1
|
Chen YR, Xiao F, Tang HN, Wang T, Zhou YH, Iqbal J, Yang SB, Li L, Zhou H. Plasticity of adipose tissues in response to fasting and refeeding declines with aging in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:204734. [PMID: 37227808 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To explore the plasticity of adipose tissues, C57BL/6J mice at the age of 1 month, 3 months, and 15 months corresponding to adolescence, adulthood, and middle-aged transitional period, respectively, were fasted and refed subsequently at different times. Body adipose tissues ratio (BATR) was calculated, the morphology of adipose tissue and the area of adipocytes were observed by histological analysis, and the mitochondria in adipocytes were observed under the transmission electron microscope. Furthermore, the expression levels of Ucp-1, Cidea, Cox7a1, Cpt-1m, Atgl, and Hsl were detected by qRT-PCR. Our results showed a significant increase in the adipocytes area and body visceral adipose tissue (VAT) ratio in all groups of mice with aging. Moreover, body mesenteric white adipose tissue (mWAT) ratio decreased the most after 72 h fasting. In the middle-aged transitional mice, the white adipocytes did not decrease until 72 h fasting, and most of them still appeared as unaffected unilocular cells. Besides, the number of mitochondria and the expression of Ucp-1, Cidea, Cox7a1, Cpt-1m, Atgl and Hsl were lower in these mice. After 72h refeeding, the body subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) ratio returned to normal, while the VAT kept decreasing. The above results indicated an impairment in adipose tissue plasticity in mice with aging, suggesting that age modulated the metabolic adaptiveness of adipose tissues in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fen Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hao-Neng Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shui-Bing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Long Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Houde Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fasting and refeeding cycles alter subcutaneous white depot growth dynamics and the morphology of brown adipose tissue in female rats. Br J Nutr 2020; 126:460-469. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntermittent food restriction (IFR) is used mainly for weight loss; however, its effects on adipose tissue are not known when alternating with an obesogenic diet. To demonstrate its effects on morphological dynamics of fat deposits, female Wistar rats were distributed into groups: standard control (ST-C), with commercial diet; DIO control (DIO-C), with a diet that induces obesity (DIO) during the first and last 15 d, replaced by a standard diet for thirty intermediate days; standard restricted (ST-R), with standard diet during the first and last 15 d, with six cycles of IFR at 50 % of ST-C; and DIO restricted (DIO-R), in DIO during the first and last 15 d, with six cycles of IFR at 50 % of DIO-C. At 105 d of life, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) deposits were collected, weighed and histology performed. The DIO-R group showed higher total food intake (DIO-R 10 768·0 (SEM 357·52) kJ/g v. DIO-C 8868·6 (SEM 249·25) kJ/g, P < 0·0001), energy efficiency during RAI (DIO-R 2·26 (SEM 0·05) g/kJ v. DIO-C 0·70 (SEM 0·03) g/kJ, P < 0·0001) and WAT (DIO-R 5·65 (SEM 0·30) g/100 g v. DIO-C 4·56 (SEM 0·30) g/100 g) than their respective control. Furthermore, IFR groups presented hypertrophy of WAT and BAT, as well as fibrosis in BAT. Thus, IFR can establish prospective resistance to weight loss by favouring changes in adipose tissue morphology, increased energy intake and efficiency. Finally, the DIO diet before and after IFR aggravates the damages caused by the restriction.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rosas Fernández MA, Concha Vilca CM, Batista LO, Ramos VW, Cinelli LP, Tibau de Albuquerque K. Intermittent food restriction in female rats induces SREBP high expression in hypothalamus and immediately postfasting hyperphagia. Nutrition 2018; 48:122-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
4
|
Tang HN, Tang CY, Man XF, Tan SW, Guo Y, Tang J, Zhou CL, Zhou HD. Plasticity of adipose tissue in response to fasting and refeeding in male mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28070205 PMCID: PMC5217231 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fasting is the most widely prescribed and self-imposed strategy for treating excessive weight gain and obesity, and has been shown to exert a number of beneficial effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the exact role of fasting and subsequent refeeding on fat distribution in mice. Methods C57/BL6 mice fasted for 24 to 72 h and were then subjected to refeeding for 72 h. At 24, 48 and 72 h of fasting, and 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of refeeding, the mice were sacrificed, and serum and various adipose tissues were collected. Serum biochemical parameters, adipose tissue masses and histomorphological analysis of different depots were detected. MRNA was isolated from various adipose tissues, and the