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Sánchez-Baizán N, Jarne-Sanz I, Roco ÁS, Schartl M, Piferrer F. Extraordinary variability in gene activation and repression programs during gonadal sex differentiation across vertebrates. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1328365. [PMID: 38322165 PMCID: PMC10844511 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1328365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in gonadal sex differentiation have been traditionally thought to be fairly conserved across vertebrates, but this has been lately questioned. Here, we performed the first comparative analysis of gonadal transcriptomes across vertebrates, from fish to mammals. Our results unambiguously show an extraordinary overall variability in gene activation and repression programs without a phylogenetic pattern. During sex differentiation, genes such as dmrt1, sox9, amh, cyp19a and foxl2 were consistently either male- or female-enriched across species while many genes with the greatest expression change within each sex were not. We also found that downregulation in the opposite sex, which had only been quantified in the mouse model, was also prominent in the rest of vertebrates. Finally, we report 16 novel conserved markers (e.g., fshr and dazl) and 11 signaling pathways. We propose viewing vertebrate gonadal sex differentiation as a hierarchical network, with conserved hub genes such as sox9 and amh alongside less connected and less conserved nodes. This proposed framework implies that evolutionary pressures may impact genes based on their level of connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Sánchez-Baizán
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Jarne-Sanz
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro S. Roco
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
| | - Francesc Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Xu XW, Sun P, Gao C, Zheng W, Chen S. Assembly of the poorly differentiated Verasper variegatus W chromosome by different sequencing technologies. Sci Data 2023; 10:893. [PMID: 38092799 PMCID: PMC10719390 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of W and Y chromosomes poses significant challenges in vertebrate genome sequencing and assembly. Here, we successfully assembled the W chromosome of Verasper variegatus with a length of 20.48 Mb by combining population and PacBio HiFi sequencing data. It was identified as a young sex chromosome and showed signs of expansion in repetitive sequences. The major component of the expansion was Ty3/Gypsy. The ancestral Osteichthyes karyotype consists of 24 protochromosomes. The sex chromosomes in four Pleuronectiformes species derived from a pair of homologous protochromosomes resulting from a whole-genome duplication event in teleost fish, yet with different sex-determination systems. V. variegatus and Cynoglossus semilaevis adhere to the ZZ/ZW system, while Hippoglossus stenolepis and H. hippoglossus follow the XX/XY system. Interestingly, V. variegatus and H. hippoglossus derived from one protochromosome, while C. semilaevis and H. stenolepis derived from another protochromosome. Our study provides valuable insights into the evolution of sex chromosomes in flatfish and sheds light on the important role of whole-genome duplication in shaping the evolution of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Pengchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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3
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Wang D, Pan Z, Wang G, Ye B, Wang Q, Zuo Z, Zou J, Xie S. Gonadal Transcriptome Analysis and Sequence Characterization of Sex-Related Genes in Cranoglanis bouderius. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415840. [PMID: 36555482 PMCID: PMC9779447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the Cranoglanis bouderius is classified as a national class II-protected animal. The development of C. bouderius populations has been affected by a variety of factors over the past few decades, with severe declines occurring. Considering the likelihood of continued population declines of the C. bouderius in the future, it is critical to investigate the currently unknown characteristics of gonadal differentiation and sex-related genes for C. bouderius conservation. In this study, the Illumina sequencing platform was used to sequence the gonadal transcriptome of the C. bouderius to identify the pathways and genes related to gonadal development and analyze the expression differences in the gonads. A total of 12,002 DEGs were identified, with 7220 being significantly expressed in the ovary and 4782 being significantly expressed in the testis. According to the functional enrichment results, the cell cycle, RNA transport, apoptosis, Wnt signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and prolactin signaling pathway play important roles in sex development in the C. bouderius. Furthermore, the sequence characterization and evolutionary analysis revealed that AMH, DAX1, NANOS1, and AR of the C. bouderius are highly conserved. Specifically, the qRT-PCR results from various tissues showed significant differences in AMH, DAX1, NANOS1, and AR expression levels in the gonads of both sexes of C. bouderius. These analyses indicated that AMH, DAX1, NANOS1, and AR may play important roles in the differentiation and development of C. bouderius gonads. To our best knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the C. bouderius gonadal transcriptome and identify the structures of sex-related genes, laying the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhengkun Pan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guoxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Ye
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiujie Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiheng Zuo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (S.X.); Tel.: +86-020-87571321 (J.Z.); +86-020-87571321 (S.X.)
| | - Shaolin Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (S.X.); Tel.: +86-020-87571321 (J.Z.); +86-020-87571321 (S.X.)
