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Liu J, Mamun Bhuyan AA, Ma K, Zhu X, Zhou K, Lang F. Myricetin-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4253-4260. [PMID: 36905403 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myricetin, a type of flavonol commonly found in fruits and herbs, has demonstrated anticancer properties by triggering the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death in tumor cells. Despite the absence of mitochondria and nuclei, erythrocytes can undergo programmed cell death, also known as eryptosis.This process is characterized by cell shrinkage, externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell membrane, and the formation of membrane blebs. The signaling of eryptosis involves Ca2+ influx, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the accumulation of cell surface ceramide. The present study explored the effects of myricetin on eryptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Human erythrocytes were exposed to various concentrations of myricetin (2-8 µM) for 24 h. Flow cytometry was used to assess the markers of eryptosis, including PS exposure, cellular volume, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and ceramide accumulation. In addition, the levels of intracellular ROS were measured using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) assay. The myricetin-treated (8 µM) erythrocytes significantly increased Annexin-positive cells, Fluo-3 fluorescence intensity, DCF fluorescence intensity, and the accumulation of ceramide. The impact of myricetin on the binding of annexin-V was significantly reduced, but not completely eliminated, by the nominal removal of extracellular Ca2+. CONCLUSION Myricetin triggers eryptosis, which is accompanied and, at least in part, caused by Ca2+ influx, oxidative stress and increase of ceramide abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6250, Bangladesh
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xuexue Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kuo Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Lamarre Y, Nader E, Connes P, Romana M, Garnier Y. Extracellular Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Promising Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090439. [PMID: 36134985 PMCID: PMC9495982 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hemoglobinopathy worldwide. It is characterized by an impairment of shear stress-mediated vasodilation, a pro-coagulant, and a pro-adhesive state orchestrated among others by the depletion of the vasodilator nitric oxide, by the increased phosphatidylserine exposure and tissue factor expression, and by the increased interactions of erythrocytes with endothelial cells that mediate the overexpression of adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1, respectively. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be novel actors involved in SCD pathophysiological processes. Medium-sized EVs, also called microparticles, which exhibit increased plasma levels in this pathology, were shown to induce the activation of endothelial cells, thereby increasing neutrophil adhesion, a key process potentially leading to the main complication associated with SCD, vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). Small-sized EVs, also named exosomes, which have also been reported to be overrepresented in SCD, were shown to potentiate interactions between erythrocytes and platelets, and to trigger endothelial monolayer disruption, two processes also known to favor the occurrence of VOCs. In this review we provide an overview of the current knowledge about EVs concentration and role in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Lamarre
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, Inserm, BIGR, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Elie Nader
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA7424, Team “Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA7424, Team “Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Marc Romana
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, Inserm, BIGR, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Yohann Garnier
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, Inserm, BIGR, F-75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +590-590-891530
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Liu J, Bhuyan AAM, Ma K, Zhang S, Cheng A, Lang F. Inhibition of suicidal erythrocyte death by pyrogallol. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5025-5032. [PMID: 32524386 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pyrogallol, a polyphenolic component of Acacia nilotica has previously been reported to induce apoptosis of diverse cell types. Pyrogallol is in part effective by influencing gene expression and by interference with mitochondrial function. Despite lack of nuclei and mitochondria, erythrocytes may undergo eryptosis, a suicidal death apparent from phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface and cell shrinkage. Eryptosis is triggered by glucose depletion, by oxidation, by hyperosmotic cell shrinkage and by excessive Ca2+ entry. As enhanced eryptosis is a common cause of anemia, uncovering inhibitors and stimulators of eryptosis may, both, be of clinical interest. Here we tested, whether eryptosis of human erythrocytes is modified by pyrogallol. Utilizing flow cytometry, phosphatidylserine abundance at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding and cell volume from forward scatter. Prior to determinations erythrocytes were incubated with or without glucose, without or with added oxidant tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (t-BOOH, 0.5 mM), without or with added hyperosmotic sucrose (550 mM) or without or with added Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin (1 µM). Treatment of erythrocytes with pyrogallol (2-8 µM) was without significant effect on annexin-V-binding and forward scatter. Glucose deprivation, t-BOOH, sucrose and ionomycin, each, triggered annexin-V-binding and decreased forward scatter. Pyrogallol significantly blunted the effects on annexin-V-binding but not on forward scatter. Pyrogallol thus blunts phosphatidylserine translocation in erythrocytes exposed to glucose depletion, oxidative stress, hyperosmotic shock and excessive Ca2+ entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Habibu B, Dzenda T, Ayo J, Yaqub L, Kawu M. Haematological changes and plasma fluid dynamics in livestock during thermal stress, and response to mitigative measures. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lang F, Bissinger R, Abed M, Artunc F. Eryptosis - the Neglected Cause of Anemia in End Stage Renal Disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:749-760. [PMID: 29151105 DOI: 10.1159/000484215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
