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Pérez-Mato M, López-Arias E, Bugallo-Casal A, Correa-Paz C, Arias S, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Santamaría-Cadavid M, Campos F. New Perspectives in Neuroprotection for Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00073-3. [PMID: 38387732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The constant failure of new neuroprotective therapies for ischemic stroke has partially halted the search for new therapies in recent years, mainly because of the high investment risk required to develop a new treatment for a complex pathology, such as stroke, with a narrow intervention window and associated comorbidities. However, owing to recent progress in understanding the stroke pathophysiology, improvement in patient care in stroke units, development of new imaging techniques, search for new biomarkers for early diagnosis, and increasingly widespread use of mechanical recanalization therapies, new opportunities have opened for the study of neuroprotection. This review summarizes the main protective agents currently in use, some of which are already in the clinical evaluation phase. It also includes an analysis of how recanalization therapies, new imaging techniques, and biomarkers have improved their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pérez-Mato
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esteban López-Arias
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Bugallo-Casal
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Arias
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Santamaría-Cadavid
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Fu J, Gao X, Lu Y, Lu F, Wang Y, Chen P, Wang C, Yuan C, Liu S. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics reveals metabolism disorders in the α-syn mice and potential therapeutic effect of Acanthopanax senticosus extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116878. [PMID: 37419226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr.et.Maxim.)Harms(AS) is an extract of Eleutherococcus senticocus Maxim(Rupr.et.Maxim.). In modern medical interpretation, Acanthopanax senticosus can be used to treat Parkinson's disease, and a large number of modern pharmacological and clinical studies also support this application. Our study demonstrated that AS extracts can increase the activity of various antioxidant enzymes and improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in mice. AIM OF THE STUDY The current study looked at the protective effect of Acanthopanax senticosus extracts(ASE) in preventing PD. METHODS AND MATERIALS First, the α-syn-overexpressing mice were chosen as suitable models for Parkinson's disease in vivo. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the substantia nigra. Meanwhile, TH expression in substantia nigra was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Behavioral and biochemical tests evaluated neuroprotective effects of ASE on PD mice. Subsequently, combined with proteomics and metabolomics analysis, the changes in brain proteins and metabolites in mice treated with ASE for PD were studied. Finally, Western blot was used to detect metabolome-related and proteomic proteins in the brain tissue of α-syn mice. RESULTS Forty-nine common differentially expressed proteins were screened by proteomics analysis, among which 28 were significantly up-regulated,and 21 were significantly down-regulated. Metabolomics analysis showed that twenty-five potentially important metabolites were involved in the therapeutic effect of ASE on PD. Most of the different proteins and metabolites were considered to be enriched in a variety of species in metabolic pathways, including glutathione metabolism and alanine aspartate and glutamate metabolism and other pathways, which means that ASE may have molecular mechanisms to ameliorate PD dysfunction. In addition, we found that decreases in glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels may play a critical role in these systemic changes and warrant further investigation. In the glutathione metabolic pathway, ASE also acts on GPX4, GCLC and GCLM. CONCLUSIONS ASE can effectively relieve behavioral symptoms of α-syn mice and relieve oxidative stress in brain tissue. These findings suggest that ASE offers a potential solution to target these pathways for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Fu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chongzhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chunsu Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shumin Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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3
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Rogers CQ, Ramirez M, Landon CS, DeBlasi JM, Koutnik AP, Ari C, D'Agostino DP. A Glutamate Scavenging Protocol Combined with Deanna Protocol in SOD1-G93A Mouse Model of ALS. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081821. [PMID: 37111040 PMCID: PMC10141074 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease of neuronal degeneration in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, resulting in impaired motor function and premature demise as a result of insufficient respiratory drive. ALS is associated with dysfunctions in neurons, neuroglia, muscle cells, energy metabolism, and glutamate balance. Currently, there is not a widely accepted, effective treatment for this condition. Prior work from our lab has demonstrated the efficacy of supplemental nutrition with the Deanna Protocol (DP). In the present study, we tested the effects of three different treatments in a mouse model of ALS. These treatments were the DP alone, a glutamate scavenging protocol (GSP) alone, and a combination of the two treatments. Outcome measures included body weight, food intake, behavioral assessments, neurological score, and lifespan. Compared to the control group, DP had a significantly slower decline in neurological score, strength, endurance, and coordination, with a trend toward increased lifespan despite a greater loss of weight. GSP had a significantly slower decline in neurological score, strength, endurance, and coordination, with a trend toward increased lifespan. DP+GSP had a significantly slower decline in neurological score with a trend toward increased lifespan, despite a greater loss of weight. While each of the treatment groups fared better than the control group, the combination of the DP+GSP was not better than either of the individual treatments. We conclude that the beneficial effects of the DP and the GSP in this ALS mouse model are distinct, and appear to offer no additional benefit when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Q Rogers
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Melissa Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Carol S Landon
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Janine M DeBlasi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrew P Koutnik
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Human Healthspan, Resilience and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, 40 S Alcaniz St, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
| | - Csilla Ari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Ketone Technologies LLC, 12608 Forest Hills Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Ketone Technologies LLC, 12608 Forest Hills Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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4