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4
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Smirnov AF, Leoke DY, Trukhina AV. Natural and Experimental Sex Reversal in Birds and Other Groups of Vertebrates, with the Exception of Mammals. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422060114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang J, Huang J, Zhao H, Deng J, Kong F, Zhang H, Wang Q. Using the Ratio of Urine Testosterone to Estrone-3-Glucuronide to Identify the Sex of Chinese Giant Salamanders ( Andrias davidianus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091112. [PMID: 35565540 PMCID: PMC9103924 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimally invasive sampling was used to determine the sex of Chinese giant salamanders (Andrias davidianus). Urine samples (n = 25) were collected from 6 adults in the breeding season and from 19 individuals (7 adults and 12 juveniles) in the non-breeding season. The hormone testosterone (T) and estrone-3-glucuronide (E1G) in urine were collected from Chinese giant salamanders (CGSs), and the hormone extracts were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays (EIA). The data demonstrated that the urine T concentration of the male CGSs was significantly higher than that of the females during the breeding season (p < 0.05) and even more pronounced during the non-breeding season (p < 0.01). The urine E1G concentration of the males was less pronounced than that of the females during the breeding season (p < 0.01) and significantly lower during the non-breeding season (p < 0.05). The urine T/E1G values of all the male salamanders were significantly higher than those of the females (p < 0.01) during both the breeding season and the non-breeding season. An interesting pattern was found in this study: the value of urine log10(T/E1G) of the male CGSs was higher than 1, whereas the value for the females was lower than 1, during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons, and in the adult and sub-adult age groups of CGSs. There were 25 salamanders in this study and the accuracy rate reached 100% by using a log10(T/E1G) value of 1. The results of the log10(T/E1G) value provide new insight into the future development of the sex identification of CGSs and also lay the foundation for accurate sex identification in the preparation for artificial release. This is the first study to show that the T/E1G ratio in urinary hormones is reliable for the sex identification of CGSs. Additionally, urinary hormone T/E1G measures are promising sex identification tools for amphibian or monomorphic species and for those whose secondary sex characteristics are visible only during the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.Z.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (F.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jiqin Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.Z.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (F.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hu Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.Z.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (F.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jie Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.Z.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (F.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Fei Kong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.Z.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (F.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.Z.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (F.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qijun Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.Z.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (J.D.); (F.K.); (H.Z.)
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-9178-5863
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Packer M, Lambert DM. What’s Gender Got to Do With It? Dismantling the Human Hierarchies in Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Toxicology for Scientific and Social Progress. Am Nat 2022; 200:114-128. [DOI: 10.1086/720131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Li Y, Chen Z, Liu H, Li Q, Lin X, Ji S, Li R, Li S, Fan W, Zhao H, Zhu Z, Hu W, Zhou Y, Luo D. ASER: Animal Sex Reversal Database. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:873-881. [PMID: 34839012 PMCID: PMC9402789 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex reversal, representing extraordinary sexual plasticity during the life cycle, not only triggers reproduction in animals but also affects reproductive and endocrine system-related diseases and cancers in humans. Sex reversal has been broadly reported in animals; however, an integrated resource hub of sex reversal information is still lacking. Here, we constructed a comprehensive database named ASER (Animal Sex Reversal) by integrating sex reversal-related data of 18 species from teleostei to mammalia. We systematically collected 40,018 published papers and mined the sex reversal-associated genes (SRGs), including their regulatory networks, from 1611 core papers. We annotated homologous genes and computed conservation scores for whole genomes across the 18 species. Furthermore, we collected available RNA-seq datasets and investigated the expression dynamics of SRGs during sex reversal or sex determination processes. In addition, we manually annotated 550 in situ hybridization (ISH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) images of SRGs from the literature and described their spatial expression in the gonads. Collectively, ASER provides a unique and integrated resource for researchers to query and reuse organized data to explore the mechanisms and applications of SRGs in animal breeding and human health. The ASER database is publicly available at http://aser.ihb.ac.cn/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zonggui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hairong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuhui Ji
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weiliang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Daji Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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8
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Lambert MR, Ezaz T, Skelly DK. Sex-Biased Mortality and Sex Reversal Shape Wild Frog Sex Ratios. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.756476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Population sex ratio is a key demographic factor that influences population dynamics and persistence. Sex ratios can vary across ontogeny from embryogenesis to death and yet the conditions that shape changes in sex ratio across ontogeny are poorly understood. Here, we address this issue in amphibians, a clade for which sex ratios are generally understudied in wild populations. Ontogenetic sex ratio variation in amphibians is additionally complicated by the ability of individual tadpoles to develop a phenotypic (gonadal) sex opposite their genotypic sex. Because of sex reversal, the genotypic and phenotypic sex ratios of entire cohorts and populations may also contrast. Understanding proximate mechanisms underlying phenotypic sex ratio variation in amphibians is important given the role they play in population biology research and as model species in eco-toxicological research addressing toxicant impacts on sex ratios. While researchers have presumed that departures from a 50:50 sex ratio are due to sex reversal, sex-biased mortality is an alternative explanation that deserves consideration. Here, we use a molecular sexing approach to track genotypic sex ratio changes from egg mass to metamorphosis in two independent green frog (Rana clamitans) populations by assessing the genotypic sex ratios of multiple developmental stages at each breeding pond. Our findings imply that genotypic sex-biased mortality during tadpole development affects phenotypic sex ratio variation at metamorphosis. We also identified sex reversal in metamorphosing cohorts. However, sex reversal plays a relatively minor and inconsistent role in shaping phenotypic sex ratios across the populations we studied. Although we found that sex-biased mortality influences sex ratios within a population, our study cannot say at this time whether sex-biased mortality is responsible for sex ratio variation across populations. Our results illustrate how multiple processes shape sex ratio variation in wild populations and the value of testing assumptions underlying how we understand sex in wild animal populations.