End stage renal disease (ESRD) invariably leads to anemia which has been mainly attributed to compromised release of erythropoietin from the defective kidneys with subsequent impairment of erythropoiesis. However, erythropoietin replacement only partially reverses anemia pointing to the involvement of additional mechanisms. As shown more recently, anemia of ESRD is indeed in large part a result of accelerated erythrocyte loss due to suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the cell surface. Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes are bound to and engulfed by macrophages and are thus rapidly cleared from circulating blood. If the loss of erythrocytes cannot be fully compensated by enhanced erythropoiesis, stimulation of eryptosis leads to anemia. Eryptotic erythrocytes may further adhere to the vascular wall and thus impair microcirculation. Stimulators of eryptosis include complement, hyperosmotic shock, energy depletion, oxidative stress, and a wide variety of xenobiotics. Signaling involved in the stimulation of eryptosis includes increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity, ceramide, caspases, calpain, p38 kinase, protein kinase C, Janus-activated kinase 3, casein kinase 1α, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. Eryptosis is inhibited by AMP-activated kinase, p21-activated kinase 2, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, mitogen- and stress-activated kinase MSK1/2, and some illdefined tyrosine kinases. In ESRD eryptosis is stimulated at least in part by a plasma component, as it is triggered by exposure of erythrocytes from healthy individuals to plasma from ESRD patients. Several eryptosis-stimulating uremic toxins have been identified, such as vanadate, acrolein, methylglyoxal, indoxyl sulfate, indole-3-acetic acid and phosphate. Attempts to fully reverse anemia in ESRD with excessive stimulation of erythropoiesis enhances the number of circulating suicidal erythrocytes and bears the risk of interference with micocirculation, At least in theory, anemia in ESRD could preferably be treated with replacement of erythropoietin and additional inhibition of eryptosis thus avoiding eryptosis-induced impairment of microcirculation. A variety of eryptosis inhibitors have been identified, their efficacy in ESRD remains, however, to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Majed Abed
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Lang E, Bissinger R, Qadri SM, Lang F. Suicidal death of erythrocytes in cancer and its chemotherapy: A potential target in the treatment of tumor-associated anemia. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1522-1528. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II; Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III; Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Syed M. Qadri
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine III; Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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Signoretto E, Zierle J, Bhuyan AAM, Castagna M, Lang F. Ceranib-2-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:359-66. [PMID: 27291470 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide is known to trigger apoptosis of nucleated cells and eryptosis of erythrocytes. Eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Besides ceramide, stimulators of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) -activity ([Ca(2+) ]i ) and oxidative stress. Ceramide is degraded by acid ceramidase and inhibition of the enzyme similarly triggers apoptosis. The present study explored, whether ceramidase inhibitor Ceranib-2 induces eryptosis. Flow cytometry was employed to quantify phosphatidylserine-exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca(2+) ]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) from DCF dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. Hemolysis was estimated from hemoglobin concentration in the supernatant. A 48 h exposure of human erythrocytes to Ceranib-2 significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells (≥50 μM) and the percentage of hemolytic cells (≥10 μM) without significantly modifying forward scatter. Ceranib-2 significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, DCF fluorescence and ceramide abundance. The effect of Ceranib-2 on annexin-V-binding was not significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca(2+) . Ceranib-2 triggers phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least in part due to increase of ceramide abundance and induction of oxidative stress, but not dependent on Ca(2+) entry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Signoretto
- Departments of Physiology and Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jens Zierle
- Departments of Physiology and Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Departments of Physiology and Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michela Castagna
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Florian Lang
- Departments of Physiology and Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Leibrock CB, Voelkl J, Kuro-O M, Lang F, Lang UE. 1,25(OH)2D3 dependent overt hyperactivity phenotype in klotho-hypomorphic mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24879. [PMID: 27109615 PMCID: PMC4843009 DOI: 10.1038/srep24879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Klotho, a protein mainly expressed in kidney and cerebral choroid plexus, is a powerful regulator of 1,25(OH)2D3 formation. Klotho-deficient mice (kl/kl) suffer from excessive plasma 1,25(OH)2D3-, Ca2+- and phosphate-concentrations, leading to severe soft tissue calcification and accelerated aging. NH4Cl treatment prevents tissue calcification and premature ageing without affecting 1,25(OH)2D3-formation. The present study explored the impact of excessive 1,25(OH)2D3 formation in NH4Cl-treated kl/kl-mice on behavior. To this end kl/kl-mice and wild-type mice were treated with NH4Cl and either control diet or vitamin D deficient diet (LVD). As a result, plasma 1,25(OH)2D3-, Ca2+- and phosphate-concentrations were significantly higher in untreated and in NH4Cl-treated kl/kl-mice than in wild-type mice, a difference abrogated by LVD. In each, open field, dark-light box, and O-maze NH4Cl-treated kl/kl-mice showed significantly higher exploratory behavior than untreated wild-type mice, a difference abrogated by LVD. The time of floating in the forced swimming test was significantly shorter in NH4Cl treated kl/kl-mice compared to untreated wild-type mice and to kl/kl-mice on LVD. In wild-type animals, NH4Cl treatment did not significantly alter 1,25(OH)2D3, calcium and phosphate concentrations or exploratory behavior. In conclusion, the excessive 1,25(OH)2D3 formation in klotho-hypomorphic mice has a profound effect on murine behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Leibrock