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Zaghmi A, Pérez-Mato M, Dopico-López A, Candamo-Lourido M, Campos F, Gauthier MA. New Perspectives for Developing Therapeutic Bioconjugates of Metabolite-Depleting Enzymes: Lessons Learned Combating Glutamate Excitotoxicity. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1864-1872. [PMID: 35394759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, plays an essential role in several cognitive activities such as memorizing and learning. Excessive glutamate release and disturbance of glutamate homeostasis participates in multiple neuronal pathologies including cerebral ischemia (inadequate blood supply), traumatic brain injury (e.g., from a fall or an accident), multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, fetal hypoxia, or Alzheimer's disease. Attenuating excitotoxicity by, for example, targeting glutamate receptors has proved to be beneficial in animal models but has largely failed in clinical trials because of toxic side effects. New therapeutic concepts have been explored to reduce the excitotoxic effect caused by the excessive glutamate release by using or stimulating glutamate-depleting enzymes in the bloodstream. These enzymes indirectly act upon the brain by depleting glutamate in the bloodstream, which is believed to siphon it out of the brain. Recent studies have shown that bioconjugate approaches applied to such enzymes exacerbate this therapeutic effect but raise additional questions for future research. This Perspective provides an overview of lessons learned by our group when exploring bioconjugate approaches for combatting glutamate excitotoxicity as an illustration of how research on therapeutic bioconjugates is evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Zaghmi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, EMT Research Center, Varennes J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - María Pérez-Mato
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Antonio Dopico-López
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - María Candamo-Lourido
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Marc A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, EMT Research Center, Varennes J3X 1S2, Canada
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Tungtur SK, Wilkins HM, Rogers RS, Badawi Y, Sage JM, Agbas A, Jawdat O, Barohn RJ, Swerdlow RH, Nishimune H. Oxaloacetate treatment preserves motor function in SOD1 G93A mice and normalizes select neuroinflammation-related parameters in the spinal cord. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11051. [PMID: 34040085 PMCID: PMC8155202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains a devastating motor neuron disease with limited treatment options. Oxaloacetate treatment has a neuroprotective effect in rodent models of seizure and neurodegeneration. Therefore, we treated the ALS model superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) G93A mice with oxaloacetate and evaluated their neuromuscular function and lifespan. Treatment with oxaloacetate beginning in the presymptomatic stage significantly improved neuromuscular strength measured during the symptomatic stage in the injected mice compared to the non-treated group. Oxaloacetate treatment starting in the symptomatic stage significantly delayed limb paralysis compared with the non-treated group. For lifespan analysis, oxaloacetate treatment did not show a statistically significant positive effect, but the treatment did not shorten the lifespan. Mechanistically, SOD1G93A mice showed increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) mRNAs in the spinal cord. However, oxaloacetate treatment reverted these abnormal levels to that of wild-type mice. Similarly, the altered expression level of total NF-κB protein returned to that of wild-type mice with oxaloacetate treatment. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of oxaloacetate treatment in SOD1G93A mice may reflect the effects on neuroinflammation or bioenergetic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer K Tungtur
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Robert S Rogers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Curriculum and Integrative Learning, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO, 64804, USA
| | - Yomna Badawi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jessica M Sage
- Department of Basic Sciences, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Abdulbaki Agbas
- Department of Basic Sciences, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Omar Jawdat
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Richard J Barohn
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Neurology, University Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nishimune
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Neurobiology of Aging, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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6
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Gonzalez-Vazquez A, Aguilar-Peralta AK, Tomas-Sanchez C, Blanco-Alvarez VM, Martinez-Fong D, Gonzalez-Barrios JA, Treviño S, Millán-Perez Peña L, Alatriste V, Soto-Rodriguez G, Brambila E, Leon-Chavez BA. Taurine Increases Zinc Preconditioning-Induced Prevention of Nitrosative Stress, Metabolic Alterations, and Motor Deficits in Young Rats following Intrauterine Ischemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6696538. [PMID: 34040692 PMCID: PMC8121588 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6696538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation in newborns leads to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, whose hallmarks are oxidative/nitrosative stress, energetic metabolism alterations, nutrient deficiency, and motor behavior disability. Zinc and taurine are known to protect against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in adults and neonates. However, the combined effect of prophylactic zinc administration and therapeutic taurine treatment on intrauterine ischemia- (IUI-) induced cerebral damage remains unknown. The present work evaluated this issue in male pups subjected to transient IUI (10 min) at E17 and whose mothers received zinc from E1 to E16 and taurine from E17 to postnatal day 15 (PND15) via drinking water. We assessed motor alterations, nitrosative stress, lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidant system comprised of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Enzymes of neuronal energetic pathways, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were also evaluated. The hierarchization score of the protective effect of pharmacological strategies (HSPEPS) was used to select the most effective treatment. Compared with the IUI group, zinc, alone or combined with taurine, improved motor behavior and reduced nitrosative stress by increasing SOD, CAT, and GPx activities and decreasing the GSSG/GSH ratio in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Taurine alone increased the AST/ALT, LDH/ALT, and AST/LDH ratios in the cerebral cortex, showing improvement of the neural bioenergetics system. This result suggests that taurine improves pyruvate, lactate, and glutamate metabolism, thus decreasing IUI-caused cerebral damage and relieving motor behavior impairment. Our results showed that taurine alone or in combination with zinc provides neuroprotection in the IUI rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gonzalez-Vazquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 sur y Av. San Claudio, Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ana-Karina Aguilar-Peralta