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9
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Tang Y, Chen JY, Ding GH, Lin ZH. Analyzing the gonadal transcriptome of the frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus to identify genes involved in sex development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:552. [PMID: 34281525 PMCID: PMC8290591 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) is listed as a national Class II protected species in China. In the context of global warming, the sex ratio of amphibians will be affected, and the development of the population will be limited. Therefore, considering the potential for a decrease in the number of amphibians, studying sex evolution and molecular regulation of gonadal development in H. rugulosus, phenomenon that are currently unclear, is of great significance. RESULTS Here, H. rugulosus was used to explore the mechanisms regulating gonadal development in amphibians. Illumina HiSeq 3000 was used to sequence the gonadal transcriptome of male and female H. rugulosus at two growth stages to identify genes related to gonadal development and analyze expression differences in the gonads. This analysis indicated that cyp17α, hsd3β, hsd11β1, cyp19α, and hsd17β12 perform vital functions in sex development in amphibians. Specifically, the expression of cyp3α, cyp17α, hsd3β, hsd11β1, sox2, sox9, sox30, soat, cyp19α, hsd17β12, and hspα1s was correlated with gonadal development and differentiation in H. rugulosus, as determined using the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSION Significant differences were found in the gonadal gene expression levels in H. rugulosus of both sexes, and we identified a steroid hormone synthesis pathway in this species and analyzed related gene expression, but the changes during sex differentiation were still unclear. To our knowledge, this report presents the first analysis of the H. rugulosus gonadal transcriptome and lays the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Lin
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Xu Y, DU Z, Liu J, Su H, Ning F, Cui S, Wang L, Liu J, Ren C, DI S, Bai X. Male heterogametic sex determination in Rana dybowskii based on sex-linked molecular markers. Integr Zool 2021; 17:105-114. [PMID: 34254736 PMCID: PMC9290989 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the mechanism for sex determination in amphibians is challenging. Very little is known about sex determination mechanisms of Rana dybowskii, a species of importance to evolutionary and conservation biology. We screened for sex‐linked molecular markers in R. dybowskii in China using target region amplification polymorphism with 2 fixed primers against the sequences of Dmrt1. We found 2 male‐linked molecular markers in R. dybowskii, which were 222 bp and 261 bp long. The detection rates of 222 bp marker in males form Xinglong, Huadian, and Dandong were 93.79%, 69.64%, and 13.64%, respectively, while the rate in females from Huadian was 27.50%. Besides, the detection rates of 261 bp marker in the above 3 regions were only observed in males at the rate of 93.79%, 87.50%, and 32.73%, respectively. The inheritance patterns of sex‐linked molecular markers showed that the 2 sex‐linked molecular markers were heterozygous. Compared to the XY‐male parent, progeny from XX‐pseudo‐male parent possessed lower sex reversal ratio at the same rearing temperature, and the proportion of female froglets from an XX‐pseudo‐male parent was more than 95% at low rearing temperature (15°C). Our findings suggest that R. dybowskii displays male heterogamety, and the 2 sex‐linked molecular markers may have a guiding significance for the protection and utilization of R. dybowskii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiheng DU
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hang Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangyong Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiquan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- College of Agricultural, Eastern Liaoning University, Dandong, China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Yili Animal Science Research Institute, Yining, China
| | - Chuanshuai Ren
- Animal Husbandry Administration of Huadian, Huadian, China
| | - Shengwei DI
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiujuan Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Curzon AY, Dor L, Shirak A, Meiri-Ashkenazi I, Rosenfeld H, Ron M, Seroussi E. A novel c.1759T>G variant in follicle-stimulating hormone-receptor gene is concordant with male determination in the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6046932. [PMID: 33589926 PMCID: PMC8022982 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Various master key regulators (MKRs) that control a binary switch of sex determination (SD) have been found in fish; these provide an excellent model for the study of vertebrate genetic SD. The SD region in flathead grey mullet has been previously mapped to a 1 Mbp region harboring 27 genes, of which one is follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr). Although this gene is involved in gonad differentiation and function, it has not been considered as an MKR of SD. We systematically investigated polymorphism in mullet fshr using DNA shotgun sequences, and compared them between males and females. Capable of encoding nonconservative amino acid substitutions, c.1732G>A and c.1759T>G exhibited association with sex on a population level (N = 83; P ≤ 6.7 × 10-19). Hence, 1732 A and 1759 G represent a male-specific haplotype of the gene, designated as "fshry." Additional flanking SNPs showed a weaker degree of association with sex, delimiting the SD critical region to 143 nucleotides on exon 14. Lack of homozygotes for fshry, and the resulting divergence from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (N = 170; P ≤ 3.9 × 10-5), were compatible with a male heterogametic model (XY/XX). Capable of replacing a phenylalanine with valine, c.1759T>G alters a conserved position across the sixth transmembrane domain of vertebrate FSHRs. Amino acid substitutions in this position in vertebrates are frequently associated with constant receptor activation and consequently with FSH/FSHR signaling alteration; thus, indicating a potential role of fshr as an MKR of SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Y Curzon
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, 7528809, Israel.,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lior Dor
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, 7528809, Israel.,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Andrey Shirak
