1
|
Messner B, Grab M, Grefen L, Laufer G, Hagl C, König F. Cyclic pressure induced decellularization of porcine descending aortas. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2023; 34:19. [PMID: 37074546 PMCID: PMC10115674 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The demand for decellularized xenogeneic tissues used in reconstructive heart surgery has increased over the last decades. Complete decellularization of longer and tubular aortic sections suitable for clinical application has not been achieved so far. The present study aims at analyzing the effect of pressure application on decellularization efficacy of porcine aortas using a device specifically designed for this purpose. Fresh porcine descending aortas of 8 cm length were decellularized using detergents. To increase decellularization efficacy, detergent treatment was combined with pressure application and different treatment schemes. Quantification of penetration depth as well as histological staining, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile strength tests were used to evaluate tissue structure. In general, application of pressure to aortic tissue does neither increase the decellularization success nor the penetration depth of detergents. However, it is of importance from which side of the aorta the pressure is applied. Application of intermittent pressure from the adventitial side does significantly increase the decellularization degree at the intimal side (compared to the reference group), but had no influence on the penetration depth of SDC/SDS at both sides. Although the present setup does not significantly improve the decellularization success of aortas, it is interesting that the application of pressure from the adventitial side leads to improved decellularization of the intimal side. As no adverse effects on tissue structure nor on mechanical properties were observed, optimization of the present protocol may potentially lead to complete decellularization of larger aortic segments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Messner
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maximilian Grab
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Grefen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Günther Laufer
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hagl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian König
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ratner B. Vascular Grafts: Technology Success/Technology Failure. BME FRONTIERS 2023; 4:0003. [PMID: 37849668 PMCID: PMC10521696 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular prostheses (grafts) are widely used for hemodialysis blood access, trauma repair, aneurism repair, and cardiovascular reconstruction. However, smaller-diameter (≤4 mm) grafts that would be valuable for many reconstructions have not been achieved to date, although hundreds of papers on small-diameter vascular grafts have been published. This perspective article presents a hypothesis that may open new research avenues for the development of small-diameter vascular grafts. A historical review of the vascular graft literature and specific types of vascular grafts is presented focusing on observations important to the hypothesis to be presented. Considerations in critically reviewing the vascular graft literature are discussed. The hypothesis that perhaps the "biocompatible biomaterials" comprising our vascular grafts-biomaterials that generate dense, nonvascularized collagenous capsules upon implantation-may not be all that biocompatible is presented. Examples of materials that heal with tissue reconstruction and vascularity, in contrast to the fibrotic encapsulation, are offered. Such prohealing materials may lead the way to a new generation of vascular grafts suitable for small-diameter reconstructions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buddy Ratner
- Center for Dialysis Innovation (CDI), Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong Z, Wang X. Bioprinting Technologies and Bioinks for Vascular Model Establishment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010891. [PMID: 36614332 PMCID: PMC9821327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, large diameter artery defects (diameter larger than 6 mm) can be substituted by unbiodegradable polymers, such as polytetrafluoroethylene. There are many problems in the construction of small diameter blood vessels (diameter between 1 and 3 mm) and microvessels (diameter less than 1 mm), especially in the establishment of complex vascular models with multi-scale branched networks. Throughout history, the vascularization strategies have been divided into three major groups, including self-generated capillaries from implantation, pre-constructed vascular channels, and three-dimensional (3D) printed cell-laden hydrogels. The first group is based on the spontaneous angiogenesis behaviour of cells in the host tissues, which also lays the foundation of capillary angiogenesis in tissue engineering scaffolds. The second group is to vascularize the polymeric vessels (or scaffolds) with endothelial cells. It is hoped that the pre-constructed vessels can be connected with the vascular networks of host tissues with rapid blood perfusion. With the development of bioprinting technologies, various fabrication methods have been achieved to build hierarchical vascular networks with high-precision 3D control. In this review, the latest advances in 3D bioprinting of vascularized tissues/organs are discussed, including new printing techniques and researches on bioinks for promoting angiogenesis, especially coaxial printing, freeform reversible embedded in suspended hydrogel printing, and acoustic assisted printing technologies, and freeform reversible embedded in suspended hydrogel (flash) technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Kong
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-24-3190-0983