- Department of Physiology, Cardiology &Vascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Department of Physiology, Cardiology &Vascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Cardiology &Vascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland
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Officioso A, Alzoubi K, Lang F, Manna C. Hydroxytyrosol inhibits phosphatidylserine exposure and suicidal death induced by mercury in human erythrocytes: Possible involvement of the glutathione pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 89:47-53. [PMID: 26774912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a phenolic antioxidant naturally occurring in virgin olive oil. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effects of HT on programmed suicidal death (eryptosis) induced by mercury (Hg) treatment in intact human erythrocytes (RBC). Our study confirms that the Hg-eryptosis is characterized by phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure at the cell surface, with cell shrinkage and ATP and glutathione depletion; calcium influx is also a key event that triggers eryptosis. Here we report that cell preconditioning with an optimal dose (1-5 μM) of HT prior to exposure to 2.5 μM HgCl2 causes a noteworthy decrease in PS-exposing RBC, almost restoring ATP and GSH content. Conversely, HT shows no effect against decrease in cell volume nor against influx of extracellular calcium. Taken together our data provide the first experimental evidence of the efficacy of HT in modulating the programmed suicidal death in non nucleated cells; the reported findings also confirm that the prevention of Hg toxicity should be regarded as an additional mechanism responsible for the health-promoting potential of this dietary phenol. Finally, virgin olive oil would appear to be a promising healthy food to reduce the adverse effects of chronic mercury exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbace Officioso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caterina Manna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Officioso A, Manna C, Alzoubi K, Lang F. Bromfenvinphos induced suicidal death of human erythrocytes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 126:58-63. [PMID: 26778435 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphorus pesticide bromfenvinphos ((E,Z)-O,O-diethyl-O-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-bromovinyl] phosphate) has been shown to decrease hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in blood presumably by triggering oxidative stress of erythrocytes. Oxidative stress is known to activate erythrocytic Ca(2+) permeable unselective cation channels leading to Ca(2+) entry and increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity ([Ca(2+)]i), which in turn triggers eryptosis, the suicidal death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. The present study explored, whether and how bromfenvinphos induces eryptosis. To this end, phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, hemolysis from hemoglobin release, [Ca(2+)]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, and ROS formation from DCFDA dependent fluorescence. As a result, a 48hour exposure of human erythrocytes to bromfenvinphos (≥100μM) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, significantly decreased forward scatter, significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, and significantly increased DCFDA fluorescence. The effect of bromfenvinphos on annexin-V-binding and forward scatter was significantly blunted, but not abolished by removal of extracellular Ca(2+). In conclusion, bromfenvinphos triggers cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect in part due to stimulation of ROS formation and Ca(2+) entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbace Officioso
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Manna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Lang E, Bissinger R, Gulbins E, Lang F. Ceramide in the regulation of eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death. Apoptosis 2015; 20:758-67. [PMID: 25637185 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may undergo eryptosis, a suicidal death characterized by cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the cell membrane leading to phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface. As eryptotic erythrocytes are rapidly cleared from circulating blood, excessive eryptosis may lead to anemia. Moreover, eryptotic erythrocytes may adhere to the vascular wall and thus impede microcirculation. Stimulators of eryptosis include osmotic shock, oxidative stress and energy depletion. Mechanisms involved in the stimulation eryptosis include ceramide formation which may result from phospholipase A2 dependent formation of platelet activating factor (PAF) with PAF dependent stimulation of sphingomyelinases. Enhanced erythrocytic ceramide formation is observed in fever, sepsis, HUS, uremia, hepatic failure, and Wilson's disease. Enhanced eryptosis is further observed in iron deficiency, phosphate depletion, dehydration, malignancy, malaria, sickle-cell anemia, beta-thalassemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficiency. Moreover, eryptosis is triggered by osmotic shock and a wide variety of xenobiotics, which are again partially effective by enhancing ceramide abundance. Ceramide formation is inhibited by high concentrations of urea. As shown in Wilson's disease, pharmacological interference with ceramide formation may be a therapeutic option in the treatment of eryptosis inducing clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Attanasio P, Bissinger R, Haverkamp W, Pieske B, Wutzler A, Lang F. Enhanced suicidal erythrocyte death in acute cardiac failure. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:1316-24. [PMID: 26479159 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common complication of acute cardiac failure (AHF) is anaemia, which negatively influences the clinical outcome. Causes of anaemia include enhanced eryptosis, a suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation. Signalling triggering eryptosis include oxidative stress, increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) -activity ([Ca(2+) ]i ) and ceramide. The present study explored whether AHF is associated with accelerated eryptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Erythrocytes were drawn from healthy volunteers (n = 10) and patients hospitalized for AHF (n = 22). Phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca(2+) ]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies and reactive oxygen species (ROS) abundance from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence, as determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS In AHF-patients, haemoglobin concentration (11·5 ± 0·5 g/dL), and haematocrit (35·6 ± 1·2%) were significantly lower than haemoglobin concentration (14·1 ± 0·4 g/dL), and haematocrit (40·1 ± 1·0%) in healthy volunteers, even though reticulocyte number was significantly higher in AHF patients (2·3 ± 0·3%) than in healthy volunteers (1·1 ± 0·2%). The percentage of erythrocytes exposing phosphatidylserine was significantly higher in AHF patients (1·8 ± 0·1%) than in healthy volunteers (1·2 ± 0·2%). The forward scatter was significantly lower and the ROS abundance significantly larger in AHF patients than in healthy volunteers. In erythrocytes drawn from healthy volunteers, phosphatidylserine and ROS abundance was increased to significantly higher values following a 24 h treatment with plasma from AHF patients than with plasma from healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION AHF leads to anaemia despite increased reticulocyte number and at least partially due to enhanced eryptosis. Underlying mechanisms include oxidative stress imposed by a plasma borne component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Attanasio
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Haverkamp
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Wutzler
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Bissinger R, Malik A, Bouguerra G, Zhou Y, Singh Y, Abbès S, Lang F. Triggering of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by the Antibiotic Ionophore Nigericin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 118:381-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Abaid Malik
- Department of Physiology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Ghada Bouguerra
- Department of Physiology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; Institut Pasteur de Tunis; Université de Tunis-El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
| | - Yuetao Zhou
- Department of Physiology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Physiology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Salem Abbès
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; Institut Pasteur de Tunis; Université de Tunis-El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
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Peter T, Bissinger R, Lang F. Erythrocyte Shrinkage and Cell Membrane Scrambling after Exposure to the Ionophore Nonactin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 118:107-12. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Peter
- Department of Physiology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
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Officioso A, Manna C, Alzoubi K, Lang F. Triggering of Erythrocyte Death by Triparanol. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3359-71. [PMID: 26305256 PMCID: PMC4549755 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7083359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol synthesis inhibitor Triparanol has been shown to trigger apoptosis in several malignancies. Similar to the apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter eryptosis, the suicidal death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include oxidative stress which may activate erythrocytic Ca2+ permeable unselective cation channels with subsequent Ca2+ entry and increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i). The present study explored whether and how Triparanol induces eryptosis. To this end, phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, hemolysis from hemoglobin release, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, and ROS formation from 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) dependent fluorescence. As a result, a 48 h exposure of human erythrocytes to Triparanol (20 µM) significantly increased DCFDA fluorescence and significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence. Triparanol (15 µM) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, and significantly decreased the forward scatter. The effect of Triparanol on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, Triparanol leads to eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane. Triparanol is at least in part effective by stimulating ROS formation and Ca2+ entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbace Officioso
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Caterina Manna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Abstract
The natural phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor cantharidin, primarily used for topical treatment of warts, has later been shown to trigger tumor cell apoptosis and is thus considered for the treatment of malignancy. Similar to apoptosis of tumor cells, erythrocytes may undergo eryptosis, a suicidal cell death characterized by cell shrinkage and translocation of cell membrane phosphatidylserine to the erythrocyte surface. Signaling of eryptosis includes increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i), ceramide, oxidative stress and dysregulation of several kinases. Phosphatidylserine abundance at the erythrocyte surface was quantified utilizing annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, ceramide from antibody binding, and reactive oxidant species (ROS) from 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence. A 48 h treatment of human erythrocytes with cantharidin significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells (≥10 μg/mL), significantly decreased forward scatter (≥25 μg/mL), significantly increased [Ca2+]i (≥25 μg/mL), but did not significantly modify ceramide abundance or ROS. The up-regulation of annexin-V-binding following cantharidin treatment was not significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+ but was abolished by kinase inhibitor staurosporine (1 μM) and slightly decreased by p38 inhibitor skepinone (2 μM). Exposure of erythrocytes to cantharidin triggers suicidal erythrocyte death with erythrocyte shrinkage and erythrocyte membrane scrambling, an effect sensitive to kinase inhibitors staurosporine and skepinone.
