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Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Speth R, Dell’Italia LJ. Is chymase 1 a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:645-656. [PMID: 37565266 PMCID: PMC10529260 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2247561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-angiotensin converting enzyme mechanisms of angiotensin II production remain underappreciated in part due to the success of current therapies to ameliorate the impact of primary hypertension and atherosclerotic diseases of the heart and the blood vessels. This review scrutinize the current literature to highlight chymase role as a critical participant in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure. AREAS COVERED We review the contemporaneous understanding of circulating and tissue biotransformation mechanisms of the angiotensins focusing on the role of chymase as an alternate tissue generating pathway for angiotensin II pathological mechanisms of action. EXPERT OPINION While robust literature documents the singularity of chymase as an angiotensin II-forming enzyme, particularly when angiotensin converting enzyme is inhibited, this knowledge has not been fully recognized to clinical medicine. This review discusses the limitations of clinical trials' that explored the benefits of chymase inhibition in accounting for the failure to duplicate in humans what has been demonstrated in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Robert Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314
| | - Louis J Dell’Italia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham AL 35294
- Birmingham Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham AL 35233
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Pathophysiological Role of Chymase-Activated Matrix Metalloproteinase-9. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102499. [PMID: 36289761 PMCID: PMC9599306 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymase present in mast cells can directly form matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 from proMMP-9. Chymase-activated MMP-9 has been reportedly closely related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, and inflammation-related diseases in particular. Upregulated chymase and MMP-9 have been observed in tissues from patients and animal models of aortic aneurysm, inflammatory gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases, acute pancreatic failure, atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Chymase at these regions is only derived from mast cells, while MMP-9 is derived from macrophages and neutrophils in addition to mast cells. Chymase inhibitors attenuate MMP-9 formation from pro-MMP-9, and ameliorate the development and progression of these disorders, along with reduction in inflammatory cell numbers. MMP-9 activated by chymase might also be involved in angiogenesis in the tumor environment. Development of angiogenesis around several cancers is closely related to the expression of chymase and MMP-9, and postoperative survival curves have revealed that patients with a higher number of chymase positive cells have lower survival rates. In this review, we wanted to clarify the role of chymase-activated MMP-9, which might become an important therapeutic target for various inflammatory disorders.
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Kuramoto T, Jin D, Komeda K, Taniguchi K, Hirokawa F, Takai S, Uchiyama K. Chymase as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Acute Pancreatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212313. [PMID: 34830195 PMCID: PMC8621078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is still a life-threatening disease without an evidenced therapeutic agent. In this study, the effect of chymase in acute pancreatitis and the possible effect of a chymase inhibitor in acute pancreatitis were investigated. Hamsters were subcutaneously administered 3.0 g/kg of L-arginine to induce acute pancreatitis. Biological markers were measured 1, 2, and 8 h after L-arginine administration. To investigate the effect of a chymase inhibitor, a placebo (saline) or a chymase inhibitor TY-51469 (30 mg/kg) was given 1 h after L-arginine administration. The survival rates were evaluated for 24 h after L-arginine administration. Significant increases in serum lipase levels and pancreatic neutrophil numbers were observed at 1 and 2 h after L-arginine administration, respectively. Significant increases in pancreatic neutrophil numbers were observed in the placebo-treated group, but they were significantly reduced in the TY-51469-treated group. A significant increase in the pancreatic tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA level was observed in the placebo-treated group, but it disappeared in the TY-51469-treated group. Chymase activity significantly increased in the placebo-treated group, but it was significantly reduced by treatment with TY-51469. The survival rate significantly improved in the TY-51469-treated group. A chymase inhibitor may become a novel therapeutic agent for acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kuramoto
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan; (T.K.); (K.K.); (F.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan;
| | - Koji Komeda
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan; (T.K.); (K.K.); (F.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Kohei Taniguchi
- Translational Research Program, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan;
| | - Fumitoshi Hirokawa
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan; (T.K.); (K.K.); (F.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-684-6021
| | - Kazuhisa Uchiyama
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan; (T.K.); (K.K.); (F.H.); (K.U.)
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Chymase as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Amelioration of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207543. [PMID: 33066113 PMCID: PMC7589185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis of the liver. Chymase, a chymotrypsin-like enzyme produced in mast cells, has various enzymatic actions. These actions include activation of angiotensin II, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, which are associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, respectively. Augmentation of chymase activity in the liver has been reported in various NASH models. Generation of hepatic angiotensin II and related oxidative stress is upregulated in NASH but attenuated by treatment with a chymase inhibitor. Additionally, increases in MMP-9 and accumulation of inflammatory cells are observed in NASH but are decreased by chymase inhibitor administration. TGF-β and collagen I upregulation in NASH is also attenuated by chymase inhibition. These results in experimental NASH models demonstrate that a chymase inhibitor can effectively ameliorate NASH via the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Thus, chymase may be a therapeutic target for amelioration of NASH.
