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Linnemann C, Sahin F, Chen Y, Falldorf K, Ronniger M, Histing T, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. NET Formation Was Reduced via Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14629. [PMID: 37834077 PMCID: PMC10572227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fracture-healing is a highly complex and timely orchestrated process. Non-healing fractures are still a major clinical problem and treatment remains difficult. A 16 Hz extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (ELF-PEMF) was identified as non-invasive adjunct therapy supporting bone-healing by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+-influx. However, ROS and Ca2+-influx may stimulate neutrophils, the first cells arriving at the wounded site, to excessively form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which negatively affects the healing process. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of this 16 Hz ELF-PEMF on NET formation. Neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteers and exposed to different NET-stimuli and the 16 Hz ELF-PEMF. NETs were quantified using Sytox Green Assay and immunofluorescence, Ca2+-influx and ROS with fluorescence probes. In contrast to mesenchymal cells, ELF-PEMF exposure did not induce ROS and Ca2+-influx in neutrophils. ELF-PEMF exposure did not result in basal or enhanced PMA-induced NET formation but did reduce the amount of DNA released. Similarly, NET formation induced by LPS and H2O2 was reduced through exposure to ELF-PEMF. As ELF-PEMF exposure did not induce NET release or negatively affect neutrophils, the ELF-PEMF exposure can be started immediately after fracture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Linnemann
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Filiz Sahin
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yangmengfan Chen
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Falldorf
- Sachtleben GmbH, Haus Spectrum am UKE, Martinistraße 64, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ronniger
- Sachtleben GmbH, Haus Spectrum am UKE, Martinistraße 64, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Linnemann C, Şahin F, Li N, Pscherer S, Götz F, Histing T, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Insulin Can Delay Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation In Vitro-Implication for Diabetic Wound Care? Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1082. [PMID: 37626968 PMCID: PMC10452400 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a worldwide evolving disease with many associated complications, one of which is delayed or impaired wound healing. Appropriate wound healing strongly relies on the inflammatory reaction directly after injury, which is often altered in diabetic wound healing. After an injury, neutrophils are the first cells to enter the wound site. They have a special defense mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), consisting of released DNA coated with antimicrobial proteins and histones. Despite being a powerful weapon against pathogens, NETs were shown to contribute to impaired wound healing in diabetic mice and are associated with amputations in diabetic foot ulcer patients. The anti-diabetic drugs metformin and liraglutide have already been shown to regulate NET formation. In this study, the effect of insulin was investigated. NET formation after stimulation with PMA (phorbol myristate acetate), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), or calcium ionophore (CI) in the presence/absence of insulin was analyzed. Insulin led to a robust delay of LPS- and PMA-induced NET formation but had no effect on CI-induced NET formation. Mechanistically, insulin induced reactive oxygen species, phosphorylated p38, and ERK, but reduced citrullination of histone H3. Instead, bacterial killing was induced. Insulin might therefore be a new tool for the regulation of NET formation during diabetic wound healing, either in a systemic or topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Linnemann
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Filiz Şahin
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Ningna Li
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pscherer
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Sophien- and Hufeland-Hospital, 99425 Weimar, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
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Aspera-Werz RH, Mück J, Linnemann C, Herbst M, Ihle C, Histing T, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Nicotine and Cotinine Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation-Potential Risk for Impaired Wound Healing in Smokers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122424. [PMID: 36552632 PMCID: PMC9774423 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking undoubtedly affects human health. Investigating 2318 representative patients at a level 1 trauma center identified delayed wound healing, tissue infections, and/or sepsis as main complications in smokers following trauma and orthopedic surgery. Therefore, smoking cessation is strongly advised to improve the clinical outcome in these patients, although smoking cessation often fails despite nicotine replacement therapy raising the need for specific interventions that may reduce the complication rate. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. In diabetics, delayed wound healing and infections/sepsis are associated with increased neutrophilic PADI4 expression and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The aim was to investigate if similar mechanisms hold for smokers. Indeed, our results show higher PADI4 expression in active and heavy smokers than non-smokers, which is associated with an increased complication rate. However, in vitro stimulation of neutrophils with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) only moderately induced NET formation despite accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Physiological levels of nicotine and its main metabolite cotinine more effectively induced NET formation, although they did not actively induce the formation of ROS, but interfered with the activity of enzymes involved in anti-oxidative defense and NET formation. In summary, we propose increased formation of NETs as possible triggers for delayed wound healing, tissue infections, and/or sepsis in smokers after a major trauma and orthopedic surgery. Smoking cessation might reduce this effect. However, our data show that smoking cessation supported by nicotine replacement therapy should be carefully considered as nicotine and its metabolite cotinine effectively induced NET formation in vitro, even without active formation of ROS.