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Aljanadi O, Alzoubi K, Bissinger R, Lang F. Stimulation of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Naphthazarin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 117:369-74. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Aljanadi
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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Lang F, Jilani K, Lang E. Therapeutic potential of manipulating suicidal erythrocyte death. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1219-27. [PMID: 26013571 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1051306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death, is characterized by erythrocyte shrinkage and phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis is triggered by cell stress such as energy depletion and oxidative stress, by Ca(2+)-entry, ceramide, caspases, calpain and/or altered activity of several kinases. Phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes adhere to the vascular wall and may thus impede microcirculation. Eryptotic cells are further engulfed by phagocytes and thus rapidly cleared from circulation. AREAS COVERED Stimulation of eryptosis contributes to anemia of several clinical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, malignancy, hepatic failure, heart failure, uremia, hemolytic uremic syndrome, sepsis, fever, dehydration, mycoplasma infection, malaria, iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and Wilson's disease. On the other hand, eryptosis with subsequent clearance of infected erythrocytes in malaria may counteract parasitemia. EXPERT OPINION In theory, anemia due to excessive eryptosis could be alleviated by treatment with small molecules inhibiting eryptosis. In malaria, stimulators of eryptosis may accelerate death of infected erythrocytes and thus favorably influence the clinical course of the disease. Many small molecules inhibit or stimulate eryptosis. Several stimulators favorably influence murine malaria. Further preclinical and subsequent clinical studies are required to elucidate the therapeutic potential of stimulators or inhibitors of eryptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tübingen, Department of Physiology , Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen , Germany +49 7071 29 72194 ; +49 7071 29 5618 ;
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Induction of suicidal erythrocyte death by nelfinavir. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1616-28. [PMID: 26008229 PMCID: PMC4448164 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, primarily used for the treatment of HIV infections, has later been shown to be effective in various infectious diseases including malaria. Nelfinavir may trigger mitochondria-independent cell death. Erythrocytes may undergo eryptosis, a mitochondria-independent suicidal cell death characterized by cell shrinkage and phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include oxidative stress and increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i). During malaria, accelerated death of infected erythrocytes may decrease parasitemia and thus favorably influence the clinical course of the disease. In the present study, phosphatidylserine abundance at the cell surface was estimated from annexin V binding, cell volume from forward scatter, reactive oxidant species (ROS) from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence, and [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence. A 48 h treatment of human erythrocytes with nelfinavir significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells (≥5µg/mL), significantly decreased forward scatter (≥2.5µg/mL), significantly increased ROS abundance (10 µg/mL), and significantly increased [Ca2+]i (≥5 µg/mL). The up-regulation of annexin-V-binding following nelfinavir treatment was significantly blunted, but not abolished by either addition of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (1 mM) or removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, exposure of erythrocytes to nelfinavir induces oxidative stress and Ca2+ entry, thus leading to suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by erythrocyte shrinkage and erythrocyte membrane scrambling.
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Enhanced eryptosis following gramicidin exposure. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1396-410. [PMID: 25915718 PMCID: PMC4448154 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide antibiotic and ionophore gramicidin has previously been shown to trigger apoptosis of nucleated cells. In analogy to apoptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes or eryptosis involves cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include oxidative stress, increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), and ceramide. The present study explored, whether gramicidin triggers eryptosis. To this end phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin V binding, cell volume from forward scatter, red blood cell distribution width (RDW) from electronic particle counting, reactive oxidant species (ROS) from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3- and Fluo4 fluorescence, and ceramide abundance from binding of specific antibodies. As a result, a 24 h exposure of human erythrocytes to gramicidin significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells (≥1 µg/mL), forward scatter (≥0.5 µg/mL) and hemolysis. Gramicidin enhanced ROS activity, [Ca2+]i and ceramide abundance at the erythrocyte surface. The stimulation of annexin-V-binding by gramicidin was significantly blunted but not abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, gramicidin stimulates phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least partially due to induction of oxidative stress, increase of [Ca2+]i and up-regulation of ceramide abundance. Despite increase of [Ca2+]i, gramicidin increases cell volume and slightly reduces RWD.
