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Chong YM, Chan YF, Jamaluddin MFH, Hasan MS, Pang YK, Ponnampalavanar S, Syed Omar SF, Sam IC. Rhinovirus/enterovirus was the most common respiratory virus detected in adults with severe acute respiratory infections pre-COVID-19 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273697. [PMID: 36054088 PMCID: PMC9439195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) pose a great global burden. The contribution of respiratory viruses to adult SARI is relatively understudied in Asia. We aimed to determine viral aetiology of adult SARI patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods The prevalence of 20 common (mainly viral) respiratory pathogens, and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and 5 bacterial select agents was investigated from May 2017 to October 2019 in 489 SARI adult patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, using molecular assays (Luminex NxTAG-RPP kit and qPCR assays). Viral metagenomics analysis was performed on 105 negative samples. Results Viral respiratory pathogens were detected by PCR in 279 cases (57.1%), including 10 (2.0%) additional detections by metagenomics analysis. The most detected viruses were rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV) (49.1%) and influenza virus (7.4%). Three melioidosis cases were detected but no SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV or other bacterial select agents. Bacterial/viral co-detections and viral co-detections were found in 44 (9.0%) and 27 (5.5%) cases respectively, mostly involving RV/EV. Independent predictors of critical disease were male gender, chronic lung disease, lack of runny nose and positive blood culture with a significant bacterial pathogen. Asthma and sore throat were associated with increased risk of RV/EV detection, while among RV/EV cases, males and those with neurological disease were at increased risk of critical disease. Conclusions Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the high prevalence of respiratory viruses in adults with SARI was mainly attributed to RV/EV. Continued surveillance of respiratory virus trends contributes to effective diagnostic, prevention, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Min Chong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (YFC); (ICS)
| | | | - M. Shahnaz Hasan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong Kek Pang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (YFC); (ICS)
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Emmel V, Gama B, de Paula A, Ferreira G, Binato R, Abdelhay E. Can torque teno virus be a predictor of SARS-CoV-2 disease progression in cancer patients? J Infect Chemother 2022; 28:1623-1627. [PMID: 36007694 PMCID: PMC9395288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection can experience a broad range of clinical manifestations and outcomes. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between torque teno virus (TTV) load and deficiencies of the immune system. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 and TTV viral loads in cancer patients is unknown. METHODS In this retrospective study, 157 cancer patients and 191 noncancer controls were analysed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and TTV DNA presence. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 66.2% of cancer patients and in 68.6% of noncancer control subjects. In SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, TTV was detectable in 79.8% of cancer patients, while in controls, TTV was detected in 71.7% of subjects. No statistically significant correlation was found between TTV and SARS-CoV-2 loads in cancer patients. However, the 100-day survival rate in cancer patients who died from COVID-19 was significantly lower in the TTV-positive group than in the TTV-negative group (P = 0.0475). In the cancer TTV-positive group, those who died also had a higher load of TTV than those who did not die (P = 0.0097). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that the presence of TTV in nasopharyngeal swabs from cancer patients was related to a higher number of deaths from COVID-19 and to a higher TTV DNA load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Emmel
- Oncovirology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Gama
- Oncovirology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra de Paula
- Oncovirology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bal A, Destras G, Sabatier M, Pichon M, Regue H, Oriol G, Gillet Y, Lina B, Brengel-Pesce K, Josset L, Morfin F. Metagenomic Analysis Reveals High Abundance of Torque Teno Mini Virus in the Respiratory Tract of Children with Acute Respiratory Illness. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050955. [PMID: 35632697 PMCID: PMC9143613 DOI: 10.3390/v14050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Anelloviridae is a highly prevalent viral family, including three main genera—Alphatorquevirus (Torque teno virus, TTV), Betatorquevirus (Torque teno mini virus, TTMV), and Gammatorquevirus (Torque teno midi virus, TTMDV). To date, the characterization of Anelloviridae in the respiratory tract of children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) has been poorly reported and mainly focused on TTV. We performed a metagenomic analysis of eight respiratory samples collected from children with an ARI of unknown etiology (eight samples tested negative with a multiplex PCR assay, out of the 39 samples initially selected based on negative routine diagnostic testing). A total of 19 pediatric respiratory samples that tested positive for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, n = 13) or influenza virus (n = 6) were also sequenced. Anelloviridae reads were detected in 16/27 samples, including 6/8 negative samples, 7/13 RSV samples and 3/6 influenza samples. For samples with a detection of at least one Anelloviridae genus, TTMV represented 87.1 (66.1−99.2)% of Anelloviridae reads, while TTV and TTMDV represented 0.8 (0.0−9.6)% and 0.7 (0.0−7.1)%, respectively (p < 0.001). Our findings highlight a high prevalence of TTMV in respiratory samples of children with an ARI of unknown etiology, as well as in samples with an RSV or influenza infection. Larger studies are needed to explore the role of TTMV in childhood respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Bal
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (B.L.)
