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Zhang L, Ma M, Li J, Qiao K, Xie Y, Zheng Y. Stimuli-responsive microcarriers and their application in tissue repair: A review of magnetic and electroactive microcarrier. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:147-162. [PMID: 38808158 PMCID: PMC11130597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Microcarrier applications have made great advances in tissue engineering in recent years, which can load cells, drugs, and bioactive factors. These microcarriers can be minimally injected into the defect to help reconstruct a good microenvironment for tissue repair. In order to achieve more ideal performance and face more complex tissue damage, an increasing amount of effort has been focused on microcarriers that can actively respond to external stimuli. These microcarriers have the functions of directional movement, targeted enrichment, material release control, and providing signals conducive to tissue repair. Given the high controllability and designability of magnetic and electroactive microcarriers, the research progress of these microcarriers is highlighted in this review. Their structure, function and applications, potential tissue repair mechanisms, and challenges are discussed. In summary, through the design with clinical translation ability, meaningful and comprehensive experimental characterization, and in-depth study and application of tissue repair mechanisms, stimuli-responsive microcarriers have great potential in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiYang Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Ma
- Beijing Wanjie Medical Device Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Junfei Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Qiao
- Beijing Gerecov Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Xie
- Beijing Gerecov Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Zheng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Linnemann C, Sahin F, Chen Y, Falldorf K, Ronniger M, Histing T, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. NET Formation Was Reduced via Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14629. [PMID: 37834077 PMCID: PMC10572227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fracture-healing is a highly complex and timely orchestrated process. Non-healing fractures are still a major clinical problem and treatment remains difficult. A 16 Hz extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (ELF-PEMF) was identified as non-invasive adjunct therapy supporting bone-healing by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+-influx. However, ROS and Ca2+-influx may stimulate neutrophils, the first cells arriving at the wounded site, to excessively form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which negatively affects the healing process. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of this 16 Hz ELF-PEMF on NET formation. Neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteers and exposed to different NET-stimuli and the 16 Hz ELF-PEMF. NETs were quantified using Sytox Green Assay and immunofluorescence, Ca2+-influx and ROS with fluorescence probes. In contrast to mesenchymal cells, ELF-PEMF exposure did not induce ROS and Ca2+-influx in neutrophils. ELF-PEMF exposure did not result in basal or enhanced PMA-induced NET formation but did reduce the amount of DNA released. Similarly, NET formation induced by LPS and H2O2 was reduced through exposure to ELF-PEMF. As ELF-PEMF exposure did not induce NET release or negatively affect neutrophils, the ELF-PEMF exposure can be started immediately after fracture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Linnemann
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Filiz Sahin
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yangmengfan Chen
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Falldorf
- Sachtleben GmbH, Haus Spectrum am UKE, Martinistraße 64, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ronniger
- Sachtleben GmbH, Haus Spectrum am UKE, Martinistraße 64, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Cuppen JJM, Gradinaru C, Raap-van Sleuwen BE, de Wit ACE, van der Vegt TAAJ, Savelkoul HFJ. LF-EMF Compound Block Type Signal Activates Human Neutrophilic Granulocytes In Vivo. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:309-316. [PMID: 35481557 PMCID: PMC9324799 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to demonstrate in a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design study that a nominal 5 μT low-frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF) signal for 30 min activates neutrophils in vivo in humans. Granularity of neutrophils was measured in blood samples of healthy human volunteers (n = 32) taken before and after exposure for both the exposure and control sessions. A significant decrease in the granularity, indicative of neutrophil activation, was observed both in the exposure measurements and the exposure minus control measurements. Earlier EMF publications show immune function increase in isolated cells and more effective immune responses in animals with infections. This result, therefore, supports the thesis that the exposure can activate the innate immune system in humans, speed up the innate immune response, and may have potential beneficial effects in infectious disease. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J M Cuppen
- Umani Medical BV, Waalre, The Netherlands.,Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Efficacy and specificity of different methods for human neutrophil extracellular trap isolation and handling. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:384-387. [PMID: 34764811 PMCID: PMC8574115 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.108771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although in vitro incubation of various cell types with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is commonly used to investigate the influence of NETs on cellular function, it is unclear which human NET isolation and handling protocol is superior. The present study sought to assess the efficacy (yield and purity) and efficiency (time taken) of different available human NET isolation and handling protocols. Material and methods Neutrophils isolated from human blood were stimulated using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Four distinct protocols were used to isolate NETs, and the yield was quantified using fluorimetry. Results Addition of the restriction enzyme AluI prior to centrifugation is unique to the most effective NET isolation method, yielding a NET concentration of 1077.22 ±229.04 ng/ml (at 523 nm) measured with PicoGreen. Immediate centrifugation to pellet neutrophils is unique to the most efficient method. Conclusions Balancing protocol efficacy and efficiency, the method incorporating centrifugation for 5 min at 450 × γ to pellet neutrophils is more than adequate.