expressions of thermogenesis, visceral signature and lipid metabolism-related genes were examined. The phenotypes of adipose tissues between juvenile and adult mice subjected to fasting and refeeding were also compared. Results Fasting preferentially consumed mesenteric fat mass and decreased the cell size of mesenteric depots; however, refeeding recovered the mass and morphology of inguinal adipose tissues preferentially compared with visceral depots. Thermogenesis-related gene expression in the inguinal WAT and interscapular BAT were suppressed. Mitochondrial biogenesis was affected by fasting in a depot-specific manner. Furthermore, a short period of fasting led to an increase in visceral signature genes (Wt1, Tcf21) in subcutaneous adipose tissue, while the expression of these genes decreased sharply as the fasting time increased. Additionally, lipogenesis-related markers were enhanced to a greater extent greater in subcutaneous depots compared with those in visceral adipose tissues by refeeding. Although similar phenotypic changes in adipose tissue were observed between juvenile mice and adult mice subjected to fasting and refeeding, the alterations appeared earlier and more sensitively in juvenile mice. Conclusions Fasting preferentially consumes lipids in visceral adipose tissues, whereas refeeding recovers lipids predominantly in subcutaneous adipose tissues, which indicated the significance of plasticity of adipose organs for fat distribution when subject to food deprivation or refeeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0159-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Neng Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Chen-Yi Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Xiao-Fei Man
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Shu-Wen Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Ci-La Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Hou-De Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gautheron J, Vucur M, Schneider AT, Severi I, Roderburg C, Roy S, Bartneck M, Schrammen P, Diaz MB, Ehling J, Gremse F, Heymann F, Koppe C, Lammers T, Kiessling F, Van Best N, Pabst O, Courtois G, Linkermann A, Krautwald S, Neumann UP, Tacke F, Trautwein C, Green DR, Longerich T, Frey N, Luedde M, Bluher M, Herzig S, Heikenwalder M, Luedde T. The necroptosis-inducing kinase RIPK3 dampens adipose tissue inflammation and glucose intolerance. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11869. [PMID: 27323669 PMCID: PMC4919522 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) mediates necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death that promotes inflammation in various pathological conditions, suggesting that it might be a privileged pharmacological target. However, its function in glucose homeostasis and obesity has been unknown. Here we show that RIPK3 is over expressed in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese mice fed with a choline-deficient high-fat diet. Genetic inactivation of Ripk3 promotes increased Caspase-8-dependent adipocyte apoptosis and WAT inflammation, associated with impaired insulin signalling in WAT as the basis for glucose intolerance. Similarly to mice, in visceral WAT of obese humans, RIPK3 is overexpressed and correlates with the body mass index and metabolic serum markers. Together, these findings provide evidence that RIPK3 in WAT maintains tissue homeostasis and suppresses inflammation and adipocyte apoptosis, suggesting that systemic targeting of necroptosis might be associated with the risk of promoting insulin resistance in obese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Gautheron
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Anne T Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Sanchari Roy
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Peter Schrammen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Mauricio Berriel Diaz
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764 and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Josef Ehling
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Christiane Koppe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Niels Van Best
- Institut of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institut of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Stefan Krautwald
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Mark Luedde
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Matthias Bluher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764 and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