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Ehnert S, Relja B, Schmidt-Bleek K, Fischer V, Ignatius A, Linnemann C, Rinderknecht H, Huber-Lang M, Kalbitz M, Histing T, Nussler AK. Effects of immune cells on mesenchymal stem cells during fracture healing. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1667-1695. [PMID: 34909117 PMCID: PMC8641016 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i11.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, bone is considered an osteoimmune system which encompasses functions of a locomotive organ, a mineral reservoir, a hormonal organ, a stem cell pool and a cradle for immune cells. This osteoimmune system is based on cooperatively acting bone and immune cells, cohabitating within the bone marrow. They are highly interdependent, a fact that is confounded by shared progenitors, mediators, and signaling pathways. Successful fracture healing requires the participation of all the precursors, immune and bone cells found in the osteoimmune system. Recent evidence demonstrated that changes of the immune cell composition and function may negatively influence bone healing. In this review, first the interplay between different immune cell types and osteoprogenitor cells will be elaborated more closely. The separate paragraphs focus on the specific cell types, starting with the cells of the innate immune response followed by cells of the adaptive immune response, and the complement system as mediator between them. Finally, a brief overview on the challenges of preclinical testing of immune-based therapeutic strategies to support fracture healing will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and Berlin Institute of Health Center of Regenerative Therapies, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm 89091, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm 89091, Germany
| | - Caren Linnemann
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Helen Rinderknecht
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology (ITI), University Hospital Ulm, Ulm 89091, Germany
| | - Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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Linnemann C, Venturelli S, Konrad F, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Bio-impedance measurement allows displaying the early stages of neutrophil extracellular traps. EXCLI J 2020; 19:1481-1495. [PMID: 33250682 PMCID: PMC7689246 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells in the blood. Besides common immune defense mechanisms, releasing their DNA covered with antimicrobial proteases and histones represent another strong defense mechanism: neutrophil extracellular traps. In vitro the two most common inducers of these, so called, NETs are calcium ionophores (CI) and PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Following stimulation monitoring of NET release is necessary. For now, the methods of choice are quantification of free DNA by fluorescent dyes or analysis of immunofluorescence images. As a new method we tested bio-impedance monitoring of neutrophils after stimulation with the two inducers PMA and CI in gold-electrode coated plates. Bio-impedance (cell index) was measured over time. Results were compared to the monitoring of NETs by the fluorescent DNA-binding dye Sytox Green and immunofluorescence analysis. Cell index peaked about 25 min faster following CI stimulation than following PMA stimulation. The activation in Sytox Green Assay was significantly later detectable for PMA (+ approx. 90 min) but not for CI stimulation. The earlier and faster activation by CI was also confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Our data suggest that bio-impedance measurement allows an easy online tracking of early neutrophil activation. This offers new opportunities to monitor early phases and stimuli-dependent dynamics of NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Linnemann
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Konrad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Ehnert S, Linnemann C, Aspera-Werz RH, Häussling V, Braun B, Weng W, Zhu S, Ngamsri KC, Nussler A. Feasibility of Cell Lines for In Vitro Co-Cultures Models for Bone Metabolism. SciMed J 2020. [DOI: 10.28991/scimedj-2020-0203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, over 70 diseases and health conditions are known that negatively affect the bone quality directly or indirectly by their medical treatment, establishing the term metabolic bone disease. Already every third hospitalized patient in Europe suffers from musculoskeletal injuries or diseases. Facing an ageing society and a more and more sedentary lifestyle the number of chronic diseases and consequently metabolic bone diseases are expected to continuously increase. In order to investigate the various disease constellations and/or develop new treatment strategies suitable models representing bone metabolism are required. Many in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models have been described, which have their advantages and limits. We here summarize the advantages and challenges of frequently used models to investigate bone metabolism, focusing on in vitro co-cultures of bone forming osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Comparing own data with published models, we further elaborate the feasibility of commonly used cells lines for such in vitro co-culture models, in order to provide an easy, constantly available, and up-scalable model system for screening alterations in bone metabolism.
