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Jung H, Park S, Gunassekaran GR, Jeon M, Cho YE, Baek MC, Park JY, Shim G, Oh YK, Kim IS, Kim C, Lee B. A Peptide Probe Enables Photoacoustic-Guided Imaging and Drug Delivery to Lung Tumors in K-rasLA2 Mutant Mice. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4271-4282. [PMID: 31243044 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lack of molecular targets and targeting probes remains a major drawback for targeted imaging and drug delivery in lung cancer. In this study, we exploited in vivo phage display to identify a novel targeting probe that homes to the tumor in a K-rasLA2 mutant mouse lung cancer model. Compared with other candidate peptides selected from 5 rounds of phage display, the CRQTKN peptide homed to tumor nodules in the lung of mutant mice at higher levels. Photoacoustic tomography of mutant mice detected lung tumors via tumor homing of the near-infrared fluorescence dye-labeled CRQTKN peptide. Ex vivo photoacoustic images of isolated organs further demonstrated tumor homing of the CRQTKN peptide, whereas minimal accumulation was observed in control organs, such as the liver. Compared with untargeted liposomes and doxorubicin, doxorubicin-loaded liposomes whose surface was modified with the CRQTKN peptide more efficiently delivered doxorubicin and reduced the number or size of tumor lesions in K-rasLA2 mutant mice. Analysis of hematologic parameters and liver and kidney function showed no significant systemic side effects by the treatments. Affinity-based identification was used to detect TNF receptor superfamily member 19L (TNFRSF19L), which was upregulated in lung tumors of mutant mice, as the receptor for the CRQTKN peptide. In conclusion, these results suggest that the CRQTKN peptide is a promising targeting probe for photoacoustic-guided detection and drug delivery to lung cancer, and acts by binding to TNFRSF19L. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings present a new tumor-targeting probe for photoacoustic-guided detection and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkyung Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjo Park
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Gowri Rangaswamy Gunassekaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansik Jeon
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayong Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungheon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Challenges in the clinical interpretation of small de novo copy number variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. Gene 2019; 706:162-171. [PMID: 31085274 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In clinical genetics, the need to discriminate between benign and pathogenic variants identified in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders is an absolute necessity. Copy number variants (CNVs) of small size can enable the identification of genes that are critical for neurologic development. However, assigning a definite association with a specific disorder is a difficult task. Among 328 trios analyzed over seven years of activity in a single laboratory, we identified 19 unrelated patients (5.8%) who carried a small (<500 kb) de novo CNV. Four patients had an additional independent de novo CNV. Nine had a variant that could be assigned as definitely pathogenic, whereas the remaining CNVs were considered as variants of unknown significance (VUS). We report clinical and molecular findings of patients harboring VUS. We reviewed the medical literature available for genes impacted by CNVs, obtained the probability of truncating loss-of-function intolerance, and compared overlapping CNVs reported in databases. The classification of small non-recurrent CNVs remains difficult but, among our findings, we provide support for a role of SND1 in the susceptibility of autism, describe a new case of the rare 17p13.1 microduplication syndrome, and report an X-linked duplication involving KIF4A and DLG3 as a likely cause of epilepsy.
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Jia K, Zhang D, Jia Q, Zhang Q. Regulation of Fgf15 expression in the intestine by glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2953-2959. [PMID: 30720089 PMCID: PMC6423556 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) was previously identified to be highly expressed in the ileum and functions as an endocrine factor to regulate bile acid synthesis in the liver. FGF15 targets its receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in the liver and serves important roles in energy metabolism, including bile acid homeostasis, glucose metabolism and protein synthesis. The expression of FGF15 is known to be regulated by the transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for measuring Fgf15 expression from the animal and tissue culture experiments, and it was identified that dexamethasone, a drug widely used in anti-inflammation therapy, and a classical inducer of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)- and pregnane X receptor (PXR)-target genes, may downregulate Fgf15 expression in the ileum. GR was identified to be highly expressed in the ileum by western blot analysis. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the downregulation of Fgf15 by dexamethasone is due to the repression of ileal FXR activity via GR; however, not PXR, in the ileum. The present results provide insight for a better understanding of the adverse effects associated with dexamethasone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunzhi Jia
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Danping Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Qing‑Yu Zhang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Wilson A, McLean C, Kim RB. Trimethylamine-N-oxide: a link between the gut microbiome, bile acid metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:148-54. [PMID: 26959704 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article evaluates the link between trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and bile acids and the consequent impact on the development of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Elevation in plasma TMAO concentrations is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in many different patient cohorts. In addition to the recently identified direct effects of TMAO on the development of atherosclerosis, other components involved in TMAO metabolism may also have an impact. Furthermore, the relationship between TMAO and bile acid regulation is emerging as a possible mediator of atherosclerosis. SUMMARY Studies that are emerging highlight the mechanistic relationship of TMAO to the development atherosclerosis in addition to its role as disease biomarker. The interplay between TMAO and bile acid metabolism mediated through multiple factors, such as the gut microbiome, farnesoid X receptor signaling, and flavin monooxygenase 3 activity may help identify another pathway by which atherosclerosis occurs. In this review, we discuss the most recent data regarding atherosclerosis, TMAO, and bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aze Wilson
- aDivisions of Clinical Pharmacology bGastroenterology, Department of Medicine cDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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