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CIRI, Inserm U1111 CNRS UMR5308, Virpath, 69007 Lyon, France
- GenEPII Platform, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France;
| | - Gregory Destras
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (B.L.)
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CIRI, Inserm U1111 CNRS UMR5308, Virpath, 69007 Lyon, France
- GenEPII Platform, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France;
| | - Marina Sabatier
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (B.L.)
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CIRI, Inserm U1111 CNRS UMR5308, Virpath, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Pichon
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Agents Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France;
- Inserm U1070 Pharmacology of Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Hadrien Regue
- GenEPII Platform, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France;
| | - Guy Oriol
- Laboratoire Commun de Recherche HCL-bioMerieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France; (G.O.); (K.B.-P.)
| | - Yves Gillet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, 69500 Bron, France;
| | - Bruno Lina
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (B.L.)
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CIRI, Inserm U1111 CNRS UMR5308, Virpath, 69007 Lyon, France
- GenEPII Platform, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France;
| | - Karen Brengel-Pesce
- Laboratoire Commun de Recherche HCL-bioMerieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France; (G.O.); (K.B.-P.)
| | - Laurence Josset
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (B.L.)
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CIRI, Inserm U1111 CNRS UMR5308, Virpath, 69007 Lyon, France
- GenEPII Platform, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France;
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (F.M.)
| | - Florence Morfin
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (B.L.)
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CIRI, Inserm U1111 CNRS UMR5308, Virpath, 69007 Lyon, France
- GenEPII Platform, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France;
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (F.M.)
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Righi F, Arnaboldi S, Filipello V, Ianiro G, Di Bartolo I, Calò S, Bellini S, Trogu T, Lelli D, Bianchi A, Bonardi S, Pavoni E, Bertasi B, Lavazza A. Torque Teno Sus Virus (TTSuV) Prevalence in Wild Fauna of Northern Italy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020242. [PMID: 35208696 PMCID: PMC8875128 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) is a non-enveloped circular ssDNA virus which frequently infects swine and has been associated with hepatic, respiratory, and autoimmune disorders. TTSuV’s pathogenic role is still uncertain, and clear data in the literature on virus reservoirs are lacking. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of potentially zoonotic TTSuV in wild animals in Northern Italy and to evaluate their role as reservoirs. Liver samples were collected between 2016 and 2020 during four hunting seasons from wild boars (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Samples originated from areas in Northern Italy characterized by different traits, i.e., mountains and flatland with, respectively low and high farm density and anthropization. Viral identification was carried out by end-point PCR with specific primers for TTSuV1a and TTSuVk2a species. TTSuV prevalence in wild boars was higher in the mountains than in the flatland (prevalence of 6.2% and 2.3%, respectively). In wild ruminants only TTSuVk2a was detected (with a prevalence of 9.4%). Our findings shed light on the occurrence and distribution of TTSuV in some wild animal species, investigating their possible role as reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Righi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Arnaboldi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-229-0781
| | - Virginia Filipello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Emerging Zoonoses Unit, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.I.); (I.D.B.)