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 sur y Av. San Claudio, Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Constantino Tomas-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 sur y Av. San Claudio, Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Victor-Manuel Blanco-Alvarez
- Facultad de enfermería, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 27 sur 1304, Col. Volcanes, Puebla, 72410 Puebla, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 13 sur 2702, Col. Volcanes, Puebla, 72410 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, 07000 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Juan-Antonio Gonzalez-Barrios
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Hospital Regional 1° de Octubre, ISSSTE, Avenida, Instituto Politécnico Nacional #1669, 07760 México DF, Mexico
| | - Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 sur y Av. San Claudio, Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Millán-Perez Peña
- Centro de Química, ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 sur y Av. San Claudio, Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Victorino Alatriste
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 sur y Av. San Claudio, Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Soto-Rodriguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 13 sur 2702, Col. Volcanes, Puebla, 72410 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Brambila
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 sur y Av. San Claudio, Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Bertha Alicia Leon-Chavez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 sur y Av. San Claudio, Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
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7
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Gasmi A, Peana M, Arshad M, Butnariu M, Menzel A, Bjørklund G. Krebs cycle: activators, inhibitors and their roles in the modulation of carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1161-1178. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Wahl D, Anderson RM, Le Couteur DG. Antiaging Therapies, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1643-1652. [PMID: 31125402 PMCID: PMC7749193 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a powerful risk factor for the development of many chronic diseases including dementia. Research based on disease models of dementia have yet to yield effective treatments, therefore it is opportune to consider whether the aging process itself might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of dementia. Numerous cellular and molecular pathways have been implicated in the aging process and compounds that target these processes are being developed to slow aging and delay the onset of age-associated conditions. A few particularly promising therapeutic agents have been shown to influence many of the main hallmarks of aging and increase life span in rodents. Here we discuss the evidence that some of these antiaging compounds may beneficially affect brain aging and thereby lower the risk for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Wahl
- Charles Perkins Centre.,Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Rozalyn M Anderson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre.,Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Luo Z, Yu S, Zeng W, Zhou J. Comparative analysis of the chemical and biochemical synthesis of keto acids. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107706. [PMID: 33548455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Keto acids are essential organic acids that are widely applied in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, beverages, and feed additives as well as chemical synthesis. Currently, most keto acids on the market are prepared via chemical synthesis. The biochemical synthesis of keto acids has been discovered with the development of metabolic engineering and applied toward the production of specific keto acids from renewable carbohydrates using different metabolic engineering strategies in microbes. In this review, we provide a systematic summary of the types and applications of keto acids, and then summarize and compare the chemical and biochemical synthesis routes used for the production of typical keto acids, including pyruvic acid, oxaloacetic acid, α-oxobutanoic acid, acetoacetic acid, ketoglutaric acid, levulinic acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid, α-ketoisovaleric acid, α-keto-γ-methylthiobutyric acid, α-ketoisocaproic acid, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, and phenylpyruvic acid. We also describe the current challenges for the industrial-scale production of keto acids and further strategies used to accelerate the green production of keto acids via biochemical routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshan Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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10
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Cheng J, Liu HP, Lin WY, Tsai FJ. Identification of contributing genes of Huntington's disease by machine learning. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:176. [PMID: 33228685 PMCID: PMC7684976 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00822-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited disorder caused by the polyglutamine (poly-Q) mutations of the HTT gene results in neurodegeneration characterized by chorea, loss of coordination, cognitive decline. However, HD pathogenesis is still elusive. Despite the availability of a wide range of biological data, a comprehensive understanding of HD’s mechanism from machine learning is so far unrealized, majorly due to the lack of needed data density.
Methods To harness the knowledge of the HD pathogenesis from the expression profiles of postmortem prefrontal cortex samples of 157 HD and 157 controls, we used gene profiling ranking as the criteria to reduce the dimension to the order of magnitude of the sample size, followed by machine learning using the decision tree, rule induction, random forest, and generalized linear model. Results These four Machine learning models identified 66 potential HD-contributing genes, with the cross-validated accuracy of 90.79 ± 4.57%, 89.49 ± 5.20%, 90.45 ± 4.24%, and 97.46 ± 3.26%, respectively. The identified genes enriched the gene ontology of transcriptional regulation, inflammatory response, neuron projection, and the cytoskeleton. Moreover, three genes in the cognitive, sensory, and perceptual systems were also identified. Conclusions The mutant HTT may interfere with both the expression and transport of these identified genes to promote the HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Liu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan. .,Brain Diseases Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan. .,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan. .,Children's Medical Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan.