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Ruoß M, Kieber V, Rebholz S, Linnemann C, Rinderknecht H, Häussling V, Häcker M, Olde Damink LHH, Ehnert S, Nussler AK. Cell-Type-Specific Quantification of a Scaffold-Based 3D Liver Co-Culture. Methods Protoc 2019; 3:mps3010001. [PMID: 31878071 PMCID: PMC7189675 DOI: 10.3390/mps3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to increase the metabolic activity of human hepatocytes and liver cancer cell lines, many approaches have been reported in recent years. The metabolic activity could be increased mainly by cultivating the cells in 3D systems or co-cultures (with other cell lines). However, if the system becomes more complex, it gets more difficult to quantify the number of cells (e.g., on a 3D matrix). Until now, it has been impossible to quantify different cell types individually in 3D co-culture systems. Therefore, we developed a PCR-based method that allows the quantification of HepG2 cells and 3T3-J2 cells separately in a 3D scaffold culture. Moreover, our results show that this method allows better comparability between 2D and 3D cultures in comparison to the often-used approaches based on metabolic activity measurements, such as the conversion of resazurin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-606-1065
| | - Vanessa Kieber
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Silas Rebholz
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Caren Linnemann
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Helen Rinderknecht
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Victor Häussling
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Marina Häcker
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | | | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
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8
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Geisler S, Jäger L, Golombek S, Nakanishi E, Hans F, Casadei N, Terradas AL, Linnemann C, Kahle PJ. Ubiquitin-specific protease USP36 knockdown impairs Parkin-dependent mitophagy via downregulation of Beclin-1-associated autophagy-related ATG14L. Exp Cell Res 2019; 384:111641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ehnert S, Linnemann C, Braun B, Botsch J, Leibiger K, Hemmann P, Nussler AAK. One-Step ARMS-PCR for the Detection of SNPs-Using the Example of the PADI4 Gene. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2030063. [PMID: 31349745 PMCID: PMC6789486 DOI: 10.3390/mps2030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, cellular functions are tightly controlled by diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. One such PTM affecting many proteins is the deimination of arginine to citrulline. This process, called citrullination is catalyzed by a group of hydrolases called protein arginine deiminases (PADs), of which five isoforms have been identified. Hypercitrullination, as a result of increased PAD expression or activity, is associated with autoimmune diseases e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Alzheimer’s disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, and certain cancers. Three common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PADI4 gene have been described, namely rs874881, rs11203366, and rs11203367, which are thought to affect PAD4 expression and activity. We here compared the suitability of four methods for the screening of SNPs in the PADI4 gene: (i) SYBR-green based real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by high resolution melting curve analysis (HRM-PCR); (ii) PCR followed by detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP); (iii) conventional tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system PCR (ARMS-PCR); and (iv) real-time PCR based on the one-step ARMS-PCR. Of these, ARMS-PCR proved to be the most suitable method regarding handling, duration, and cost of experiments. Using the method with SYBR-green based real-time PCR reagents further diminished handling steps and thus potential sources of error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Caren Linnemann
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Braun
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Josephine Botsch
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karolin Leibiger
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT), Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Hemmann
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - And Andreas K Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Reumann MK, Linnemann C, Aspera-Werz RH, Arnold S, Held M, Seeliger C, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Donor Site Location Is Critical for Proliferation, Stem Cell Capacity, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Implications for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071868. [PMID: 29949865 PMCID: PMC6073876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (Ad-MSCs) have been proposed as a suitable option for bone tissue engineering. However, donor age, weight, and gender might affect the outcome. There is still a lack of knowledge of the effects the donor tissue site might have on Ad-MSCs function. Thus, this study investigated proliferation, stem cell, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of human Ad-MSCs obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue acquired from different locations (abdomen, hip, thigh, knee, and limb). Ad-MSCs from limb and knee