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Exarchos V, Zacharova E, Neuber S, Giampietro C, Motta SE, Hinkov H, Emmert MY, Nazari-Shafti TZ. The path to a hemocompatible cardiovascular implant: Advances and challenges of current endothelialization strategies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:971028. [PMID: 36186971 PMCID: PMC9515323 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.971028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) implants are still associated with thrombogenicity due to insufficient hemocompatibility. Endothelialization of their luminal surface is a promising strategy to increase their hemocompatibility. In this review, we provide a collection of research studies and review articles aiming to summarize the recent efforts on surface modifications of CV implants, including stents, grafts, valves, and ventricular assist devises. We focus in particular on the implementation of micrometer or nanoscale surface modifications, physical characteristics of known biomaterials (such as wetness and stiffness), and surface morphological features (such as gratings, fibers, pores, and pits). We also review how biomechanical signals originating from the endothelial cell for surface interaction can be directed by topography engineering approaches toward the survival of the endothelium and its long-term adaptation. Finally, we summarize the regulatory and economic challenges that may prevent clinical implementation of endothelialized CV implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Exarchos
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ema Zacharova
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sebastian Neuber
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Motta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hristian Hinkov
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timo Z. Nazari-Shafti
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité (Junior) (Digital) Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Timo Z. Nazari-Shafti,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Potere F, Belgio B, Croci GA, Tabano S, Petrini P, Dubini G, Boschetti F, Mantero S. 3D bioprinting of multi-layered segments of a vessel-like structure with ECM and novel derived bioink. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:918690. [PMID: 36061430 PMCID: PMC9437706 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.918690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3D-Bioprinting leads to the realization of tridimensional customized constructs to reproduce the biological structural complexity. The new technological challenge focuses on obtaining a 3D structure with several distinct layers to replicate the hierarchical organization of natural tissues. This work aims to reproduce large blood vessel substitutes compliant with the original tissue, combining the advantages of the 3D bioprinting, decellularization, and accounting for the presence of different cells. The decellularization process was performed on porcine aortas. Various decellularization protocols were tested and evaluated through DNA extraction, quantification, and amplification by PCR to define the adequate one. The decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), lyophilized and solubilized, was combined with gelatin, alginate, and cells to obtain a novel bioink. Several solutions were tested, tuning the percentage of the components to obtain the adequate structural properties. The geometrical model of the large blood vessel constructs was designed with SolidWorks, and the construct slicing was done using the HeartWare software, which allowed generating the G-Code. The final constructs were 3D bioprinted with the Inkredible + using dual print heads. The composition of the bioink was tuned so that it could withstand the printing of a segment of a tubular construct up to 10 mm and reproduce the multicellular complexity. Among the several compositions tested, the suspension resulting from 8% w/v gelatin, 7% w/v alginate, and 3% w/v dECM, and cells successfully produced the designed structures. With this bioink, it was possible to print structures made up of 20 layers. The dimensions of the printed structures were consistent with the designed ones. We were able to avoid the double bioink overlap in the thickness, despite the increase in the number of layers during the printing process. The optimization of the parameters allowed the production of structures with a height of 20 layers corresponding to 9 mm. Theoretical and real structures were very close. The differences were 14% in height, 20% internal diameter, and 9% thickness. By tailoring the printing parameters and the amount of dECM, adequate mechanical properties could be met. In this study, we developed an innovative printable bioink able to finely reproduce the native complex structure of the large blood vessel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Potere
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federica Potere,
| | - Beatrice Belgio
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Alberto Croci
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università, Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università, Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Dubini
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Boschetti
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mantero
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hamilton AG, Townsend JM, Detamore MS. Automated Decellularization of Musculoskeletal Tissues with High Extracellular Matrix Retention. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2022; 28:137-147. [PMID: 35245975 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manual tissue decellularization is an onerous process that requires the application of many sequential treatments by an operator and can be prone to user error and result variability. While automated decellularization devices have been previously reported, with advances being made in recent years toward open-source platforms, previous automated decellularization devices have been reliant on hardware or software components that are closed-source and proprietary. The aim of the current work was to develop and validate a full open-source automated decellularization system to be available for others to adopt. The open-source decellularization apparatus is a low-cost (<$2000) device that may easily be adapted to an array of decellularization protocols, with an example parts' list provided herein. The