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11
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Zaghmi A, Drouin-Ouellet J, Brambilla D, Gauthier MA. Treating brain diseases using systemic parenterally-administered protein therapeutics: Dysfunction of the brain barriers and potential strategies. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120461. [PMID: 33218788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The parenteral administration of protein therapeutics is increasingly gaining importance for the treatment of human diseases. However, the presence of practically impermeable blood-brain barriers greatly restricts access of such pharmaceutics to the brain. Treating brain disorders with proteins thus remains a great challenge, and the slow clinical translation of these therapeutics may be largely ascribed to the lack of appropriate brain delivery system. Exploring new approaches to deliver proteins to the brain by circumventing physiological barriers is thus of great interest. Moreover, parallel advances in the molecular neurosciences are important for better characterizing blood-brain interfaces, particularly under different pathological conditions (e.g., stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease). This review presents the current state of knowledge of the structure and the function of the main physiological barriers of the brain, the mechanisms of transport across these interfaces, as well as alterations to these concomitant with brain disorders. Further, the different strategies to promote protein delivery into the brain are presented, including the use of molecular Trojan horses, the formulation of nanosystems conjugated/loaded with proteins, protein-engineering technologies, the conjugation of proteins to polymers, and the modulation of intercellular junctions. Additionally, therapeutic approaches for brain diseases that do not involve targeting to the brain are presented (i.e., sink and scavenging mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaghmi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J Drouin-Ouellet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada.
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12
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Goldshmit Y, Banyas E, Bens N, Yakovchuk A, Ruban A. Blood glutamate scavengers and exercises as an effective neuroprotective treatment in mice with spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine 2020; 33:692-704. [PMID: 32619986 DOI: 10.3171/2020.4.spine20302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excitotoxicity due to neuronal damage and glutamate release is one of the first events that leads to the progression of neuronal degeneration and functional impairment. This study is based on a paradigm shift in the therapeutic approach for treating spinal cord injury (SCI). The authors tested a new treatment targeting removal of CNS glutamate into the blood circulation by injection of the blood glutamate scavengers (BGSs) recombinant enzyme glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (rGOT1) and its cosubstrate oxaloacetic acid (OxAc). Their primary objective was to investigate whether BGS treatment, followed by treadmill exercises in mice with SCI, could attenuate excitotoxicity, inflammation, scarring, and axonal degeneration and, at a later time point, improve functional recovery. METHODS A pharmacokinetic experiment was done in C57BL/6 naive mice to verify rGOT1/OxAc blood activity and to characterize the time curve of glutamate reduction in the blood up to 24 hours. The reduction of glutamate in CSF after BGS administration in mice with SCI was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Next, SCI (left hemisection) was induced in the mice, and the mice were randomly assigned to one of the following groups at 1 hour postinjury: control (underwent SCI and received PBS), treadmill exercises, rGOT1/OxAc treatment, or rGOT1/OxAc treatment followed by treadmill exercises. Treatment started 1 hour postinjury with an injection of rGOT1/OxAc and continued for 5 consecutive days. Starting 1 week after SCI, the exercises and the combined treatment groups recommenced the treadmill exercise regimen 5 days a week for 3 months. Locomotor function was assessed for 3 months using the horizontal grid walking test and CatWalk. Axonal anterograde and wallerian degenerations were evaluated using tetramethylrhodamine dextran. Tissue sections were immunofluorescently stained for Iba1, GFAP, GAP-43, synaptophysin, and NeuN. RESULTS BGS treatment decreased the CSF glutamate level up to 50%, reduced axonal wallerian degeneration, and increased axonal survival and GAP-43 expression in neuronal cells. Combined treatment reduced inflammation, scarring, and lesion size. Additionally, the combination of BGS treatment and exercises increased synapses around motor neurons and enhanced axonal regeneration through the lesion site. This resulted in motor function improvement 3 months post-SCI. CONCLUSIONS As shown by biochemical, immunohistochemical, and functional analysis, BGSs exhibit a substantial neuroprotective effect by reducing excitotoxicity and secondary damage after SCI. Furthermore, in combination with exercises, they reduced axonal degeneration and scarring and resulted in improved functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Goldshmit
- 1Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- 2Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash Biotechnology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Evgeni Banyas
- 1Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicole Bens
- 1Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alex Yakovchuk
- 1Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Angela Ruban
- 1Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- 3Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Martin NA, Hyrlov KH, Elkjaer ML, Thygesen EK, Wlodarczyk A, Elbaek KJ, Aboo C, Okarmus J, Benedikz E, Reynolds R, Hegedus Z, Stensballe A, Svenningsen ÅF, Owens T, Illes Z. Absence of miRNA-146a Differentially Alters Microglia Function and Proteome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1110. [PMID: 32582192 PMCID: PMC7292149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: MiR-146a is an important regulator of innate inflammatory responses and is also implicated in cell death and survival. Methods: By sorting CNS resident cells, microglia were the main cellular source of miR-146a. Therefore, we investigated microglia function and phenotype in miR-146a knock-out (KO) mice, analyzed the proteome of KO and wild-type (WT) microglia by LC-MS/MS, and examined miR-146a expression in different brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Results: When stimulated with LPS or myelin in vitro, microglia from KO mice expressed higher levels of IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, IL-10, CCL3, and CCL2 compared to WT. Stimulation increased migration and phagocytosis of WT but not KO microglia. CD11c+ microglia were induced by cuprizone (CPZ) in the WT mice but less in the KO. The proteome of ex vivo microglia was not different in miR-146a KO compared to WT mice, but CPZ treatment induced differential and reduced protein responses in the KO: GOT1, COX5b, CRYL1, and cystatin-C were specifically changed in KO microglia. We explored discriminative features of microglia proteomes: sparse Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis showed the best discrimination when control and CPZ-treated conditions were compared. Cluster of ten proteins separated WT and miR-146a KO microglia after CPZ: among them were sensomes allowing to perceive the environment, Atp1a3 that belongs to the signature of CD11c+ microglia, and proteins related to inflammatory responses (S100A9, Ppm1g). Finally, we examined the expression of miR-146a and its validated target genes in different brain lesions of MS patients. MiR-146 was upregulated in all lesion types, and the highest expression was in active lesions. Nineteen of 88 validated target genes were significantly changed in active lesions, while none were changed in NAWM. Conclusion: Our data indicated that microglia is the major source of miR-146a in the CNS. The absence of miR-146a differentially affected microglia function and proteome, and miR-146a may play an important role in gene regulation of active MS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellie A Martin