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Triggers, inhibitors, mechanisms, and significance of eryptosis: the suicidal erythrocyte death. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:513518. [PMID: 25821808 PMCID: PMC4364016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis is characterized by erythrocyte shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include Ca(2+) entry, ceramide formation, stimulation of caspases, calpain activation, energy depletion, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of several kinases. Eryptosis is triggered by a wide variety of xenobiotics. It is inhibited by several xenobiotics and endogenous molecules including NO and erythropoietin. The susceptibility of erythrocytes to eryptosis increases with erythrocyte age. Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes adhere to the vascular wall by binding to endothelial CXC-Motiv-Chemokin-16/Scavenger-receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized low density lipoprotein (CXCL16). Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes are further engulfed by phagocytosing cells and are thus rapidly cleared from circulating blood. Eryptosis eliminates infected or defective erythrocytes thus counteracting parasitemia in malaria and preventing detrimental hemolysis of defective cells. Excessive eryptosis, however, may lead to anemia and may interfere with microcirculation. Enhanced eryptosis contributes to the pathophysiology of several clinical disorders including metabolic syndrome and diabetes, malignancy, cardiac and renal insufficiency, hemolytic uremic syndrome, sepsis, mycoplasma infection, malaria, iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and Wilson's disease. Facilitating or inhibiting eryptosis may be a therapeutic option in those disorders.
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Lang E, Lang F. Mechanisms and pathophysiological significance of eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:35-42. [PMID: 25636585 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling, is stimulated by Ca(2+) entry through Ca(2+)-permeable, PGE2-activated cation channels, by ceramide, caspases, calpain, complement, hyperosmotic shock, energy depletion, oxidative stress, and deranged activity of several kinases (e.g. AMPK, GK, PAK2, CK1α, JAK3, PKC, p38-MAPK). Eryptosis is triggered by intoxication, malignancy, hepatic failure, diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency, hemolytic uremic syndrome, dehydration, phosphate depletion, fever, sepsis, mycoplasma infection, malaria, iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and Wilson's disease. Eryptosis may precede and protect against hemolysis but by the same token result in anemia and deranged microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Alzoubi K, Calabrò S, Egler J, Faggio C, Lang F. Triggering of programmed erythrocyte death by alantolactone. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3596-612. [PMID: 25533522 PMCID: PMC4280550 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sesquiterpene alantolactone counteracts malignancy, an effect at least in part due to stimulation of suicidal death or apoptosis of tumor cells. Signaling of alantolactone induced apoptosis involves altered gene expression and mitochondrial depolarization. Erythrocytes lack mitochondria and nuclei but may enter suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Cellular mechanisms involved in triggering of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and oxidative stress. The present study explored, whether alantolactone stimulates eryptosis. To this end, erythrocyte volume was estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine-exposure at the erythrocyte surface from FITC-annexin-V-binding, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, ceramide abundance from binding of fluorescent antibodies, and oxidative stress from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence. As a result, a 48 h exposure of human erythrocytes to alantolactone (≥20 μM) significantly decreased erythrocyte forward scatter and increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells. Alantolactone significantly increased Fluo3 fluorescence (60 μM), ceramide abundance (60 μM) and DCFDA fluorescence (≥40 μM). The effect of alantolactone (60 μM) on annexin-V-binding was not significantly modified by removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, alantolactone stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect paralleled by increase of [Ca2+]i, ceramide abundance and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Salvatrice Calabrò
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Egler
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 S. Agata-Messina, Italy.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Calabrò S, Alzoubi K, Bissinger R, Faggio C, Lang F. Stimulation of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Ellipticine. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:485-92. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatrice Calabrò
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; S. Agata-Messina Italy
| | - Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; S. Agata-Messina Italy
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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Calabrò S, Alzoubi K, Bissinger R, Jilani K, Faggio C, Lang F. Enhanced eryptosis following juglone exposure. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:460-7. [PMID: 25348830 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Juglone, a quinone isolated from Juglans mandshurica Maxim, has previously been shown to be effective against malignancy. The effect is at least partially due to stimulation of suicidal death or apoptosis of tumour cells. On the other hand, juglone has been shown to counteract apoptosis, for example, of neurons. In analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter eryptosis, a suicidal death characterized by cell shrinkage and breakdown of phosphatidylserine asymmetry of the cell membrane with phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Stimulators of eryptosis include increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) activity [(Ca(2+) )i]. This study explored whether juglone stimulates eryptosis. To this end, erythrocyte volume was estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface from FITC annexin V binding, ceramide abundance from binding of fluorescent antibodies in flow cytometry and cytosolic ATP with a luciferin-luciferase-based assay. As a result, a 24-hr exposure of human erythrocytes to juglone (5 μM) significantly decreased erythrocyte forward scatter. Juglone (1-5 μM) significantly increased the percentage of annexin V binding cells. Juglone (5 μM) significantly increased ceramide abundance at the erythrocyte surface and decreased erythrocyte ATP concentration. The effect of juglone (10 μM) on annexin V binding was slightly but significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and by addition of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor staurosporine (1 μM). In conclusion, juglone stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis at least in part by upregulation of ceramide abundance, energy depletion and activation of PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatrice Calabrò