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, 7528809, Israel
| | - Iris Meiri-Ashkenazi
- National Center for Mariculture, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Eilat 88112, Israel
| | - Hana Rosenfeld
- National Center for Mariculture, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Eilat 88112, Israel
| | - Micha Ron
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, 7528809, Israel
| | - Eyal Seroussi
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, 7528809, Israel
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12
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Roco ÁS, Ruiz-García A, Bullejos M. Testis Development and Differentiation in Amphibians. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:578. [PMID: 33923451 PMCID: PMC8072878 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is determined genetically in amphibians; however, little is known about the sex chromosomes, testis-determining genes, and the genes involved in testis differentiation in this class. Certain inherent characteristics of the species of this group, like the homomorphic sex chromosomes, the high diversity of the sex-determining mechanisms, or the existence of polyploids, may hinder the design of experiments when studying how the gonads can differentiate. Even so, other features, like their external development or the possibility of inducing sex reversal by external treatments, can be helpful. This review summarizes the current knowledge on amphibian sex determination, gonadal development, and testis differentiation. The analysis of this information, compared with the information available for other vertebrate groups, allows us to identify the evolutionarily conserved and divergent pathways involved in testis differentiation. Overall, the data confirm the previous observations in other vertebrates-the morphology of the adult testis is similar across different groups; however, the male-determining signal and the genetic networks involved in testis differentiation are not evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mónica Bullejos
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus Las Lagunillas S/N, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (Á.S.R.); (A.R.-G.)
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13
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Cai ZJ. Hypothalamic aging and hormones. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:15-37. [PMID: 33706947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is the heterogeneous changes of hypothalamic functions that determine the chronological sequence of aging in mammals. Recently, it was hypothesized by Cai the decrease in slow-wave sleep (SWS) resulting from skin aging as responsible for the degeneration of hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It was soon hypothesized by the European people in television that the increase in body fat as responsible for the degeneration of male preoptic sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN-POA), via the aromatase converting testosterone to estradiol as proposed by Cohen. It is the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) that remains unchanged in neuron number during aging for psychological stress. In this chapter, it is briefly reviewed more manifestations of hypothalamic related mammalian aging processes, including (1) the aging of ovary by lipid, estradiol and hypothalamus; (2) the aging of muscle, stomach, intestine, thymus, and the later aging of brain, regulated by growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1(GH/IGF1); (3) the cardiovascular hypertension from PVN activation, the bone and other peripheral aging by psychological stress, and that of kidney by vasopressin. It is classified these aging processes by the primary regulation from one of the three hypothalamic nuclei, although still necessary to investigate and supplement their secondary regulation by the hypothalamic nuclei in future. It is the hypothalamic structural changes that shift the functional balance among these three hypothalamic systems toward aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Cai
- CaiFortune Consulting, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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14
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Nagahama Y, Chakraborty T, Paul-Prasanth B, Ohta K, Nakamura M. Sex determination, gonadal sex differentiation, and plasticity in vertebrate species. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:1237-1308. [PMID: 33180655 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of sex determination (SD) mechanisms, encompassing environmental to genetic, have been found to exist among vertebrates, covering a spectrum from fixed SD mechanisms (mammals) to functional sex change in fishes (sequential hermaphroditic fishes). A major landmark in vertebrate SD was the discovery of the SRY gene in 1990. Since that time, many attempts to clone an SRY ortholog from nonmammalian vertebrates remained unsuccessful, until 2002, when DMY/dmrt1by was discovered as the SD gene of a small fish, medaka. Surprisingly, however, DMY/dmrt1by was found in only 2 species among more than 20 species of medaka, suggesting a large diversity of SD genes among vertebrates. Considerable progress has been made over the last 3 decades, such that it is now possible to formulate reasonable paradigms of how SD and gonadal sex differentiation may work in some model vertebrate species. This review outlines our current understanding of vertebrate SD and gonadal sex differentiation, with a focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. An impressive number of genes and factors have been discovered that play important roles in testicular and ovarian differentiation. An antagonism between the male and female pathway genes exists in gonads during both sex differentiation and, surprisingly, even as adults, suggesting that, in addition to sex-changing fishes, gonochoristic vertebrates including mice maintain some degree of gonadal sexual plasticity into adulthood. Importantly, a review of various SD mechanisms among vertebrates suggests that this is the ideal biological event that can make us understand the evolutionary conundrums underlying speciation and species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Nagahama
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Japan.,Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tapas Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Japan.,Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukouka, Japan.,Karatsu Satellite of Aqua-Bioresource Innovation Center, Kyushu University, Karatsu, Japan