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirsten H Hyrlov
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria L Elkjaer
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva K Thygesen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirstine J Elbaek
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christopher Aboo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Justyna Okarmus
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eirikur Benedikz
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Hegedus
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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14
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da Silva DRF, Bittencourt LO, Aragão WAB, Nascimento PC, Leão LKR, Oliveira ACA, Crespo-López ME, Lima RR. Long-term exposure to lead reduces antioxidant capacity and triggers motor neurons degeneration and demyelination in spinal cord of adult rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110358. [PMID: 32151863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a toxic metal found in environment with great neurotoxic potential. The main effect is associated with impairments in hippocampus and cerebellum, driving to cognitive and motor dysfunctions, however, there is a lack of evidences about the effects over the spinal cord. In this way, we aimed to investigate in vivo the effects of long-term exposure to lead acetate in oxidative biochemistry and morphology of rats' spinal cord. For this, 36 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into the group exposed to 50 mg/kg of lead acetate and control group, which received only distilled water, both groups through intragastric gavage, for 55 days. After the exposure period, the animals were euthanized and the spinal cords were collected to perform the analyses of lead levels quantification, oxidative biochemistry evaluation by levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrites and the antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP). Besides, morphological evaluation with quantitative analysis of mature and motor neurons and reactivity to myelin basic protein (MBP). Our results showed high levels of lead in spinal cord after long-term exposure; there was a reduction on ACAP level; however, there was no difference observed in MDA and nitrite levels. Moreover, there was a reduction of mature and motor neurons in all three regions, and a reduction of immunolabeling of MBP in the thoracic and lumbar segments. Therefore, we conclude that long-term exposure to lead is able of increasing the levels of the metal in spinal cord, affecting the antioxidant capacity and inducing morphological impairments in spinal cord parenchyma. Our results also suggest that the tissue impairments triggered by lead may be resultant from others molecular mechanisms besides the oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannilo Roberto Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Priscila Cunha Nascimento
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Luana Ketlen Reis Leão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves Oliveira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-López
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil.
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15
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Enculescu C, Kerr ED, Yeo KYB, Schenk G, Fortes MRS, Schulz BL. Proteomics Reveals Profound Metabolic Changes in the Alcohol Use Disorder Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2364-2373. [PMID: 30807102 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in brain metabolism are a hallmark of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Determining how AUD changes the brain proteome is critical for understanding the effects of alcohol consumption on biochemical processes in the brain. We used data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry proteomics to study differences in the abundance of proteins associated with AUD in prefrontal lobe and motor cortex from autopsy brain. AUD had a substantial effect on the overall brain proteome exceeding the inherent differences between brain regions. Proteins associated with glycolysis, trafficking, the cytoskeleton, and excitotoxicity were altered in abundance in AUD. We observed extensive changes in the abundance of key metabolic enzymes, consistent with a switch from glucose to acetate utilization in the AUD brain. We propose that metabolic adaptations allowing efficient acetate utilization contribute to ethanol dependence in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Enculescu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Edward D. Kerr
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - K. Y. Benjamin Yeo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Marina R. S. Fortes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin L. Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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16
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Pérez-Mato M, Iglesias-Rey R, Vieites-Prado A, Dopico-López A, Argibay B, Fernández-Susavila H, da Silva-Candal A, Pérez-Díaz A, Correa-Paz C, Günther A, Ávila-Gómez P, Isabel Loza M, Baumann A, Castillo J, Sobrino T, Campos F. Blood glutamate EAAT 2-cell grabbing therapy in cerebral ischemia. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:118-131. [PMID: 30555045 PMCID: PMC6354443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) plays a pivotal role in glutamate clearance in the adult brain, thereby preventing excitotoxic effects. Considering the high efficacy of EAAT2 for glutamate uptake, we hypothesized that the expression of this transporter in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for systemic administration could yield a cell-based glutamate-grabbing therapy, combining the intrinsic properties of these cells with excitotoxic protection. Methods To address this hypothesis, EAAT2-encoding cDNA was introduced into MSCs and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK cells) as the control cell line. EAAT2 expression and functionality were evaluated by in vitro assays. Blood glutamate-grabbing activity was tested in healthy and ischemic rat models treated with 3 × 106 and 9 × 106 cells/animal. Findings The expression of EAAT2 in both cell types conferred the expected glutamate-grabbing activity in in vitro and in vivo studies. The functional improvement observed in ischemic rats treated with EAAT2–HEK at low dose, confirmed that this effect was indeed mediated by the glutamate-grabbing activity associated with EAAT2 functionality. Unexpectedly, both cell doses of non-transfected MSCs induced higher protection than transfected EAAT2–MSCs by another mechanism independent of the glutamate-grabbing capacity. Interpretation Although the transfection procedure most likely interferes with some of the intrinsic protective mechanisms of mesenchymal cells, the results show that the induced expression of EAAT2 in cells represents a novel alternative to mitigate the excitotoxic effects of glutamate and paves the way to combine this strategy with current cell therapies for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pérez-Mato
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alba Vieites-Prado
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Dopico-López