showed strong proliferation despite the presence of osteogenic stimuli, resulting in limited osteogenic characteristics. The less proliferative Ad-MSCs from hip and thigh showed the highest alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and matrix mineralization. Ad-MSCs from the abdomen showed good proliferation and osteogenic characteristics. Interestingly, the observed differences were not dependent on donor age, weight, or gender, but correlated with the expression of Sox2, Lin28A, Oct4α, and Nanog. Especially, low basal Sox2 levels seemed to be pivotal for osteogenic differentiation. Our data clearly show that the donor tissue site affects the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of Ad-MSCs significantly. Thus, for bone tissue engineering, the donor site of the adipose tissue from which the Ad-MSCs are derived should be adapted depending on the requirements, e.g., cell number and differentiation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Reumann
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Caren Linnemann
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sigrid Arnold
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Manuel Held
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Department of Hand, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Claudine Seeliger
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Jacobi H, Bauer P, Giunti P, Labrum R, Sweeney MG, Charles P, Dürr A, Marelli C, Globas C, Linnemann C, Schöls L, Rakowicz M, Rola R, Zdzienicka E, Schmitz-Hübsch T, Fancellu R, Mariotti C, Tomasello C, Baliko L, Melegh B, Filla A, Rinaldi C, van de Warrenburg BP, Verstappen CCP, Szymanski S, Berciano J, Infante J, Timmann D, Boesch S, Hering S, Depondt C, Pandolfo M, Kang JS, Ratzka S, Schulz J, Tezenas du Montcel S, Klockgether T. The natural history of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, 2, 3, and 6: a 2-year follow-up study. Neurology 2011; 77:1035-41. [PMID: 21832228 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31822e7ca0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain quantitative data on the progression of the most common spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) and identify factors that influence their progression, we initiated the EUROSCA natural history study, a multicentric longitudinal cohort study of 526 patients with SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, or SCA6. We report the results of the 1- and 2-year follow-up visits. METHODS As the primary outcome measure we used the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA, 0-40), and as a secondary measure the Inventory of Non-Ataxia Symptoms (INAS, 0-16) count. RESULTS The annual increase of the SARA score was greatest in SCA1 (2.18 ± 0.17, mean ± SE) followed by SCA3 (1.61 ± 0.12) and SCA2 (1.40 ± 0.11). SARA progression in SCA6 was slowest and nonlinear (first year: 0.35 ± 0.34, second year: 1.44 ± 0.34). Analysis of the INAS count yielded similar results. Larger expanded repeats and earlier age at onset were associated with faster SARA progression in SCA1 and SCA2. In SCA1, repeat length of the expanded allele had a similar effect on INAS progression. In SCA3, SARA progression was influenced by the disease duration at inclusion, and INAS progression was faster in females. CONCLUSIONS Our study gives a comprehensive quantitative account of disease progression in SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA6 and identifies factors that specifically affect disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jacobi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Schmitz-Hübsch T, Fimmers R, Rakowicz M, Rola R, Zdzienicka E, Fancellu R, Mariotti C, Linnemann C, Schöls L, Timmann D, Filla A, Salvatore E, Infante J, Giunti P, Labrum R, Kremer B, van de Warrenburg BPC, Baliko L, Melegh B, Depondt C, Schulz J, du Montcel ST, Klockgether T. Responsiveness of different rating instruments in spinocerebellar ataxia patients. Neurology 2010; 74:678-84. [PMID: 20177122 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181d1a6c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the longitudinal metric properties of recently developed clinical assessment tools in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). METHODS A subset of 171 patients from the EUROSCA natural history study cohort (43 SCA1, 61 SCA2, 37 SCA3, and 30 SCA6) were examined after 1 year of follow-up. Score changes and effect size indices were calculated for clinical scales (Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia [SARA], Inventory of Non-Ataxia Symptoms [INAS]), functional tests (SCA Functional Index [SCAFI] and components), and a patient-based scale for subjective health status (EQ-5D visual analogue scale [EQVAS]). Responsiveness was determined in relation to the patient's global impression (PGI) of change and reproducibility described as retest reliability for the stable groups and smallest detectable change. RESULTS Within the 1-year follow-up period, SARA, INAS, and SCAFI but not EQVAS indicated worsening in the whole group and in the groups with subjective (PGI) worsening. SCAFI and its 9-hole pegboard (9HPT) component also deteriorated in the stable groups. Standardized response means were highest for 9HPT (-0.67), SARA (0.50), and SCAFI (-0.48) with accordingly lower sample size estimates of 143, 250, or 275 per group for a 2-arm interventional trial that aims to reduce disease progression by 50%. SARA and EQVAS performed best to distinguish groups classified as worse by PGI. All scales except EQVAS reached the criterion for retest reliability. CONCLUSION While both the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia and the SCA Functional Index (SCAFI) (and its 9-hole pegboard component) had favorable measurement precision, the clinical relevance of SCAFI and 9-hole pegboard score changes warrants further exploration. The EQ-5D visual analogue scale proved insufficient for longitudinal assessment, but validly reflected patients' impression of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schmitz-Hübsch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