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Emerging Zoonoses Unit, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.I.); (I.D.B.)
| | - Stefania Calò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 23100 Sondrio, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bonardi
- Veterinary Science Department, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy;
| | - Enrico Pavoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bertasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
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Torquetenovirus in saliva: A potential biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 infection? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256357. [PMID: 34428230 PMCID: PMC8384193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Torquetenovirus (TTV) is present in biological fluids from healthy individuals and measurement of its titer is used to assess immune status in individuals with chronic infections and after transplants. We assessed if the titer of TTV in saliva varied with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx and could be a marker of COVID-19 status. Saliva from 91 individuals positive for SARS-CoV-2 in nasal-oropharyngeal samples, and from 126 individuals who were SARS-CoV-2-negative, all with mild respiratory symptoms, were analyzed. Both groups were similar in age, gender, symptom duration and time after symptom initiation when saliva was collected. Titers of TTV and SARS-CoV-2 were assessed by gene amplification. Loss of smell (p = 0.0001) and fever (p = 0.0186) were more prevalent in SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals, while sore throat (p = 0.0001), fatigue (p = 0.0037) and diarrhea (p = 0.0475) were more frequent in the SARS-CoV-2 negative group. The saliva TTV and nasal-oropharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 titers were correlated (p = 0.0085). The TTV level decreased as symptoms resolved in the SARS-CoV-2 infected group (p = 0.0285) but remained unchanged in the SARS-CoV-2 negative controls. In SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects who provided 2-4 saliva samples and in which TTV was initially present, the TTV titer always decreased over time as symptoms resolved. We propose that sequential TTV measurement in saliva is potentially useful to assess the likelihood of symptom resolution in SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals and to predict prognosis.
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Dodi G, Attanasi M, Di Filippo P, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F. Virome in the Lungs: The Role of Anelloviruses in Childhood Respiratory Diseases. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071357. [PMID: 34201449 PMCID: PMC8307813 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
More recently, increasing attention has been directed to exploring the function of the global virome in health and disease. Currently, by new molecular techniques, such as metagenomic DNA sequencing, the virome has been better unveiled. By investigating the human lung virome, we could provide novel insights into respiratory diseases. The virome, as a part of the microbiome, is characterized by a constant change in composition related to the type of diet, environment, and our genetic code, and other incalculable factors. The virome plays a substantial role in modulating human immune defenses and contributing to the inflammatory processes. Anelloviruses (AVs) are new components of the virome. AVs are already present during early life and reproduce without apparently causing harm to the host. The role of AVs is still unknown, but several reports have shown that AVs could activate the inflammasomes, intracellular multiprotein oligomers of the innate immune system, which show a crucial role in the host defense to several pathogens. In this narrative revision, we summarize the epidemiological data related to the possible link between microbial alterations and chronic respiratory diseases in children. Briefly, we also describe the characteristics of the most frequent viral family present in the lung virome, Anelloviridae. Furthermore, we discuss how AVs could modulate the immune system in children, affecting the development of chronic respiratory diseases, particularly asthma, the most common chronic inflammatory disease in childhood.
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Redondoviridae: High Prevalence and Possibly Chronic Shedding in Human Respiratory Tract, But No Zoonotic Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040533. [PMID: 33804837 PMCID: PMC8063800 DOI: 10.3390/v13040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Redondoviridae is a recently discovered DNA virus family consisting of two species, vientovirus and brisavirus. Here we used PCR amplification and sequencing to characterize redondoviruses in nasal/throat swabs collected longitudinally from a cohort of 58 individuals working with animals in Vietnam. We additionally analyzed samples from animals to which redondovirus DNA-positive participants were exposed. Redondoviruses were detected in approximately 60% of study participants, including 33% (30/91) of samples collected during episodes of acute respiratory disease and in 50% (29/58) of baseline samples (with no respiratory symptoms). Vientovirus (73%; 24/33) was detected more frequently in samples than brisaviruses (27%; 9/33). In the 23 participants with at least 2 redondovirus-positive samples among their longitudinal samples, 10 (43.5%) had identical redondovirus replication-gene sequences detected (sampling duration: 35–132 days). We found no identical redondovirus replication genes in samples from different participants, and no redondoviruses were detected in 53 pooled nasal/throat swabs collected from domestic animals. Phylogenetic analysis described no large-scale geographical clustering between viruses from Vietnam, the US, Spain, and China, indicating that redondoviruses are highly genetically diverse and have a wide geographical distribution. Collectively, our study provides novel insights into the Redondoviridae family in humans, describing a high prevalence, potentially associated with chronic shedding in the respiratory tract with lack of evidence of zoonotic transmission from close animal contacts. The tropism and potential pathogenicity of this viral family remain to be determined.