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bárbara Argibay
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Héctor Fernández-Susavila
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrés da Silva-Candal
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amparo Pérez-Díaz
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anne Günther
- Institute of Complex Systems-Cellular Biophysics (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Paulo Ávila-Gómez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Isabel Loza
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnd Baumann
- Institute of Complex Systems-Cellular Biophysics (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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17
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Chronic ethanol forced administration from adolescence to adulthood reduces cell density in the rat spinal cord. Tissue Cell 2018; 55:77-82. [PMID: 30503063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) consumption is a risk factor for central nervous system damage, especially during adolescence. This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of chronic EtOH forced administration on gray and white matter of the spinal cord, from adolescence to adulthood. For this, male Wistar rats were administered EtOH by gavage (6.5 g/kg/day; 22.5% w/v) from the 35th to the 90th day of life, while control animals received only distilled water. After exposure, animals were euthanized and their spinal cords processed to obtain cervical and thoracic segments for histological analyses. Quantitative analyses of total cell density and motor neurons of white and gray matter from the ventral horns were evaluated. Forced EtOH administration model showed a decrease in the motoneuron density in the spinal cord in both segments evaluated. Analyses of total cell density showed that the cervical segment was more susceptible to damages promoted by EtOH, with a significant decrease in cell density. Our results showed that chronic EtOH exposure during adolescence could promote injuries to the spinal cord, with neurodegeneration of motoneurons and other cell types present in neural parenchyma.
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18
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Goldshmit Y, Jona G, Schmukler E, Solomon S, Pinkas-Kramarski R, Ruban A. Blood Glutamate Scavenger as a Novel Neuroprotective Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2581-2590. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yona Goldshmit
- Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash Biotechnology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ghil Jona
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Schmukler
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shira Solomon
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Angela Ruban
- Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Blood-Based Glutamate Scavengers Reverse Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Synaptic Plasticity Disruption by Decreasing Glutamate Level in Hippocampus Interstitial Fluid, but Not Cerebral Spinal Fluid, In Vivo. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:360-372. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Schiaffino L, Bonafede R, Scambi I, Parrella E, Pizzi M, Mariotti R. Acetylation state of RelA modulated by epigenetic drugs prolongs survival and induces a neuroprotective effect on ALS murine model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12875. [PMID: 30150770 PMCID: PMC6110772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation in acetylation homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder. It is known that the acetylation of transcriptional factors regulates their activity. The acetylation state of NF-kB RelA has been found to dictate the neuroprotective versus the neurotoxic effect of p50/RelA. Here we showed that the pro-apoptotic acetylation mode of RelA, involving a general lysine deacetylation of the subunit with the exclusion of the lysine 310, is evident in the lumbar spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mice, a murine model of ALS. The administration of the HDAC inhibitor MS-275 and the AMPK/sirtuin 1 activator resveratrol restored the normal RelA acetylation in SOD1(G93A) mice. The SOD1(G93A) mice displayed a 3 weeks delay of the disease onset, associated with improvement of motor performance, and 2 weeks increase of lifespan. The epigenetic treatment rescued the lumbar motor neurons affected in SOD1(G93A) mice, accompanied by increased levels of protein products of NF-kB-target genes, Bcl-xL and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In conclusion, we here demonstrate that MS-275 and resveratrol restore the acetylation state of RelA in the spinal cord, delaying the onset and increasing the lifespan of SOD1(G93A) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Schiaffino
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberta Bonafede
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Scambi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mariotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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21
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da Silva-Candal A, Pérez-Díaz A, Santamaría M, Correa-Paz C, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Ardá A, Pérez-Mato M, Iglesias-Rey R, Brea J, Azuaje J, Sotelo E, Sobrino T, Loza MI, Castillo J, Campos F. Clinical validation of blood/brain glutamate grabbing in acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:260-273. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés da Silva-Candal
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Amparo Pérez-Díaz
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Center; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - María Santamaría
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, CIC bioGUNE; Derio Spain
| | - María Pérez-Mato
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José Brea
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Center; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Jhonny Azuaje
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS); University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS); University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - M. Isabel Loza
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Center; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
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Oxaloacetate Ameliorates Chemical Liver Injury via Oxidative Stress Reduction and Enhancement of Bioenergetic Fluxes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061626. [PMID: 29857490 PMCID: PMC6032239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical injury is partly due to free radical lipid peroxidation, which can induce oxidative stress and produce a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxaloacetic acid is an important intermediary in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and participates in metabolism and energy production. In our study, we found that oxaloacetate (OA) effectively alleviated liver injury which was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in vitro and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in vivo. OA scavenged ROS, prevented oxidative damage and maintained the normal structure of mitochondria. We further confirmed that OA increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by promoting the TCA production cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Finally, OA inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and apoptotic pathways by suppressing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Our findings reveal a mechanism for OA ameliorating chemical liver injury and suggest a possible implementation for preventing the chemical liver injury.