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Pejler G. Novel Insight into the in vivo Function of Mast Cell Chymase: Lessons from Knockouts and Inhibitors. J Innate Immun 2020; 12:357-372. [PMID: 32498069 DOI: 10.1159/000506985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are now recognized as key players in diverse pathologies, but the mechanisms by which they contribute in such settings are only partially understood. Mast cells are packed with secretory granules, and when they undergo degranulation in response to activation the contents of the granules are expelled to the extracellular milieu. Chymases, neutral serine proteases, are the major constituents of the mast cell granules and are hence released in large amounts upon mast cell activation. Following their release, chymases can cleave one or several of a myriad of potential substrates, and the cleavage of many of these could potentially have a profound impact on the respective pathology. Indeed, chymases have recently been implicated in several pathological contexts, in particular through studies using chymase inhibitors and by the use of chymase-deficient animals. In many cases, chymase has been shown to account for mast cell-dependent detrimental effects in the respective conditions and is therefore emerging as a promising drug target. On the other hand, chymase has been shown to have protective roles in other pathological settings. More unexpectedly, chymase has also been shown to control certain homeostatic processes. Here, these findings are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, .,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden,
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Enhanced effect of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin by ultrasound irradiation in acute liver failure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1742. [PMID: 32015385 PMCID: PMC6997189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rhsTM) significantly improves liver inflammation and increases the survival rate of patients with acute liver failure (ALF). However, rhsTM is dose-dependently correlated to the risk of bleeding. Recently, ultrasound (US) was found to enhance the effect of various drugs. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the enhancement effect of US irradiation on rhsTM in ALF. rhsTM (1 mg/kg) and US (1 MHz, 0.3 W/cm2) were irradiated to the liver of lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced ALF mice model. The post-treatment aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and high-mobility group box 1 levels were significantly lower in the rhsTM + US group than in the rhsTM alone group. Histopathological findings revealed significantly reduced liver injury and apoptosis in the rhsTM + US group. By contrast, US irradiation had no effect on rhsTM and TNF-α concentration in the liver tissue. In conclusion, US irradiation enhanced the effect of rhsTM in the ALF mice model. However, further studies must be conducted to determine the exact mechanism of such enhancement effect.
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Dell'Italia LJ, Collawn JF, Ferrario CM. Multifunctional Role of Chymase in Acute and Chronic Tissue Injury and Remodeling. Circ Res 2019; 122:319-336. [PMID: 29348253 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chymase is the most efficient Ang II (angiotensin II)-forming enzyme in the human body and has been implicated in a wide variety of human diseases that also implicate its many other protease actions. Largely thought to be the product of mast cells, the identification of other cellular sources including cardiac fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells demonstrates a more widely dispersed production and distribution system in various tissues. Furthermore, newly emerging evidence for its intracellular presence in cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells opens an entirely new compartment of chymase-mediated actions that were previously thought to be limited to the extracellular space. This review illustrates how these multiple chymase-mediated mechanisms of action can explain the residual risk in clinical trials of cardiovascular disease using conventional renin-angiotensin system blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Dell'Italia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.).
| | - James F Collawn
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
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Yokukansan Alleviates Cancer Pain by Suppressing Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in a Mouse Bone Metastasis Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2956920. [PMID: 31239855 PMCID: PMC6556276 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2956920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone cancer pain control is difficult because it includes various characteristics of pain such as nociceptic and neuropathic pain. In this study, we investigated the effect of yokukansan (YKS), one of the traditional Japanese herbal medicines, on cancer pain in mouse bone metastasis model. Oral administration of YKS significantly alleviated pain behavior measured by quantitative body weight bearing. Furthermore, the pain behavior was also significantly alleviated by intrathecal and intraperitoneal administration of matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9 inhibitor, but not of MMP-2 inhibitor. MMP-9 expression was significantly elevated in the bone tissue on day 3 after carcinoma cell injection and in the ipsilateral spinal cord on day 7, which was suppressed by YKS administration. Taken together, these results suggest that YKS alleviates cancer pain via suppressing MMP-9 expression in bone metastasis model in mice.
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Miyaoka Y, Jin D, Tashiro K, Komeda K, Masubuchi S, Hirokawa F, Hayashi M, Takai S, Uchiyama K. Chymase inhibitor prevents the development and progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 134:139-146. [PMID: 28673635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the chymase inhibitor TY-51469 on the development and progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was evaluated in rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet. To evaluate the preventive effect of TY-51469 on the development of NASH, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat 5 (SHRSP5)/Dmcr rats were fed either a normal or HFC diet for 8 weeks, and concurrently administered either placebo or TY-51469 (1 mg/kg per day). To evaluate the effect of TY-51469 on the survival rate, TY-51469 was administered either concurrently with HFC diet (pretreated group) or 8 weeks after HFC diet at which point NASH had developed (posttreated group). Eight weeks after HFC diet, significant increases of steatosis, fibrosis and chymase-positive cells were observed in liver from the placebo-treated rats. Significant increases of myeloperoxidase, transforming growth factor-β, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and collagen I mRNA levels were also observed. However, all parameters were significantly attenuated in the TY-51469-treated group. A survival rate of the placebo-treated group fed the HFC diet was 0% at 14 weeks. In comparison, the rates of TY-51469-pretreated and TY-51469-posttreated groups were 100% and 50% at 14 weeks, respectively. Chymase inhibitor may be applicable to preventing the development and progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miyaoka
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tashiro
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Koji Komeda
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Masubuchi
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Hirokawa
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hayashi
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Uchiyama
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
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Osumi W, Jin D, Imai Y, Tashiro K, Li ZL, Otsuki Y, Maemura K, Komeda K, Hirokawa F, Hayashi M, Takai S, Uchiyama K. Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin improved lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 129:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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