automated decellularization device was used to decellularize hyaline cartilage, knee meniscus, and tendon tissues. Cartilage, meniscus, and tendon tissue demonstrated 97%, 99%, and 96% reduction in DNA content after decellularization, respectively, and with effective decellularization confirmed visually via histology. High retentions of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), collagen, and other proteins were observed in meniscus and tendon following decellularization. Results with manual decellularization with meniscus tissue were consistent with the automated decellularization process. Decellularized cartilage (DCC) demonstrated a 34% decrease in GAG content, while the protein and collagen content did not significantly change. The current study demonstrated that native-like decellularized tissues were produced reproducibly using the reported open-source automated decellularization platform, providing an adoptable platform for production of decellularized tissues by others. Impact statement Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM)-based materials are appealing for tissue engineering, but production of these materials is historically time-intensive, tedious, and prone to user error. Adoption of an automated system may be a barrier for many research groups due to cost and complexity. In this article, a low-cost open-source platform for automated decellularization is presented. This method is validated by decellularizing porcine musculoskeletal tissues and demonstrating the native-like compositional properties of these decellularized tissues. The ability to produce decellularized tissue in an automated manner is useful for further research of ECM-based materials and potential clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Hamilton
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jakob M Townsend
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael S Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Durán-Rey D, Crisóstomo V, Sánchez-Margallo JA, Sánchez-Margallo FM. Systematic Review of Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:771400. [PMID: 34805124 PMCID: PMC8595218 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.771400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathologies related to the cardiovascular system are the leading causes of death worldwide. One of the main treatments is conventional surgery with autologous transplants. Although donor grafts are often unavailable, tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) show promise for clinical treatments. A systematic review of the recent scientific literature was performed using PubMed (Medline) and Web of Science databases to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in TEVG development. The use of TEVG in human patients remains quite restricted owing to the presence of vascular stenosis, existence of thrombi, and poor graft patency. A total of 92 original articles involving human patients and animal models were analyzed. A meta-analysis of the influence of the vascular graft diameter on the occurrence of thrombosis and graft patency was performed for the different models analyzed. Although there is no ideal animal model for TEVG research, the murine model is the most extensively used. Hybrid grafting, electrospinning, and cell seeding are currently the most promising technologies. The results showed that there is a tendency for thrombosis and non-patency in small-diameter grafts. TEVGs are under constant development, and research is oriented towards the search for safe devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Durán-Rey
- Laparoscopy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Verónica Crisóstomo
- Cardiovascular Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Sánchez-Margallo
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco M Sánchez-Margallo
- Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Scientific Direction, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodriguez-Soto MA, Suarez Vargas N, Riveros A, Camargo CM, Cruz JC, Sandoval N, Briceño JC. Failure Analysis of TEVG's I: Overcoming the Initial Stages of Blood Material Interaction and Stabilization of the Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:3140. [PMID: 34831361 PMCID: PMC8625197 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular grafts (VG) are medical devices intended to replace the function of a diseased vessel. Current approaches use non-biodegradable materials that struggle to maintain patency under complex hemodynamic conditions. Even with the current advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine with the tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), the cellular response is not yet close to mimicking the biological function of native vessels, and the understanding of the interactions between cells from the blood and the vascular wall with the material in operative conditions is much needed. These interactions change over time after the implantation of the graft. Here we aim to analyze the current knowledge in bio-molecular interactions between blood components, cells and materials that lead either to an early failure or to the stabilization of the vascular graft before the wall regeneration begins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Rodriguez-Soto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.S.V.); (A.R.); (C.M.C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Natalia Suarez Vargas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.S.V.); (A.R.); (C.M.C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Alejandra Riveros
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.S.V.); (A.R.); (C.M.C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Carolina Muñoz Camargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.S.V.); (A.R.); (C.M.C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.S.V.); (A.R.); (C.M.C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Nestor Sandoval
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Cardiovascular Surgery, Fundación Cardio Infantil Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - Juan C. Briceño
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.S.V.); (A.R.); (C.M.C.); (J.C.C.)