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Zhang D, Mably AJ, Walsh DM, Rowan MJ. Peripheral Interventions Enhancing Brain Glutamate Homeostasis Relieve Amyloid β- and TNFα- Mediated Synaptic Plasticity Disruption in the Rat Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3724-3735. [PMID: 27390019 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis in the interstitial fluid of the brain is strongly implicated in causing synaptic dysfunction in many neurological and psychiatric illnesses. In the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid β (Aβ)-mediated disruption of synaptic plasticity and memory can be alleviated by interventions that directly remove glutamate or block certain glutamate receptors. An alternative strategy is to facilitate the removal of excess glutamate from the nervous system by activating peripheral glutamate clearance systems. One such blood-based system, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), is activated by oxaloacetate, which acts as a co-substrate. We report here that synthetic and AD brain-derived Aβ-mediated inhibition of synaptic long-term potentiation in the hippocampus is alleviated by oxaloacetate. Moreover the effect of oxaloacetate was GOT-dependent. The disruptive effects of a general inhibitor of excitatory amino acid transport or TNFα, a pro-inflammatory mediator of Aβ action, were also reversed by oxaloacetate. Furthermore, another intervention that increases peripheral glutamate clearance, peritoneal dialysis, mimicked the beneficial effect of oxaloacetate. These findings lend support to the promotion of the peripheral clearance of glutamate as a means to alleviate synaptic dysfunction that is caused by impaired glutamate homeostasis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alexandra J Mably
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael J Rowan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Extracellular Cytosolic Aspartate Aminotransferase Promotes Axonal Growth and Object Recognition Memory. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3465-3473. [PMID: 28852933 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous proteome analysis studies from other groups have shown that cAST might be secreted from neurons and that cAST was detected in human cerebrospinal fluid. However, none of these studies focused on its role or significance. We therefore investigated the role of extracellular cAST for neurons. cAST was detected in conditioned medium from cultured cortical neurons, but not in fresh medium. Recombinant cAST treatment of cortical neurons significantly extended axonal length. Continuous intracerebroventricular administration of recombinant cAST in normal mice for 14 days significantly enhanced object recognition ability. In the brains of those mice, axonal densities and c-Fos expression levels were enhanced, especially in the perirhinal cortex, which mainly relates to object recognition memory. The present study found, for the first time, that extracellular cAST promoted axonal growth function in neurons and activated memory function. These findings indicate a new function of extracellular cAST and may drive the establishment of new therapeutic strategies for cognitive dysfunction. The present study found, for the first time, that extracellular cAST promotes axonal growth in neurons.