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Piszczek P, Wójcik-Piotrowicz K, Gil K, Kaszuba-Zwoińska J. Immunity and electromagnetic fields. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111505. [PMID: 34126050 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite many studies, the question about the positive or negative influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on living organisms still remains an unresolved issue. To date, the results are inconsistent and hardly comparable between different laboratories. The observed bio-effects are dependent not only on the applied EMF itself, but on many other factors such as the model system tested or environmental ones. In an organism, the role of the defense system against external stressors is played by the immune system consisting of various cell types. The immune cells are engaged in many physiological processes and responsible for the proper functioning of the whole organism. Any factor with an ability to cause immunomodulatory effects may weaken or enhance the response of the immune system. This review is focused on a wide range electromagnetic fields as a possible external factor which may modulate the innate and/or adaptive immunity. Considering the existing databases, we have compiled the bio-effects evoked by EMF in particular immune cell types involved in different types of immune response with the common mechanistic models and mostly activated intracellular signaling cascade pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Piszczek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121, Krakow, Czysta street 18, Poland.
| | - Karolina Wójcik-Piotrowicz
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Łazarza street 16, 31-530, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121, Krakow, Czysta street 18, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kaszuba-Zwoińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121, Krakow, Czysta street 18, Poland
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Merla C, Liberti M, Consales C, Denzi A, Apollonio F, Marino C, Benassi B. Evidences of plasma membrane-mediated ROS generation upon ELF exposure in neuroblastoma cells supported by a computational multiscale approach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1446-1457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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López-Furelos A, Salas-Sánchez AA, Ares-Pena FJ, Leiro-Vidal JM, López-Martín E. Exposure to radiation from single or combined radio frequencies provokes macrophage dysfunction in the RAW 264.7 cell line. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:607-618. [PMID: 29659305 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1465610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to radiation from single or multiple radio-frequency (RF) signals at 900 and 2450 MHz would induce effects in the RAW 264.7 cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell cultures were exposed to single or combined RF for 4, 24, 48, or 72 h in a GTEM electromagnetic test chamber. At the end of the radiation exposure time, viability and cell growth were analyzed by flow cytometry, nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by colorimetry, the expression of HSP70 and TNF-α was ascertained by qPCR, and the phagocytic activity was observed by microscopy. RESULTS NO production increased after 48 h exposure at 2450 MHz, compared with controls. The group subjected to the combined interaction of two RFs showed an increase of HSP70 after 48 h exposure and a significant increase of NO and TNF-α after 72 h. The phagocytic activity of macrophages decreased in all groups as exposure time increased. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated a decrease in phagocytic activity and an increase in inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cytotoxic responses in macrophages after continuous and combined exposure of multiple RF signals. Multiple RF interact in everyday life, the immune response in humans is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto López-Furelos
- a Department of Morphological Sciences , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Aarón A Salas-Sánchez
- b Department of Applied Physics , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- b Department of Applied Physics , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - José M Leiro-Vidal
- c Institute of Alimentary Analysis , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Elena López-Martín
- a Department of Morphological Sciences , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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Rosado MM, Simkó M, Mattsson MO, Pioli C. Immune-Modulating Perspectives for Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Innate Immunity. Front Public Health 2018; 6:85. [PMID: 29632855 PMCID: PMC5879099 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the immune system have received a considerable interest, not only to investigate possible negative health impact but also to explore the possibility to favorably modulate immune responses. To generate beneficial responses, the immune system should eradicate pathogens while “respecting” the organism and tolerating irrelevant antigens. According to the current view, damage-associated molecules released by infected or injured cells, or secreted by innate immune cells generate danger signals activating an immune response. These signals are also relevant to the subsequent activation of homeostatic mechanisms that control the immune response in pro- or anti-inflammatory reactions, a feature that allows modulation by therapeutic treatments. In the present review, we describe and discuss the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF)-EMF and pulsed EMF on cell signals and factors relevant to the activation of danger signals and innate immunity cells. By discussing the EMF modulating effects on cell functions, we envisage the use of EMF as a therapeutic agent to regulate immune responses associated with wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mats-Olof Mattsson
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Energy, Environmental Resources and Technologies, Tulln, Austria
| | - Claudio Pioli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA, Rome, Italy
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Djordjevic NZ, Paunović MG, Peulić AS. Anxiety-like behavioural effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:21693-21699. [PMID: 28756602 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) has received considerable attention for its potential biological effects. Numerous studies have shown the role of ELF-EMF in behaviour modulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term ELF-EMF (50 Hz) in the development of anxiety-like behaviour in rats through change hypothalamic oxidative stress and NO. Ten adult male rats (Wistar albino) were divided in two groups: control group-without exposure to ELF-EMF and experimental group-exposed to ELF-EMF during 7 days. After the exposure, time open field test and elevated plus maze were used to evaluate the anxiety-like behaviour of rats. Upon completion of the behavioural tests, concentrations of superoxide anion (O2·-), nitrite (NO2-, as an indicator of NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) were determined in the hypothalamus of the animals. Obtained results show that ELF-EMF both induces anxiety-like behaviour and increases concentrations of O2·- and NO, whereas it did not effect on ONOO- concentration in hypothalamus of rats. In conclusion, the development of anxiety-like behaviour is mediated by oxidative stress and increased NO concentration in hypothalamus of rats exposed to ELF-EMF during 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Z Djordjevic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadzica bb, Novi Pazar, 36300, Serbia.