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Thi Kha Tu N, Thi Thu Hong N, Thi Han Ny N, My Phuc T, Thi Thanh Tam P, van Doorn HR, Dang Trung Nghia H, Thao Huong D, An Han D, Thi Thu Ha L, Deng X, Thwaites G, Delwart E, Virtala AMK, Vapalahti O, Baker S, Van Tan L. The Virome of Acute Respiratory Diseases in Individuals at Risk of Zoonotic Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E960. [PMID: 32872469 PMCID: PMC7552073 DOI: 10.3390/v12090960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emphasizes the need to actively study the virome of unexplained respiratory diseases. We performed viral metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) analysis of 91 nasal-throat swabs from individuals working with animals and with acute respiratory diseases. Fifteen virus RT-PCR-positive samples were included as controls, while the other 76 samples were RT-PCR negative for a wide panel of respiratory pathogens. Eukaryotic viruses detected by mNGS were then screened by PCR (using primers based on mNGS-derived contigs) in all samples to compare viral detection by mNGS versus PCR and assess the utility of mNGS in routine diagnostics. mNGS identified expected human rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, influenza A virus, coronavirus OC43, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A in 13 of 15 (86.7%) positive control samples. Additionally, rotavirus, torque teno virus, human papillomavirus, human betaherpesvirus 7, cyclovirus, vientovirus, gemycircularvirus, and statovirus were identified through mNGS. Notably, complete genomes of novel cyclovirus, gemycircularvirus, and statovirus were genetically characterized. Using PCR screening, the novel cyclovirus was additionally detected in 5 and the novel gemycircularvirus in 12 of the remaining samples included for mNGS analysis. Our studies therefore provide pioneering data of the virome of acute-respiratory diseases from individuals at risk of zoonotic infections. The mNGS protocol/pipeline applied here is sensitive for the detection of a variety of viruses, including novel ones. More frequent detections of the novel viruses by PCR than by mNGS on the same samples suggests that PCR remains the most sensitive diagnostic test for viruses whose genomes are known. The detection of novel viruses expands our understanding of the respiratory virome of animal-exposed humans and warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Kha Tu
- Doctoral School in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
- Dong Thap Provincial Center for Disease Control, Cao Lanh City 660273, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam; (D.A.H.); (L.T.T.H.)
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Nguyen Thi Han Ny
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Tran My Phuc
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Pham Thi Thanh Tam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ha Noi 8000, Vietnam;
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Dang Thao Huong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Duong An Han
- Dong Thap Provincial Center for Disease Control, Cao Lanh City 660273, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam; (D.A.H.); (L.T.T.H.)
| | - Luu Thi Thu Ha
- Dong Thap Provincial Center for Disease Control, Cao Lanh City 660273, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam; (D.A.H.); (L.T.T.H.)
| | - Xutao Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (X.D.); (E.D.)
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Eric Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (X.D.); (E.D.)
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Anna-Maija K. Virtala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Doctoral School in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
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9
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Beyond Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus: a Review of Viruses Composing the Blood Virome of Solid Organ Transplant and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:33/4/e00027-20. [PMID: 32847820 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00027-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral primary infections and reactivations are common complications in patients after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Among these patients, viral infections are frequently associated with viremia. Beyond the usual well-known viruses that are part of the routine clinical management of transplant recipients, numerous other viral signatures or genomes can be identified in the blood of these patients. The identification of novel viral species and variants by metagenomic next-generation sequencing has opened up a new field of investigation and new paradigms. Thus, there is a need to thoroughly describe the state of knowledge in this field with a review of all viral infections that should be scrutinized in high-risk populations. Here, we review the eukaryotic DNA and RNA viruses identified in blood, plasma, or serum samples of pediatric and adult SOT/HSCT recipients and the prevalence of their detection, with a particular focus on recently identified viruses and those for which their potential association with disease remains to be investigated, such as members of the Polyomaviridae, Anelloviridae, Flaviviridae, and Astroviridae families. Current knowledge of the clinical significance of these viral infections with associated viremia among transplant recipients is also discussed. To ensure a comprehensive description in these two populations, individuals described as healthy (mostly blood donors) are considered for comparative purposes. The list of viruses that should be on the clinicians' radar is certainly incomplete and will expand, but the challenge is to identify those of possible clinical significance.