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25
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Gou L, Lee J, Hao H, Park YD, Zhan Y, Lü ZR. The effect of oxaloacetic acid on tyrosinase activity and structure: Integration of inhibition kinetics with docking simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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26
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Zhang D, Qi Y, Klyubin I, Ondrejcak T, Sarell CJ, Cuello AC, Collinge J, Rowan MJ. Targeting glutamatergic and cellular prion protein mechanisms of amyloid β-mediated persistent synaptic plasticity disruption: Longitudinal studies. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:231-246. [PMID: 28390893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are synaptotoxic, inappropriately increasing extracellular glutamate concentration and glutamate receptor activation to thereby rapidly disrupt synaptic plasticity. Thus, acutely promoting brain glutamate homeostasis with a blood-based scavenging system, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and blocking metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor or its co-receptor cellular prion protein (PrP), prevent the acute inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP) by exogenous Aβ. Here, we evaluated the time course of the effects of such interventions in the persistent disruptive effects of Aβ oligomers, either exogenously injected in wild type rats or endogenously generated in transgenic rats that model Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. We report that repeated, but not acute, systemic administration of recombinant GOT type 1, with or without the glutamate co-substrate oxaloacetate, reversed the persistent deleterious effect of exogenous Aβ on synaptic plasticity. Moreover, similar repetitive treatment reversibly abrogated the inhibition of LTP monitored longitudinally in freely behaving transgenic rats. Remarkably, brief repeated treatment with an mGlu5 receptor antagonist, basimglurant, or an antibody that prevents Aβ oligomer binding to PrP, ICSM35, also had similar reversible ameliorative effects in the transgenic rat model. Overall, the present findings support the ongoing development of therapeutics for early Alzheimer's disease based on these complementary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Qi
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Igor Klyubin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tomas Ondrejcak
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Claire J Sarell
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michael J Rowan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Oxaloacetate and adipose stromal cells-conditional medium synergistically protected potassium/serum deprivation-induced neuronal apoptosis. Brain Res Bull 2016; 128:7-12. [PMID: 27816553 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipose stromal cells conditioned media (ASC-CM) protect neurons in a variety of neuronal death models including potassium/serum deprivation-induced neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we found that ASC-CM contained glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and its substrate, oxaloacetate (OAA) directly protected cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) from apoptosis induced by serum and potassium deprivation. Additionally, OAA inhibited serum and potassium deprivation-induced caspase 3 activation. ASC-CM and OAA in combination had a synergistic neuroprotective effect. Clearly, different from ASC-CM-induced neuroprotection, OAA-induced neuroprotection was Akt- independent but JNK-dependent. These data establish a mechanistic basis supporting that the application of ASC-CM for neuroprotective treatments could be significantly enhanced by addition of OAA.
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Swerdlow RH, Bothwell R, Hutfles L, Burns JM, Reed GA. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of oxaloacetate 100 mg capsules in Alzheimer's subjects. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:120-3. [PMID: 27051598 PMCID: PMC4816034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetics and bioenergetic-related functions are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects. These alterations represent therapeutic targets and provide an underlying rationale for modifying brain bioenergetics in AD-affected persons. Preclinical studies in cultured cells and mice found that administering oxaloacetate (OAA), a Krebs cycle and gluconeogenesis intermediate, enhanced bioenergetic fluxes and upregulated some brain bioenergetic infrastructure-related parameters. We therefore conducted a study to provide initial data on the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of OAA in AD subjects. Six AD subjects received OAA 100 mg capsules twice a day for one month. The intervention was well-tolerated. Blood level measurements following ingestion of a 100 mg OAA capsule showed modest increases in OAA concentrations, but pharmacokinetic analyses were complicated by relatively high amounts of endogenous OAA. We conclude that OAA 100 mg capsules twice per day for one month are safe in AD subjects but do not result in a consistent and clear increase in the OAA blood level, thus necessitating future clinical studies to evaluate higher doses.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ADASCog, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subset
- AUC, area under the curve
- Alzheimer's disease
- CBC, complete blood count
- CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating
- COX, cytochrome oxidase
- Clinical trial
- FDG PET, fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
- IP, intraperitoneal
- KU ADC, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center
- LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- LFT, liver function tests
- MMSE, mini-mental state exam
- Mitochondria
- OAA, oxaloacetate
- Oxaloacetate
- PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- Pharmacokinetics
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Rebecca Bothwell
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lewis Hutfles
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Gregory A. Reed
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Del Prete S, De Luca V, Capasso C, Supuran CT, Carginale V. Recombinant thermoactive phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) from Thermosynechococcus elongatus and its coupling with mesophilic/thermophilic bacterial carbonic anhydrases (CAs) for the conversion of CO2 to oxaloacetate. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 24:220-5. [PMID: 26712095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous increase of atmospheric CO2 in the last decades, efficient methods for carbon capture, sequestration, and utilization are urgently required. The possibility of converting CO2 into useful chemicals could be a good strategy to both decreasing the CO2 concentration and for achieving an efficient exploitation of this cheap carbon source. Recently, several single- and multi-enzyme systems for the catalytic conversion of CO2 mainly to bicarbonate have been implemented. In order to design and construct a catalytic system for the conversion of CO2 to organic molecules, we implemented an in vitro multienzyme system using mesophilic and thermophilic enzymes. The system, in fact, was constituted by a recombinant phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus, in combination with mesophilic/thermophilic bacterial carbonic anhydrases (CAs), for converting CO2 into oxaloacetate, a compound of potential utility in industrial processes. The catalytic procedure is in two steps: the conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate by CA, followed by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate with bicarbonate, catalyzed by PEPC, with formation of oxaloacetate (OAA). All tested CAs, belonging to α-, β-, and γ-CA classes, were able to increase OAA production compared to procedures when only PEPC was used. Interestingly, the efficiency of the CAs tested in OAA production was in good agreement with the kinetic parameters for the CO2 hydration reaction of these enzymes. This PEPC also revealed to be thermoactive and thermostable, and when coupled with the extremely thermostable CA from Sulphurhydrogenibium azorense (SazCA) the production of OAA was achieved even if the two enzymes were exposed to temperatures up to 60 °C, suggesting a possible role of the two coupled enzymes in biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Del Prete
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse-CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana De Luca
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse-CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse-CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carginale
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse-CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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