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, S. Agata-Messina, Italy
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Alzoubi K, Calabrò S, Faggio C, Lang F. Stimulation of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Sulforaphane. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:229-35. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Salvatrice Calabrò
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; S.Agata-Messina Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; S.Agata-Messina Italy
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
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Bissinger R, Malik A, Honisch S, Warsi J, Jilani K, Lang F. In vitro sensitization of erythrocytes to programmed cell death following baicalein treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2771-86. [PMID: 25238045 PMCID: PMC4179159 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6092771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyphenolic flavonoid Baicalein has been shown to trigger suicidal death or apoptosis of tumor cells and is thus considered for the prevention and treatment of malignancy. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Stimulators of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and ceramide. The present study explored whether Baicalein stimulates eryptosis. To this end, forward scatter was taken for measurement of cell volume, annexin-V-binding for phosphatidylserine-exposure, Fluo3 fluorescence for [Ca2+]i and fluorescent antibodies for ceramide abundance. As a result, a 48 h exposure of human erythrocytes to Baicalein was followed by significant decrease of forward scatter (≥10 µM), significant increase of the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells (≥25 µM), significant increase of [Ca2+]i (50 µM) and significant increase of ceramide abundance (50 µM). The effect of Baicalein (50 µM) on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted but not abrogated by removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, at the concentrations employed, Baicalein stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect at least in part due to the combined effects of Ca2+ entry and ceramide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Abaid Malik
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabina Honisch
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jamshed Warsi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Kashif Jilani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, 38040 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Malik A, Bissinger R, Jilani K, Lang F. Stimulation of erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling by nystatin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:47-52. [PMID: 24894380 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The antifungal ionophore nystatin dissipates the Na(+) and K(+) gradients across the cell membrane, leading to cellular gain of Na(+) and cellular loss of K(+) . The increase of cellular Na(+) concentration may result in Ca(2+) accumulation in exchange for Na(+) . Increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity ([Ca(2+) ]i ) and loss of cellular K(+) foster apoptosis-like suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterised by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling leading to phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. The present study explored whether nystatin stimulates eryptosis. Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter (FSC), phosphatidylserine exposure from annexin V binding and [Ca(2+) ]i from Fluo3-fluorescence in flow cytometry. A 48-hr exposure to nystatin (15 μg/ml) was followed by a significant increase of [Ca(2+) ]i , a significant increase of annexin V binding and a significant decrease of FSC. The annexin V binding after nystatin treatment was significantly blunted in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca(2+) . Partial replacement of extracellular Na(+) with extracellular K(+) blunted the nystatin-induced erythrocyte shrinkage but increased [Ca(2+) ]i and annexin V binding. Nystatin triggers cell membrane scrambling, an effect at least partially due to entry of extracellular Ca(2+) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Abaid Malik
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Bissinger R, Modicano P, Alzoubi K, Honisch S, Faggio C, Abed M, Lang F. Effect of saponin on erythrocytes. Int J Hematol 2014; 100:51-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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In vitro induction of erythrocyte phosphatidylserine translocation by the natural naphthoquinone shikonin. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1559-74. [PMID: 24828755 PMCID: PMC4052252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6051559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin, the most important component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has previously been shown to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiviral, antimicrobial and anticancer effects. The anticancer effect has been attributed to the stimulation of suicidal cell death or apoptosis. Similar to the apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may experience eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and by phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include the increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and ceramide formation. The present study explored whether Shikonin stimulates eryptosis. To this end, Fluo 3 fluorescence was measured to quantify [Ca2+]i, forward scatter to estimate cell volume, annexin V binding to identify phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes, hemoglobin release to determine hemolysis and antibodies to quantify ceramide abundance. As a result, a 48 h exposure of human erythrocytes to Shikonin (1 µM) significantly increased [Ca2+]i, increased ceramide abundance, decreased forward scatter and increased annexin V binding. The effect of Shikonin (1 µM) on annexin V binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, Shikonin stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect at least partially due to the stimulation of Ca2+ entry and ceramide formation.