| | - Milica G Paunović
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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de Kleijn S, Ferwerda G, Wiese M, Trentelman J, Cuppen J, Kozicz T, de Jager L, Hermans PWM, Verburg-van Kemenade BML. A short-term extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure increases circulating leukocyte numbers and affects HPA-axis signaling in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:433-43. [PMID: 27553635 PMCID: PMC5129481 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is still uncertainty whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMF) can induce health effects like immunomodulation. Despite evidence obtained in vitro, an unambiguous association has not yet been established in vivo. Here, mice were exposed to ELF‐EMF for 1, 4, and 24 h/day in a short‐term (1 week) and long‐term (15 weeks) set‐up to investigate whole body effects on the level of stress regulation and immune response. ELF‐EMF signal contained multiple frequencies (20–5000 Hz) and a magnetic flux density of 10 μT. After exposure, blood was analyzed for leukocyte numbers (short‐term and long‐term) and adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration (short‐term only). Furthermore, in the short‐term experiment, stress‐related parameters, corticotropin‐releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and CYP11A1 gene‐expression, respectively, were determined in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. In the short‐term but not long‐term experiment, leukocyte counts were significantly higher in the 24 h‐exposed group compared with controls, mainly represented by increased neutrophils and CD4 ± lymphocytes. POMC expression and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone were significantly lower compared with unexposed control mice. In conclusion, short‐term ELF‐EMF exposure may affect hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activation in mice. Changes in stress hormone release may explain changes in circulating leukocyte numbers and composition. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:433–443, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan de Kleijn
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Wiese
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jos Trentelman
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Cuppen
- Immunent B.V. and Neiding B.V., Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda de Jager
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Peter W M Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Homa J, Ortmann W, Kolaczkowska E. Conservative Mechanisms of Extracellular Trap Formation by Annelida Eisenia andrei: Serine Protease Activity Requirement. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159031. [PMID: 27416067 PMCID: PMC4945018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of extracellular traps (ETs) capturing and immobilizing pathogens is now a well-established defense mechanism added to the repertoire of vertebrate phagocytes. These ETs are composed of extracellular DNA (extDNA), histones and antimicrobial proteins. Formation of mouse and human ETs depends on enzymes (i) facilitating decondensation of chromatin by citrullination of histones, and (ii) serine proteases degrading histones. In invertebrates, initial reports revealed existence of ETs composed of extDNA and histones, and here we document for the first time that also coelomocytes, immunocompetent cells of an earthworm Eisenia andrei, cast ETs which successfully trap bacteria in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent and -independent manner. Importantly, the formation of ETs was observed not only when coelomocytes were studied ex vivo, but also in vivo, directly in the earthworm coelom. These ETs were composed of extDNA, heat shock proteins (HSP27) and H3 histones. Furthermore, the formation of E. andrei ETs depended on activity of serine proteases, including elastase-like activity. Moreover, ETs interconnected and hold together aggregating coelomocytes, a processes proceeding encapsulation. In conclusion, the study confirms ET formation by earthworms, and unravels mechanisms leading to ET formation and encapsulation in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Homa
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Weronika Ortmann
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Jadidi M, Biat SM, Sameni HR, Safari M, Vafaei AA, Ghahari L. Mesenchymal stem cells that located in the electromagnetic fields improves rat model of Parkinson's disease. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:741-8. [PMID: 27635198 PMCID: PMC5010846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is their ability to produce other cell types. Electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulates differentiation of MSCs into other cells. In this study, we investigated whether EMF can effect on the differentiation of MSCs into dopaminergic (DA) neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS An EMF with a frequency of 50 Hz and two intensities of 40 and 400 µT 1hr/day was generated around the cells for a week. Afterwards, these cells were injected into the left ventricle of Parkinsonian rats. The rats survived for 2 weeks, and then sampling was performed. RESULTS The injected cells differentiated into DA neurons and sporadically settled in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Transplanted rats exhibited significant partial correction apomorphine-induced rotational behavior compared to Parkinsonian rats (5.0±0.1 vs 7.57±0.08). Results demonstrated that endogenous serum and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were altered in all experimental groups. The greatest increase was in group of 400 µT EMF in comparison with Parkinsonian rats (398±15 vs. 312±11.79 pg ⁄ mg). Current study have shown that 6-Hydroxydopamine can cause severe loss of dopaminergic neurons (68±6.58), but injected MSCs that exposed to 40 and 400 µT EMF increased dopaminergic neurons in SNpc (108±2.33 & 126±3.89) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Electromagnetic fields with particular frequencies stimulate MSCs. So, these cells had anti-Parkinsonian properties in our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Jadidi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Saeed Moghadas Biat
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sameni
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Safari
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Laya Ghahari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, AJA Medical University, Tehran, Iran
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