| | - Bindhu Paul-Prasanth
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Kohei Ohta
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukouka, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakamura
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.,Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, Okinawa, Japan
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15
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Nemesházi E, Gál Z, Ujhegyi N, Verebélyi V, Mikó Z, Üveges B, Lefler KK, Jeffries DL, Hoffmann OI, Bókony V. Novel genetic sex markers reveal high frequency of sex reversal in wild populations of the agile frog (Rana dalmatina) associated with anthropogenic land use. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3607-3621. [PMID: 32799395 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Populations of ectothermic vertebrates are vulnerable to environmental pollution and climate change because certain chemicals and extreme temperatures can cause sex reversal during early ontogeny (i.e. genetically female individuals develop male phenotype or vice versa), which may distort population sex ratios. However, we have troublingly little information on sex reversals in natural populations, due to unavailability of genetic sex markers. Here, we developed a genetic sexing method based on sex-linked single nucleotide polymorphism loci to study the prevalence and fitness consequences of sex reversal in agile frogs (Rana dalmatina). Out of 125 juveniles raised in laboratory without exposure to sex-reversing stimuli, 6 showed male phenotype but female genotype according to our markers. These individuals exhibited several signs of poor physiological condition, suggesting stress-induced sex reversal and inferior fitness prospects. Among 162 adults from 11 wild populations in North-Central Hungary, 20% of phenotypic males had female genotype according to our markers. These individuals occurred more frequently in areas of anthropogenic land use; this association was attributable to agriculture and less strongly to urban land use. Female-to-male sex-reversed adults had similar body mass as normal males. We recorded no events of male-to-female sex reversal either in the laboratory or in the wild. These results support recent suspicions that sex reversal is widespread in nature, and suggest that human-induced environmental changes may contribute to its pervasiveness. Furthermore, our findings indicate that sex reversal is associated with stress and poor health in early life, but sex-reversed individuals surviving to adulthood may participate in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Nemesházi
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gál
- NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Ujhegyi
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Verebélyi
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Mikó
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Üveges
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Katalin Lefler
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Daniel Lee Jeffries
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Robitaille J, Langlois VS. Consequences of steroid-5α-reductase deficiency and inhibition in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 290:113400. [PMID: 31981690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In 1974, a lack of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), the most potent androgen across species except for fish, was shown to be the origin of a type of pseudohermaphrodism in which boys have female-like external genitalia. This human intersex condition is linked to a mutation in the steroid-5α-reductase type 2 (SRD5α2) gene, which usually produces an important enzyme capable of reducing the Δ4-ene of steroid C-19 and C-21 into a 5α-stereoisomer. Seeing the potential of SRD5α2 as a target for androgen synthesis, pharmaceutical companies developed 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs), such as finasteride (FIN) and dutasteride (DUT) to target SRD5α2 in benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenic alopecia. In addition to human treatment, the development of 5ARIs also enabled further research of SRD5α functions. Therefore, this review details the morphological, physiological, and molecular effects of the lack of SRD5α activity induced by both SRD5α mutations and inhibitor exposures across species. More specifically, data highlights 1) the role of 5α-DHT in the development of male secondary sexual organs in vertebrates and sex determination in non-mammalian vertebrates, 2) the role of SRD5α1 in the synthesis of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), which are involved in anxiety and sexual behavior, respectively, and 3) the role of SRD5α3 in N-glycosylation. This review also features the lesser known functions of SRD5αs in steroid degradation in the uterus during pregnancy and glucocorticoid clearance in the liver. Additionally, the review describes the regulation of SRD5αs by the receptors of androgens, progesterone, estrogen, and thyroid hormones, as well as their differential DNA methylation. Factors known to be involved in their differential methylation are age, inflammation, and mental stimulation. Overall, this review helps shed light on the various essential functions of SRD5αs across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Robitaille
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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17
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Tang Y, Chen ZQ, Lin YF, Chen JY, Ding GH, Ji X. The combined effects of temperature and aromatase inhibitor on metamorphosis, growth, locomotion, and sex ratio of tiger frog ( Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) tadpoles. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8834. [PMID: 32219039 PMCID: PMC7087491 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) is widely raised by many farms in southern region of China as an economically edible frog. The growth, development, and sexual differentiation of amphibians are influenced by temperature and steroid hormone level. However, the problem of hormone residues is caused by the addition of exogenous hormones in frog breeding, it is worth considering whether non-sterol aromatase inhibitors can be used instead of hormones. Methods In our study, H. rugulosus tadpoles were subjected to two water temperatures (29 °C and 34 °C) and three letrozole concentrations in the feed (0, 0.1 and 1 mg/g) to examine the effects of temperature, aromatase inhibitor and their interaction on metamorphosis, locomotion, and sex ratios. A G-test and contingency table were used to analyze the metamorphosis rate of tadpoles and the survival rate of froglets after feeding for 90 days. A G-test was also used to analyze sex ratios in different treatment groups. Results Metamorphosis time and body size (snout-vent length, body mass and condition factor) were significantly different between the two temperature treatments. Metamorphosis time was longer and body size was increased at 29 °C compared to those at 34 °C. Letrozole concentration and the temperature × letrozole interaction did not affect these variables. The jumping distance of froglets following metamorphosis was positively associated with the condition factor; when controlling for condition factor, jumping distance was not affected by temperature, letrozole concentration and their interaction. Temperature and letrozole concentration also did not affect metamorphosis and survival rate. Sex ratio of the control group (0 mg/g letrozole) was 1:1 at 29 °C, but there were more males at 34 °C. The sex ratios of H. rugulosus treated with letrozole at 29 °C and 34 °C were significantly biased toward males, and male ratio increased as letrozole concentration increased. Furthermore, more males were produced at 34 °C than at 29 °C at each letrozole concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Chen
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - You-Fu Lin
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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18
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Trukhina AV, Lukina NA, Smirnov AF. Hormonal Sex Inversion and Some Aspects of Its Genetic Determination in Chicken. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418090144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Effect of Fromestane on Gonadal Sex Differentiation and Sex Ratio in the Frog,Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, with Undifferentiated Type of Gonadal Differentiation. J HERPETOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1670/17-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Morris J, Darolti I, Bloch NI, Wright AE, Mank JE. Shared and Species-Specific Patterns of Nascent Y Chromosome Evolution in Two Guppy Species. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E238. [PMID: 29751570 PMCID: PMC5977178 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes form once recombination is halted around the sex-determining locus between a homologous pair of chromosomes, resulting in a male-limited Y chromosome. We recently characterized the nascent sex chromosome system in the Trinidadian guppy (Poeciliareticulata). The guppy Y is one of the youngest animal sex chromosomes yet identified, and therefore offers a unique window into the early evolutionary forces shaping sex chromosome formation, particularly the rate of accumulation of repetitive elements and Y-specific sequence. We used comparisons between male and female genomes in P. reticulata and its sister species, Endler’s guppy (P. wingei), which share an ancestral sex chromosome, to identify male-specific sequences and to characterize the degree of differentiation between the X and Y chromosomes. We identified male-specific sequence shared between P. reticulata and P. wingei consistent with a small ancestral non-recombining region. Our assembly of this Y-specific sequence shows substantial homology to the X chromosome, and appears to be significantly enriched for genes implicated in pigmentation. We also found two plausible candidates that may be involved in sex determination. Furthermore, we found that the P. wingei Y chromosome exhibits a greater signature of repetitive element accumulation than the P. reticulata Y chromosome. This suggests that Y chromosome divergence does not necessarily correlate with the time since recombination suppression. Overall, our results reveal the early stages of Y chromosome divergence in the guppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Morris
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Iulia Darolti
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Natasha I Bloch
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Alison E Wright
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Judith E Mank
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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High temperatures influence sexual development differentially in male and female tadpoles of the Indian skipper frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. J Biosci 2017; 42:449-457. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-017-9689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Roberts NB, Juntti SA, Coyle KP, Dumont BL, Stanley MK, Ryan AQ, Fernald RD, Roberts RB. Polygenic sex determination in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:835. [PMID: 27784286 PMCID: PMC5080751 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The East African riverine cichlid species Astatotilapia burtoni serves as an important laboratory model for sexually dimorphic physiology and behavior, and also serves as an outgroup species for the explosive adaptive radiations of cichlid species in Lake Malawi and Lake Victoria. An astounding diversity of genetic sex determination systems have been revealed within the adaptive radiation of East African cichlids thus far, including polygenic sex determination systems involving the epistatic interaction of multiple, independently segregating sex determination alleles. However, sex determination has remained unmapped in A. burtoni. Here we present mapping results supporting the presence of multiple, novel sex determination alleles, and thus the presence of polygenic sex determination in A. burtoni. RESULTS Using mapping in small families in conjunction with restriction-site associated DNA sequencing strategies, we identify associations with sex at loci on linkage group 13 and linkage group 5-14. Inheritance patterns support an XY sex determination system on linkage group 5-14 (a chromosome fusion relative to other cichlids studied), and an XYW system on linkage group 13, and these associations are replicated in multiple families. Additionally, combining our genetic data with comparative genomic analysis identifies another fusion that is unassociated with sex, with linkage group 8-24 and linkage group 16-21 fused in A. burtoni relative to other East African cichlid species. CONCLUSIONS We identify genetic signals supporting the presence of three previously unidentified sex determination alleles at two loci in the species A. burtoni, strongly supporting the presence of polygenic sex determination system in the species. These results provide a foundation for future mapping of multiple sex determination genes and their interactions. A better understanding of sex determination in A. burtoni provides important context for their use in behavioral studies, as well as studies of the evolution of genetic sex determination and sexual conflicts in East African cichlids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie B. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Scott A. Juntti