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13
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Linnemann C, Synofzik M, Schols L. Friedreich's ataxia. DRUG FUTURE 2008. [DOI: 10.1358/dof.2008.033.07.1228844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Linnemann C, Schmeh I, Thier P, Schwarz C. Transient change in GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNA expression in Lurcher cerebellar nuclei during Purkinje cell degeneration. BMC Neurosci 2006; 7:59. [PMID: 16872511 PMCID: PMC1544347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-7-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lurcher mice suffer from a complete Purkinje cell (PC) loss in the first four postnatal weeks. Parallel to this degeneration, GABAergic synapses in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), the major recipient of the inhibitory PC projection, increase synaptic conductance. Here, we further investigated this phenomenon, using real-time RT-PCR to assess GABAA receptor subunit gene expression during PC degeneration. Results We observed a specific reduction in γ2 subunit gene expression, while α1–5, β1–2, γ1,3 and δ subunits were unaffected. We made two further specific findings. First, the difference in gene expression was shown in tissue from DCN only. Neither the hippocampus nor coronal sections through the forebrain showed such effects. Furthermore, the involvement of different levels of corticosterone, a possible humeral trigger for differences in gene expression, could be excluded. Second, like the known potentiation of GABAergic synapses, the γ2 down-regulation was present only after the onset of degeneration at p14. The difference in γ2 mRNA expression, however, appeared transient, since it was no longer detectable in adult Lurcher mice. Conclusion In conclusion, the down-regulation of γ2 subunits may be related to differences in synaptic efficacy and, as such, may reflect the initial phase of adaptive responses of DCN tissue to massive GABAergic deafferentation. Its transient course, however, does not support the idea that modulations in GABAergic transmission are at the basis of the well-known DCN-based functional benefit of Lurcher mice present throughout their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Linnemann
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - I Schmeh
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Thier
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Schwarz
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Linnemann C, Sultan F, Pedroarena CM, Schwarz C, Thier P. Lurcher mice exhibit potentiation of GABA(A)-receptor-mediated conductance in cerebellar nuclei neurons in close temporal relationship to Purkinje cell death. J Neurophysiol 2003; 91:1102-7. [PMID: 14534284 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00163.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In heterozygous Lurcher mice (Lc/+), the Purkinje cells (PCs) degenerate almost totally during postnatal development. On the other hand, their projection target, the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), shows few signs of degeneration and seems to play an important role in maintaining a residual cerebellar function in Lc/+. We asked whether the DCN in Lc/+ develop cellular adaptations allowing them to cope with the loss of GABAergic PC input. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we measured inhibitory postsynaptic currents from DCN of Lc/+ and wild-type mice (WT). In experiments on phenotypically striking Lc/+ studied well after the onset of the PC degeneration, we found enlarged average synaptic conductances (g(syn)) compared with WT. We next investigated postnatal mice before and after the onset of PC death. In younger animals </= postnatal day (p) 13, no difference was found in g(syn) between the two groups. At p14, g(syn) in Lc/+ showed an increase, while those in WT stayed on the level found in younger animals. A peak-scaled nonstationary fluctuation analysis suggests that an increase in the average number of channels open at peak is the basis for the change in g(syn). The changes in g(syn), suitable to increase the efficacy of GABAergic transmission, occur in close temporal relationship to PC death and, thus, may reflect a functional adaptation to the loss of the DCN's main GABAergic afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Linnemann
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