- Department of Research, Fundación Cardio Infantil Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hauser PV, Chang HM, Nishikawa M, Kimura H, Yanagawa N, Hamon M. Bioprinting Scaffolds for Vascular Tissues and Tissue Vascularization. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:178. [PMID: 34821744 PMCID: PMC8615027 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, tissue engineering has achieved significant advancements towards the repair of damaged tissues. Until this day, the vascularization of engineered tissues remains a challenge to the development of large-scale artificial tissue. Recent breakthroughs in biomaterials and three-dimensional (3D) printing have made it possible to manipulate two or more biomaterials with complementary mechanical and/or biological properties to create hybrid scaffolds that imitate natural tissues. Hydrogels have become essential biomaterials due to their tissue-like physical properties and their ability to include living cells and/or biological molecules. Furthermore, 3D printing, such as dispensing-based bioprinting, has progressed to the point where it can now be utilized to construct hybrid scaffolds with intricate structures. Current bioprinting approaches are still challenged by the need for the necessary biomimetic nano-resolution in combination with bioactive spatiotemporal signals. Moreover, the intricacies of multi-material bioprinting and hydrogel synthesis also pose a challenge to the construction of hybrid scaffolds. This manuscript presents a brief review of scaffold bioprinting to create vascularized tissues, covering the key features of vascular systems, scaffold-based bioprinting methods, and the materials and cell sources used. We will also present examples and discuss current limitations and potential future directions of the technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Viktor Hauser
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.V.H.); (H.-M.C.); (N.Y.)
- Medical and Research Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
| | - Hsiao-Min Chang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.V.H.); (H.-M.C.); (N.Y.)
- Medical and Research Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1207, Japan;
| | - Norimoto Yanagawa
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.V.H.); (H.-M.C.); (N.Y.)
- Medical and Research Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
| | - Morgan Hamon
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.V.H.); (H.-M.C.); (N.Y.)
- Medical and Research Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cai Q, Liao W, Xue F, Wang X, Zhou W, Li Y, Zeng W. Selection of different endothelialization modes and different seed cells for tissue-engineered vascular graft. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2557-2568. [PMID: 33665496 PMCID: PMC7887299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have enormous potential for vascular replacement therapy. However, thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia are important problems associated with TEVGs especially small diameter TEVGs (<6 mm) after transplantation. Endothelialization of TEVGs is a key point to prevent thrombosis. Here, we discuss different types of endothelialization and different seed cells of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Meanwhile, endothelial heterogeneity is also discussed. Based on it, we provide a new perspective for selecting suitable types of endothelialization and suitable seed cells to improve the long-term patency rate of tissue-engineered vascular grafts with different diameters and lengths. The material, diameter and length of tissue-engineered vascular graft are all key factors affecting its long-term patency. Endothelialization strategies should consider the different diameters and lengths of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Cell heterogeneity and tissue heterogeneity should be considered in the application of seed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjin Cai
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wanshan Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fangchao Xue
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weiming Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yanzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing, China.,Departments of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Perfusion Bioreactor for Longitudinal Monitoring of Bioengineered Liver Constructs. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020275. [PMID: 33494337 PMCID: PMC7912543 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the field of in vitro liver disease models, decellularised organ scaffolds maintain the original biomechanical and biological properties of the extracellular matrix and are established supports for in vitro cell culture. However, tissue engineering approaches based on whole organ decellularized scaffolds are hampered by the scarcity of appropriate bioreactors that provide controlled 3D culture conditions. Novel specific bioreactors are needed to support long-term culture of bioengineered constructs allowing non-invasive longitudinal monitoring. Here, we designed and validated a specific bioreactor for long-term 3D culture of whole liver constructs. Whole liver scaffolds were generated by perfusion decellularisation of rat livers. Scaffolds were seeded with Luc+HepG2 and primary human hepatocytes and cultured in static or dynamic conditions using the custom-made bioreactor. The bioreactor included a syringe pump, for continuous unidirectional