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kaitlin P. Coyle
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Bethany L. Dumont
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - M. Kaitlyn Stanley
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Allyson Q. Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | | | - Reade B. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
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24
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Santillo A, Falvo S, Chieffi Baccari G, Di Fiore MM. Seasonal changes in gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes, androgen and estrogen receptors in frog testis. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Santillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali; Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Via Vivaldi 43 81100 Caserta Italy
| | - Sara Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali; Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Via Vivaldi 43 81100 Caserta Italy
| | - Gabriella Chieffi Baccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali; Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Via Vivaldi 43 81100 Caserta Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Di Fiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali; Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Via Vivaldi 43 81100 Caserta Italy
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25
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Characterization and expression of cyp19a gene in the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 192:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Mali PV, Gramapurohit NP. Pattern of gonadal differentiation and development up to sexual maturity in the frogs, Microhyla ornata and Hylarana malabarica: A comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:666-78. [PMID: 26361250 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gonadogenesis was studied in Microhyla ornata (Family: Microhylidae) and Hylarana malabarica (Family: Ranidae) up to sexual maturity. Indifferent gonads of M. ornata directly differentiated into either testes or ovaries while those of H. malabarica differentiated into ovaries in all the individuals followed by testicular differentiation in males through an ovarian phase. In some tadpoles of M. ornata, formation of a central cavity at Gosner stage 27 marked ovary differentiation while meiosis was initiated at stage 29. Folliculogenesis was evident at stage 39. Vitellogenesis was initiated in females 9 months post-metamorphosis that attained maturity around 11 months after the completion of metamorphosis. Gonads of males with uniformly distributed germ and somatic cells remained undifferentiated until stage 41. Germ and somatic cells reorganized into seminiferous cords at stage 42. One month after completing metamorphosis, testes contained seminiferous tubules while those of 3 months old males exhibited all spermatogenic stages. In H. malabarica, germ cells entry into meiosis marked ovary differentiation at stage 29 while, ovarian cavity was discernable around stage 35. Post-metamorphosis, ovaries of 1-6 month old females contained pre-diplotene oocytes. Females were immature even 1 year after the completion of metamorphosis. In all the tadpoles, ovaries with central cavity and meiocytes were present up to the completion of metamorphosis. Gonads of prospective males displayed an obliterating ovarian cavity along with degenerating oocytes at the end of metamorphosis. Germ and somatic cells reorganized into seminiferous cords in males 3 months after the completion of metamorphosis. Testes of 4 months old males exhibited distinct seminiferous tubules while those of 6 months old exhibited meiosis. All spermatogenic stages were observed in testes of 9 months old males indicating maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Vijay Mali
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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27
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Nakamura Y, Iwasaki T, Umei Y, Saotome K, Nakajima Y, Kitahara S, Uno Y, Matsuda Y, Oike A, Kodama M, Nakamura M. Molecular cloning and characterization of oocyte-specific Pat1a in Rana rugosa frogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:516-26. [PMID: 26136381 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Pat1 gene is expressed in the immature oocytes of Xenopus, and is reportedly involved in regulating the translation of maternal mRNAs required for oocyte-maturation. However, it is still unknown when Pat1a first appears in the differentiating ovary of amphibians. To address this issue, we isolated the full-length Pat1a cDNA from the frog Rana rugosa and examined its expression in the differentiating ovary of this frog. Among eight different tissues examined, the Pat1a mRNA was detectable in only the ovary. When frozen sections from the ovaries of tadpoles at various stages of development were immunostained for Vasa-a germ cell-specific protein-and Pat1a, Vasa-immunopositive signals were observed in all of the germ cells, whereas Pat1a signals were confined to the growing oocytes (50-200 μm in diameter), and absent from small germ cells (<50 μm in diameter). Forty days after testosterone injection into tadpoles to induce female-to-male sex-reversal, Pat1a-immunoreactive oocytes had disappeared completely from the sex-reversed gonad, but Vasa-positive small germ cells persisted. Thus, Pat1a would be a good marker for identifying the sexual status of the sex-reversing gonad in amphibians. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed Pat1a to have an autosomal locus, suggesting that Pat1a transcription is probably regulated by a tissue-specific transcription factor in R. rugosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Nakamura
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Iwasaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Umei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Saotome
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakajima
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kitahara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Uno
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Oike
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maho Kodama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahisa Nakamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen X, Mei J, Wu J, Jing J, Ma W, Zhang J, Dan C, Wang W, Gui JF. A comprehensive transcriptome provides candidate genes for sex determination/differentiation and SSR/SNP markers in yellow catfish. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:190-198. [PMID: 25403497 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sex dimorphic growth pattern has significant theory and application implications in fish. Recently, a Y- and X-specific allele marker-assisted sex control technique has been developed for mass production of all-male population in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), but the genetic information for sex determination and sex control breeding has remained unclear. Here, we attempted to provide the first insight into a comprehensive transcriptome covering multiple tissues from XX females, XY males, and YY super-males of yellow catfish by using 454 GS-FLX platform, for a better assembly and gene coverage. A total of 1,202,933 high quality reads (about 540 Mbp) were obtained and assembled into 28,297 contigs and 141,951 singletons. BLASTX searches against the NCBI non-redundant protein database (nr) led a total of 52,564 unique sequences including 18,748 contigs and 33,816 singletons to match 25,669 known or predicted unique proteins. All of them with annotated function were categorized by gene ontology (GO) analysis, and 712 were assigned to reproduction and reproductive process. Some potential genes relevant to reproductive system including steroid hormone biosynthesis and GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) signaling pathway were further identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis; and at least 21 sex determination and differentiation-related genes, such as Dmrt1, Sox9a/b, Cyp19b, WT1, and AMH were identified and characterized. Additionally, a total of 82,794 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 26,450 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 4,145 insertions and deletions (INDELs) were revealed from the transcriptome data. Therefore, the current transcriptome resources highlight further studies on sex-control breeding in yellow catfish and will benefit future studies on reproduction and sex determination in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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29
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Trukhina AV, Lukina NA, Nekrasova AA, Smirnov AF. Sex inversion and epigenetic regulation in vertebrates. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Sassone AG, Regueira E, Scaia MF, Volonteri MC, Ceballos NR. Development and steroidogenic properties of the Bidder's organ of the tadpole ofRhinella arenarum(Amphibia, Anura). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 323:137-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Grisel Sassone
- Laboratorio de Endocrinolog; í; a Comparada; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Eleonora Regueira
- Laboratorio de Endocrinolog; í; a Comparada; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Scaia
- Laboratorio de Endocrinolog; í; a Comparada; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Maria Clara Volonteri
- Laboratorio de Endocrinolog; í; a Comparada; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Nora Raquel Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Endocrinolog; í; a Comparada; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
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31
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Fujii J, Kodama M, Oike A, Matsuo Y, Min MS, Hasebe T, Ishizuya-Oka A, Kawakami K, Nakamura M. Involvement of androgen receptor in sex determination in an amphibian species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93655. [PMID: 24826887 PMCID: PMC4020753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice and humans, the androgen receptor (AR) gene, located on the X chromosome, is not known to be involved in sex determination. In the Japanese frog Rana rugosa the AR is located on the sex chromosomes (X, Y, Z and W). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the AR on the X chromosome (X-AR) of the Korean R. rugosa is basal and segregates into two clusters: one containing W-AR of Japanese R. rugosa, the other containing Y-AR. AR expression is twice as high in ZZ (male) compared to ZW (female) embryos in which the W-AR is barely expressed. Higher AR-expression may be associated with male sex determination in this species. To examine whether the Z-AR is involved in sex determination in R. rugosa, we produced transgenic (Tg) frogs carrying an exogenous Z-AR. Analysis of ZW Tg frogs revealed development of masculinized gonads or 'ovotestes'. Expression of CYP17 and Dmrt1, genes known to be activated during normal male gonadal development, were up-regulated in the ZW ovotestis. Testosterone, supplied to the rearing water, completed the female-to-male sex-reversal in the AR-Tg ZW frogs. Here we report that Z-AR is involved in male sex-determination in an amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fujii
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maho Kodama
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Oike
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Matsuo
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mi-Sook Min
- Laboratory of Wildlife Conservation Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Takashi Hasebe
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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32
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The variety of vertebrate mechanisms of sex determination. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:587460. [PMID: 24369014 PMCID: PMC3867867 DOI: 10.1155/2013/587460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The review deals with features of sex determination in vertebrates. The mechanisms of sex determination are compared between fishes, amphibians, reptilians, birds, and mammals. We focus on structural and functional differences in the role of sex-determining genes in different vertebrates. Special attention is paid to the role of estrogens in sex determination in nonmammalian vertebrates.
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