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10
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Nguyen TTK, Ngo TT, Tran PM, Pham TTT, Vu HTT, Nguyen NTH, Thwaites G, Virtala AK, Vapalahti O, Baker S, Le Van T. Respiratory viruses in individuals with a high frequency of animal exposure in southern and highland Vietnam. J Med Virol 2020; 92:971-981. [PMID: 31769525 PMCID: PMC7228379 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Active surveillance for zoonotic respiratory viruses is essential to inform the development of appropriate interventions and outbreak responses. Here we target individuals with a high frequency of animal exposure in Vietnam. Three-year community-based surveillance was conducted in Vietnam during 2013-2016. We enrolled a total of 581 individuals (animal-raising farmers, slaughterers, animal-health workers, and rat traders), and utilized reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect 15 common respiratory viruses in pooled nasal-throat swabs collected at baseline or acute respiratory disease episodes. A respiratory virus was detected in 7.9% (58 of 732) of baseline samples, and 17.7% (136 of 770) of disease episode samples (P < .001), with enteroviruses (EVs), rhinoviruses and influenza A virus being the predominant viruses detected. There were temporal and spatial fluctuations in the frequencies of the detected viruses over the study period, for example, EVs and influenza A viruses were more often detected during rainy seasons. We reported the detection of common respiratory viruses in individuals with a high frequency of animal exposure in Vietnam, an emerging infectious disease hotspot. The results show the value of baseline/control sampling in delineating the causative relationships and have revealed important insights into the ecological aspects of EVs, rhinoviruses and influenza A and their contributions to the burden posed by respiratory infections in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Thi Kha Nguyen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Dong Thap Provincial Center for Disease ControlDong Thap ProvinceVietnam
| | - Tue Tri Ngo
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Phuc My Tran
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | - Hang Thi Ty Vu
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthOxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna‐Maija K. Virtala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Virology and ImmunologyHUSLAB, Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthOxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tan Le Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
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11
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Widhidewi NW, Wiyatno A, Dewantari AK, Paramasatiari L, Aryastuti SA, Artika IN, Setiawan WD, Soebandrio A, Aye Myint KS, safari D. Identification of viral etiology of acute respiratory tract infections in children and adults in Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000120. [PMID: 32974585 PMCID: PMC7494194 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is the most common infectious disease in humans worldwide. The morbidity and mortality rates are high, especially in developing countries from Southeast Asia and Africa. While ARTI is commonly associated with viruses, there is limited data on the spectrum of viruses causing ARTI in developing countries, including Indonesia. This study was based on utilizing molecular techniques targeting a panel of 11 endemic and emerging respiratory viral pathogens including zoonotic viruses in a cohort of children and adults presenting at Tabanan General Hospital, Bali, with acute respiratory illness, from January to November 2017. In total, 98 out of 200 samples (49.0 %) tested positive for viruses. Our study confirmed 64.3 % viral etiology in children and 12.2 % in adults. Viruses that were detected were Herpesviridae (15.0 %) followed by enteroviruses (12.0 %), influenza A virus (11.5 %), respiratory syncytial virus (8.0 %), Adenoviridae (6.5 %), human metapneumovirus (3.5 %), Paramyxoviridae (2.0 %), bocavirus (1.0 %) and Coronaviridae (0.5 %). The study sheds light on the viral spectrum of ARTI in children and adults in Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Wayan Widhidewi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya, No. 6 Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Warmadewa, Jl. Terompong No.24 Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No. 69, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Lila Paramasatiari
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Warmadewa, Jl. Terompong No.24 Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Sri Agung Aryastuti
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Warmadewa, Jl. Terompong No.24 Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah Artika
- Tabanan General Hospital, Jl. Pahlawan, Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia
| | | | - Amin Soebandrio
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya, No. 6 Jakarta, Indonesia
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No. 69, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Khin Saw Aye Myint
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No. 69, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dodi safari
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No. 69, Jakarta, Indonesia
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12
