such as macrophages and cytokines play an important role in AMD pathology and pathogenesis. This chapter reviews the observed deviation in macrophage plasticity and the elevated expression of interleukin-17 in AMD eyes while discussing potential contributions to AMD pathogenesis. Targeting of these specific inflammatory pathways and molecules at appropriate times should be explored and may become promising novel adjunct agents to AMD therapy.
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Abstract
Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a relatively uncommon subtype of idiopathic posterior uveitis with distinct clinical characteristics and a strong genetic association with the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-A29 allele. The diagnosis remains clinical and is based on the presence of typical clinical features, including multiple, distinctive, hypopigmented choroidal lesions throughout the fundus. The long-term visual prognosis of this disorder, however, remains guarded – central visual acuity can be preserved until late in the disease and it is not uncommon for patients to receive inadequate immunosuppressive treatment, leading to a poor long-term outcome in which peripheral retinal damage eventually leads to visual deterioration. Birdshot chorioretinopathy has proven a particularly attractive area of study within the field of uveitis, as it is a relatively easily defined disease with an associated human leukocyte antigen haplotype. Despite this, however, the immune mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis remain unclear, and some patients continue to lose retinal function despite therapy with corticosteroids and conventional immunosuppressive agents. Laboratory research continues to investigate the underlying mechanisms of disease, and clinical research is now being driven to improve the phenotyping and monitoring of this condition as, in the era of so-called personalized medicine, it is becoming increasingly important to identify patients at risk of visual loss early so that they can be treated more aggressively with targeted therapies such as the newer biological agents. This approach requires the formation of collaborative groups, as the relative rarity of the condition makes it difficult for one center to accumulate enough patients for worthwhile studies. Nevertheless, results obtained with newer therapies, such as biological agents directed against particular cytokines or cell-surface receptors, demonstrate ever improving control of the inflammation in refractory cases, providing hope that the outlook for visual function in this condition can only improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Menezo
- Institut Catala de Retina, Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Consortium Castellon, Castello, Spain
| | - Simon Rj Taylor
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK ; Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK
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Myeloid cells expressing VEGF and arginase-1 following uptake of damaged retinal pigment epithelium suggests potential mechanism that drives the onset of choroidal angiogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72935. [PMID: 23977372 PMCID: PMC3745388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst data recognise both myeloid cell accumulation during choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) as well as complement activation, none of the data has presented a clear explanation for the angiogenic drive that promotes pathological angiogenesis. One possibility that is a pre-eminent drive is a specific and early conditioning and activation of the myeloid cell infiltrate. Using a laser-induced CNV murine model, we have identified that disruption of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane resulted in an early recruitment of macrophages derived from monocytes and microglia, prior to angiogenesis and contemporaneous with lesional complement activation. Early recruited CD11b(+) cells expressed a definitive gene signature of selective inflammatory mediators particularly a pronounced Arg-1 expression. Accumulating macrophages from retina and peripheral blood were activated at the site of injury, displaying enhanced VEGF expression, and notably prior to exaggerated VEGF expression from RPE, or earliest stages of angiogenesis. All of these initial events, including distinct VEGF (+) Arg-1(+) myeloid cells, subsided when CNV was established and at the time RPE-VEGF expression was maximal. Depletion of inflammatory CCR2-positive monocytes confirmed origin of infiltrating monocyte Arg-1 expression, as following depletion Arg-1 signal was lost and CNV suppressed. Furthermore, our in vitro data supported a myeloid cell uptake of damaged RPE or its derivatives as a mechanism generating VEGF (+) Arg-1(+) phenotype in vivo. Our results reveal a potential early driver initiating angiogenesis via myeloid-derived VEGF drive following uptake of damaged RPE and deliver an explanation of why CNV develops during any of the stages of macular degeneration and can be explored further for therapeutic gain.
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Tempest-Roe S, Joshi L, Dick AD, Taylor SRJ. Local therapies for inflammatory eye disease in translation: past, present and future. BMC Ophthalmol 2013; 13:39. [PMID: 23914773 PMCID: PMC3750406 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-13-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their side-effects and the advent of systemic immunosuppressives and biologics, the use of corticosteroids remains in the management of patients with uveitis, particularly when inflammation is associated with systemic disease or when bilateral ocular disease is present. The use of topical corticosteroids as local therapy for anterior uveitis is well-established, but periocular injections of corticosteroid can also be used to control mild or moderate intraocular inflammation. More recently, intraocular corticosteroids such as triamcinolone and steroid-loaded vitreal inserts and implants have been found to be effective, including in refractory cases. Additional benefits are noted when ocular inflammation is unilateral or asymmetric, when local therapy may preclude the need to increase the systemic medication. Implants in particular have gained prominence with evidence of efficacy including both dexamethasone and fluocinolone loaded devices. However, an appealing avenue of research lies in the development of non-corticosteroid drugs in order to avoid the side-effects that limit the appeal of injected corticosteroids. Several existing drugs are being assessed, including anti-VEGF compounds such as ranibizumab and bevacizumab, anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha antibodies such as infliximab, as well as older cytotoxic medications such as methotrexate and cyclosporine, with varying degrees of success. Intravitreal sirolimus is currently undergoing phase 3 trials in uveitis and other inflammatory pathways have also been proposed as suitable therapeutic targets. Furthermore, the advent of biotechnology is seeing advances in generation of new therapeutic molecules such as high affinity binding peptides or modified high affinity or bivalent single chain Fab fragments, offering higher specificity and possibility of topical delivery.
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