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Abed M, Artunc F, Alzoubi K, Honisch S, Baumann D, Föller M, Lang F. Suicidal erythrocyte death in end-stage renal disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:871-9. [PMID: 24743961 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anemia in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) results mainly from erythropoietin and iron deficiency. Anemia could be confounded, however, by accelerated clearance of circulating erythrocytes because of premature suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis characterized by phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), oxidative stress, and ceramide. The present study explored whether and how ESRD influences eryptosis. Blood was drawn from healthy volunteers (n = 20) as well as ESRD patients (n = 20) prior to and after hemodialysis. Phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated from annexin V binding, [Ca(2+)]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) from 2',7'dichlorodihydrofluorescein fluorescence, and ceramide from fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated antibody binding in flow cytometry. Measurements were made in erythrocytes from freshly drawn blood and in erythrocytes from healthy volunteers exposed in vitro for 24 h to plasma from healthy volunteers or ESRD patients prior to and following dialysis. The patients suffered from anemia (hemoglobin 10.1 ± 0.5 g/100 ml) despite 1.96 ± 0.34 % reticulocytes. The percentage of phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes was significantly higher in ESRD patients (0.84 ± 0.09 %) than in healthy volunteers (0.43 ± 0.04 %) and was significantly increased immediately after dialysis (1.35 ± 0.13 %). The increase in phosphatidylserine exposure was paralleled by increase in [Ca(2+)]i, oxidative stress, and ceramide abundance. As compared to addition of plasma from healthy individuals, addition of predialytic but not of postdialytic plasma from ESRD patients increased phosphatidylserine exposure, [Ca(2+)]i, ROS, and ceramide abundance. In conclusion, both, dialyzable components of uremic plasma and dialysis procedure, trigger eryptosis at least in part by increasing erythrocyte [Ca(2+)]i, ROS, and ceramide formation. KEY MESSAGES Anemia in uremia results in part from eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death. Eryptosis in uremia is triggered in part by a dialyzable plasma component. Eryptosis in uremia is further triggered by dialysis procedure. Eryptosis in uremia is in part due to increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. Eryptosis in uremia is further due to oxidative stress and ceramide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Abed
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, Tübingen, Germany
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Stimulation of erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling by mushroom tyrosinase. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1096-108. [PMID: 24647148 PMCID: PMC3968379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6031096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mushroom tyrosinase, a copper containing enzyme, modifies growth and survival of tumor cells. Mushroom tyrosinase may foster apoptosis, an effect in part due to interference with mitochondrial function. Erythrocytes lack mitochondria but are able to undergo apoptosis-like suicidal cell death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling leading to phosphatidylserine-exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Signaling involved in the triggering of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and activation of sphingomyelinase with subsequent formation of ceramide. The present study explored, whether tyrosinase stimulates eryptosis. Methods: Cell volume has been estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine-exposure from annexin V binding, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, and ceramide abundance from binding of fluorescent antibodies in flow cytometry. Results: A 24 h exposure to mushroom tyrosinase (7 U/mL) was followed by a significant increase of [Ca2+]i, a significant increase of ceramide abundance, and a significant increase of annexin-V-binding. The annexin-V-binding following tyrosinase treatment was significantly blunted but not abrogated in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca2+. Tyrosinase did not significantly modify forward scatter. Conclusions: Tyrosinase triggers cell membrane scrambling, an effect, at least partially, due to entry of extracellular Ca2+ and ceramide formation.
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Voelkl J, Alzoubi K, Mamar AK, Ahmed MSE, Abed M, Lang F. Stimulation of suicidal erythrocyte death by increased extracellular phosphate concentrations. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 38:42-51. [PMID: 24556698 DOI: 10.1159/000355752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Anemia in renal insufficiency results in part from impaired erythrocyte formation due to erythropoietin and iron deficiency. Beyond that, renal insufficiency enhances eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by phosphatidylserine-exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis may be stimulated by increase of cytosolic Ca(2+)-activity ([Ca(2+)]i). Several uremic toxins have previously been shown to stimulate eryptosis. Renal insufficiency is further paralleled by increase of plasma phosphate concentration. The present study thus explored the effect of phosphate on erythrocyte death. METHODS Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine-exposure from annexin V binding, and [Ca(2+)]i from Fluo3-fluorescence. RESULTS Following a 48 hours incubation, the percentage of phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes markedly increased as a function of extracellular phosphate concentration (from 0-5 mM). The exposure to 2 mM or 5 mM phosphate was followed by slight but significant hemolysis. [Ca(2+)]i did not change significantly up to 2 mM phosphate but significantly decreased at 5 mM phosphate. The effect of 2 mM phosphate on phosphatidylserine exposure was significantly augmented by increase of extracellular Ca(2+) to 1.7 mM, and significantly blunted by nominal absence of extracellular Ca(2+), by additional presence of pyrophosphate as well as by presence of p38 inhibitor SB203580. CONCLUSION Increasing phosphate concentration stimulates erythrocyte membrane scrambling, an effect depending on extracellular but not intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. It is hypothesized that suicidal erythrocyte death is triggered by complexed CaHPO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Voelkl
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
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