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Dos Santos Bezerra R, Santos EV, Maraninchi Silveira R, Silva Pinto AC, Covas DT, Kashima S, Slavov SN. Molecular prevalence and genotypes of human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) and SENV-like viruses among multiply transfused patients with beta-thalassemia. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 59:102697. [PMID: 31859221 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.102697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high number of transfusions which patients with hereditary hemoglobinopathies (thalassemia, sickle cell disease) receive, they represent high risk of acquiring parenterally transmitted infectious diseases. In this respect, non pathogenic human commensal viruses, which also demonstrate parenteral transmission routes might also be acquired. One of the most widely spread parenterally-transmitted human commensal viruses include the Human Pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1, GBV-C) and Torque teno viruses (TTV) including its SEN virus-like (SENV) forms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HPgV-1 RNA and SENV-like viruses, among a group of patients with beta-thalassemia from a Blood Transfusion Center in the São Paulo State, Brazil. The prevalence of HPgV-1 RNA was 14.3 % (n = 6/42) and all of the positive samples were characterized as belonging to genotype 2 (83.3 % were referred to subgenotype 2A and 16.7 % to 2B). The prevalence of SENV-like viruses was 28.6 % (n = 12/42). SENV-like viruses of the genotypes SENV-H and SENV-A were classified during the performed phylogenetic analysis. Our study came as a continuation of a viral metagenomic survey among multiple transfused patients with beta-thalassemia. The obtained results shed a light on the prevalence and genotype distribution of commensal parenterally transmitted viruses like HPgV-1 and SENV in this specific population. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the clinical impact of these apparently non-pathogenic viruses in patients with thalassemia and their significance for the hemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dos Santos Bezerra
- Master Degree Program in Clinical Oncology, Stem Cells and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Vieira Santos
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Maraninchi Silveira
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Silva Pinto
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Setianingsih TY, Wiyatno A, Hartono TS, Hindawati E, Rosamarlina, Dewantari AK, Myint KS, Lisdawati V, Safari D. Detection of multiple viral sequences in the respiratory tract samples of suspected Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus patients in Jakarta, Indonesia 2015-2016. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 86:102-107. [PMID: 31238156 PMCID: PMC7110706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The identification and analysis of viral etiological agents from suspected Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases admitted to Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH) using molecular assays. METHODS Biological samples were collected from 13 hospitalized patients suspected of MERS-CoV infection in Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso IDH from July 2015 to December 2016. The majority of patients presented with pneumonia, with symptoms including fever (≥37.5 °C), labored breathing, and cough, and with a history of travel to the Middle East. Viral RNA was isolated and converted to cDNA, which was used as a template for the detection of 12 viral panels using conventional PCR and sequencing. RESULTS Viral etiological agents detected in the patients were enterovirus D68, dengue virus type 3, rhinovirus C, human coronavirus 229E, herpes simplex virus type 1, influenza virus H1N1, influenza virus H3N2, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus A60. CONCLUSIONS The sequences of nine viral agents under different taxa were detected in suspected MERS-CoV patients, including influenza virus, paramyxovirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, human metapneumovirus, and herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Evi Hindawati
- Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rosamarlina
- Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Khin Saw Myint
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vivi Lisdawati
- Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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14
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Monini M, Vignolo E, Ianiro G, Ostanello F, Ruggeri FM, Di Bartolo I. Detection of Torque Teno Sus Virus in Pork Bile and Liver Sausages. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:283-288. [PMID: 27294982 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Torque teno viruses (TTV) are small DNA viruses widespread among humans and pigs. The clinical significance of TTV infections in either humans or pigs is uncertain. In fact, TTV viremia is highly prevalent in patients with different pathologies, but it can also be frequently observed in healthy subjects. Virus infection in pigs is considered a putative cofactor in several diseases; despite being detected frequently in healthy animals, its role still remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) in 62 bile samples collected from pigs at slaughterhouse and in 36 fresh pork liver sausages bought at point of sale. Quantitative Real-Time PCR, confirmed that 19.4 and 58.3 % of bile and sausage samples tested positive for TTSuV, respectively. The mean viral load was established as 5.6 × 104 GE/µl for bile and 7.16 × 103 GE/g for sausages. TTSuV nucleotide sequence analysis confirmed a wide heterogeneity among the circulating TTSuV strains, which included both TTSuV1 and TTSuV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Monini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignolo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Ruggeri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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