DeClercq VC, Goldsby JS, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Distinct Adipose Depots from Mice Differentially Respond to a High-Fat, High-Salt Diet. J Nutr 2016; 146:1189-96. [PMID: 27146921 PMCID: PMC4877629 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.227496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary factors such as high-sodium or high-fat (HF) diets have been shown to induce a proinflammatory phenotype. However, there is limited information with respect to how microenvironments of distinct intra-abdominal adipose depots respond to the combination of a high-salt, HF diet. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that HF feeding would cause changes in distinct adipose depots, which would be further amplified by the addition of high salt to the diet. METHODS Twenty-seven male C57BL6 mice were fed an HF diet (60% of kcal from fat), an HF + high-salt diet (4% wt:wt), a control diet [low-fat (LF);10% of kcal from fat], or an LF + high-salt diet for 12 wk. The main sources of fat in the diets were corn oil and lard. Adipokines in serum and released from adipose tissue organ cultures were measured by immunoassays. QIAGEN's Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to perform functional analysis of the RNA-sequencing data from distinct adipose depots. RESULTS Diet-induced obesity resulted in a classical inflammatory phenotype characterized by increased concentrations of circulating inflammatory mediators (38-56%) and reduced adiponectin concentrations (27%). However, high-salt feeding did not exacerbate the HF diet-induced changes in adipokines and cytokines. Leptin and interleukin-6 were differentially released from adipose depots and HF feeding impaired adiponectin and resistin secretion across all 3 depots (34-48% and 45-83%, respectively). The addition of high salt to the HF diet did not further modulate secretion in cultured adipose tissue experiments. Although gene expression data from RNA sequencing indicated a >4.3-fold upregulation of integrin αX (Itgax) with HF feeding in all 3 depots, markers of cellular function were differentially expressed in response to diet across depots. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings highlight the role of distinct adipose depots in mice in the development of obesity and emphasize the importance of selecting specific depots to study the effects of therapeutic interventions on adipose tissue function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David N McMurray
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases,,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, and Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Machi JF, Dias DDS, Freitas SC, de Moraes OA, da Silva MB, Cruz PL, Mostarda C, Salemi VMC, Morris M, De Angelis K, Irigoyen MC. Impact of aging on cardiac function in a female rat model of menopause: role of autonomic control, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:341-50. [PMID: 27042032 PMCID: PMC4809309 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s88441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aging on metabolic, cardiovascular, autonomic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters after ovarian hormone deprivation (OVX). Methods Female Wistar rats (3 or 22 months old) were divided into: young controls, young ovariectomized, old controls, and old ovariectomized (bilateral ovaries removal). After a 9-week follow-up, physical capacity, metabolic parameters, and morphometric and cardiac functions were assessed. Subsequently, arterial pressure was recorded and cardiac autonomic control was evaluated. Oxidative stress was measured on the cardiac tissue, while inflammatory profile was assessed in the plasma. Results Aging or OVX caused an increase in body and fat weight and triglyceride concentration and a decrease in both insulin sensitivity and aerobic exercise capacity. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and increased cardiac overload (myocardial performance index) were reported in old groups when compared with young groups. Aging and OVX led to an increased sympathetic tonus, and vagal tonus was lower only for the old groups. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were increased in old groups when compared with young groups. Glutathione redox balance (GSH/GSSG) was reduced in young ovariectomized, old controls, and old ovariectomized groups when compared with young controls, indicating an increased oxidative stress. A negative correlation was found between GSH/GSSG and tumor necrosis factor-α (r=−0.6, P<0.003). Correlations were found between interleukin-6 with adipose tissue (r=0.5, P<0.009) and vagal tonus (r=−0.7, P<0.0002); and among myocardial performance index with interleukin-6 (r=0.65, P<0.0002), sympathetic tonus (r=0.55, P<0.006), and physical capacity (r=−0.55, P<0.003). The findings in this trial showed that ovariectomy aggravated the impairment of cardiac and functional effects of aging in female rats, probably associated with exacerbated autonomic dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Freire Machi
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Danielle da Silva Dias
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Cristina Freitas
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maikon Barbosa da Silva
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Lázara Cruz
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Mostarda
- Health Adult and Child, Federal University of Maranhao (UFMA), São Luiz, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Vera M C Salemi
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Morris
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cláudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|