The accuracy of the routine Papanicolaou (Pap) smear in diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the cervix has stimulated controversial reports over the years. In the present study Pap smears from 100 women, evenly divided between culture-positive and culture-negative for C. trachomatis, who had been seen in a single university clinic and cultured in the same laboratory were reviewed by two cytologists. With use of typical inclusions as evidence of chlamydial infection, the sensitivity of the Pap smear was 8.3%. Review of another series of 40 Pap smears that had been reported previously as positive for C. trachomatis showed only 25 with inclusions, an observation suggesting that routine Pap smears are being overread for chlamydial infection. Attempts to improve the sensitivity by immunoperoxidase staining were unsuccessful. Therefore, if strict cytologic criteria are used, C. trachomatis infections may be diagnosed on Pap smears, but the sensitivity will be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arroyo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0529
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Moore P, Linnemann C, Sanitato J, Binnion B. Epidemic endophthalmitis after corneal transplantation: Control by modification of harvesting techniques. Am J Infect Control 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0196-6553(87)90037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bonventre PF, Linnemann C, Weckbach LS, Staneck JL, Buncher CR, Vigdorth E, Ritz H, Archer D, Smith B. Antibody responses to toxic-shock-syndrome (TSS) toxin by patients with TSS and by healthy staphylococcal carriers. J Infect Dis 1984; 150:662-6. [PMID: 6491377 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/150.5.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum samples taken from women with toxic-shock syndrome (TSS) and from women without a history of TSS were examined for the presence of antibodies to toxic-shock-syndrome toxin (TST). Serum samples from 38 women with TSS and from 70 women with no history of TSS were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Antitoxin titers obtained by the assays were highly correlated. Antibody levels in sera of women with TSS, or a history of TSS, were significantly lower than levels in sera of women with no prior evidence of TSS. The mean level of antitoxin titers in the total sample of acute, convalescent, and recovered TSS groups was significantly lower than that of the control groups, which consisted of 31 carriers of genital Staphylococcus aureus and a similar number of age- and race-matched noncarriers. Although a trend toward elevated antitoxin titers was apparent after recovery, no vigorous immunologic response to TST was noted. In contrast, the majority of healthy women demonstrated measurable antitoxin titers, a finding indicative of current or prior colonization with TST-producing strains of S. aureus. The data suggest that absence of antibodies to the TSS toxin may be a predisposing factor in the development of clinical disease.
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Whitley R, Soong S, Dolin R, Betts R, Linnemann C, Alford C. Early Vidarabine Therapy to Control the Complications of Herpes Zoster in Immunosuppressed Patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(83)90369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Whitley RJ, Soong SJ, Dolin R, Betts R, Linnemann C, Alford CA. Early vidarabine therapy to control the complications of herpes zoster in immunosuppressed patients. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:971-5. [PMID: 7110300 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198210143071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the value of vidarabine therapy for the prevention of complications from herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. Of 121 patients with localized herpes zoster of 72 hours duration or less, 63 received vidarabine and 58 received the placebo. Populations were matched for pertinent characteristics. Therapy accelerated cutaneous healing and decreased the rates of cutaneous dissemination (from 24 per cent [14 patients] to 8 per cent [5 patients]) (P = 0.014); and of zoster-related visceral complications (from 19 per cent [11 patients] to 5 per cent [3 patients]) (P = 0.015). therapy also decreased the total duration of post-herpetic neuralgia (P = 0.047). Patients with lymphoproliferative cancers and those 38 years of age or older were at greatest risk for complications and benefited most from therapy. There was no serious drug toxicity. We conclude that vidarabine therapy, when started within the first three days, is valuable for the reduction of complications related to herpes zoster.
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Phair J, Kauffman CA, Bjornson A, Adams L, Linnemann C. Failure to respond to influenza vaccine in the aged: correlation with B-cell number and function. J Lab Clin Med 1978; 92:822-8. [PMID: 309499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Failure to respond to influenza vaccination correlated with a decreased number and percentage of IgD-bearing PBL and a dampened lymphocyte response to PWM in a subset of healthy aged volunteers. These subjects had normal levels of serum immunoglobulins, intact T cell function, and normal numbers of E-rosetting cells.
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Phair JP, Watanakunakorn C, Linnemann C, Carleton J. Attempts to isolate wall-defective microbial variants from clinical specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 1974; 62:601-3. [PMID: 4412124 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/62.5.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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