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Mittal K, Kaur J, Jaczko M, Wei G, Toss MS, Rakha EA, Janssen EAM, Søiland H, Kucuk O, Reid MD, Gupta MV, Aneja R. Centrosome amplification: a quantifiable cancer cell trait with prognostic value in solid malignancies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:319-339. [PMID: 33106971 PMCID: PMC7897259 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerical and/or structural centrosome amplification (CA) is a hallmark of cancers that is often associated with the aberrant tumor karyotypes and poor clinical outcomes. Mechanistically, CA compromises mitotic fidelity and leads to chromosome instability (CIN), which underlies tumor initiation and progression. Recent technological advances in microscopy and image analysis platforms have enabled better-than-ever detection and quantification of centrosomal aberrancies in cancer. Numerous studies have thenceforth correlated the presence and the degree of CA with indicators of poor prognosis such as higher tumor grade and ability to recur and metastasize. We have pioneered a novel semi-automated pipeline that integrates immunofluorescence confocal microscopy with digital image analysis to yield a quantitative centrosome amplification score (CAS), which is a summation of the severity and frequency of structural and numerical centrosome aberrations in tumor samples. Recent studies in breast cancer show that CA increases across the disease progression continuum, while normal breast tissue exhibited the lowest CA, followed by cancer-adjacent apparently normal, ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive tumors, which showed the highest CA. This finding strengthens the notion that CA could be evolutionarily favored and can promote tumor progression and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, extent, and severity of CA in various solid cancer types, the utility of quantifying amplified centrosomes as an independent prognostic marker. We also highlight the clinical feasibility of a CA-based risk score for predicting recurrence, metastasis, and overall prognosis in patients with solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Mittal
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Meghan Jaczko
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Guanhao Wei
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Michael S Toss
- Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Håvard Søiland
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Wu S, Yan W, Qiu B, Liao Y, Gu J, Wei S, Zhang A, Pan X. Aberrant methylation-induced dysfunction of p16 is associated with osteoblast activation caused by fluoride. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:37-47. [PMID: 30259626 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to fluoride continues to be a public health problem worldwide, affecting thousands of people. Fluoride can cause abnormal proliferation and activation of osteoblast and osteoclast, leading to skeletal fluorosis that can cause pain and harm to joints and bones and even lead to permanent disability. Nevertheless, there is no recognized mechanism to explain the bone lesions of fluorosis. In this work, we performed a population study and in vitro experiments to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of skeletal fluorosis in relation to methylation of the promoter of p16. The protein coded by the p16 gene inhibits cdk (cyclin-dependent kinase) 4/cdk6-mediated phosphorylation4 of retinoblastoma gene product and induces cell cycle arrest. The results showed that hypermethylation of p16 and reduced gene expression was evident in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with fluorosis and correlated with the level of fluoride exposure. Studies with cell cultures of osteoblasts revealed in response to sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment, there was an induction of p16 hypermethylation and decreased expression, leading to increased cell proliferation, a longer S-phase of the cell cycle, and development of skeletal fluorosis. Further, the methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, reversed the p16 hypermethylation and expression in response to NaF. These results reveal a regulatory role of p16 gene methylation on osteoblasts activation during the development of skeletal fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouli Wu
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weimin Yan
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing Qiu
- Guizhou Orthopedics Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Junying Gu
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shaofeng Wei
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xueli Pan
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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