flow, and a circuit built to allow non-invasive monitoring of culture parameters and media sampling. The bioreactor allowed non-invasive analysis of cell viability, distribution, and function of Luc+HepG2-bioengineered livers cultured for up to 11 days. Constructs cultured in dynamic conditions in the bioreactor showed significantly higher cell viability, measured with bioluminescence, distribution, and functionality (determined by albumin production and expression of CYP enzymes) in comparison to static culture conditions. Finally, our bioreactor supports primary human hepatocyte viability and function for up to 30 days, when seeded in the whole liver scaffolds. Overall, our novel bioreactor is capable of supporting cell survival and metabolism and is suitable for liver tissue engineering for the development of 3D liver disease models.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fang S, Riber SS, Hussein K, Ahlmann AH, Harvald EB, Khan F, Beck HC, Weile LKK, Sørensen JA, Sheikh SP, Riber LP, Andersen DC. Decellularized human umbilical artery: Biocompatibility and in vivo functionality in sheep carotid bypass model. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110955. [PMID: 32409090 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; The Danish Regenerative Center (danishcrm.com), Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Sara Schødt Riber
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kamal Hussein
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; The Danish Regenerative Center (danishcrm.com), Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Alexander Høgsted Ahlmann
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Eva Bang Harvald
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; The Danish Regenerative Center (danishcrm.com), Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Fazal Khan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; The Danish Regenerative Center (danishcrm.com), Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Louise Katrine Kjær Weile
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jens Ahm Sørensen
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Søren Paludan Sheikh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; The Danish Regenerative Center (danishcrm.com), Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Riber
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; The Danish Regenerative Center (danishcrm.com), Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ilanlou S, Khakbiz M, Amoabediny G, Mohammadi J. Preclinical studies of acellular extracellular matrices as small-caliber vascular grafts. Tissue Cell 2019; 60:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
14
|
Tresoldi C, Pacheco DP, Formenti E, Pellegata AF, Mantero S, Petrini P. Shear-resistant hydrogels to control permeability of porous tubular scaffolds in vascular tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110035. [PMID: 31546369 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to perfuse porous tubular scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering (VTE) with controlled flow rate, prevention of leakage through the scaffold lumen is required. A gel coating made of 8% w/v alginate and 6% w/v gelatin functionalized with fibronectin was produced using a custom-made bioreactor-based method. Different volumetric proportions of alginate and gelatin were tested (50/50, 70/30, and 90/10). Gel swelling and stability, and rheological, and uniaxial tensile tests reveal superior resistance to the aggressive biochemical microenvironment, and their ability to withstand physiological deformations (~10%) and wall shear stresses (5-20 dyne/cm2). These are prerequisites to maintain the physiologic phenotypes of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells (ECs), mimicking blood vessels microenvironment. Gels can induce ECs proliferation and colonization, especially in the presence of fibronectin and higher percentages of gelatin. The custom-designed bioreactor enables the development of reproducible and homogeneous tubular gel coating. The permeability tests show the effectiveness of tubular scaffolds coated with 70/30 alginate/gelatin gel to occlude wadding pores, and therefore prevent leakages. The synthesized double-layered tubular scaffolds coated with alginate/gelatin gel and fibronectin represent both promising substrate for ECs and effective leakproof scaffolds, when subjected to pulsatile perfusion, for VTE applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tresoldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela P Pacheco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Formenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filippo Pellegata
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Mantero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Petrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Inglis S, Schneider KH, Kanczler JM, Redl H, Oreffo ROC. Harnessing Human Decellularized Blood Vessel Matrices and Cellular Construct Implants to Promote Bone Healing in an Ex Vivo Organotypic Bone Defect Model. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1800088. [PMID: 29756272 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized matrices offer a beneficial substitute for biomimetic scaffolds in tissue engineering. The current study examines the potential of decellularized placental vessel sleeves (PVS) as a periosteal protective sleeve to enhance bone regeneration in embryonic day 18 chick femurs contained within the PVS and cultured organotypically over a 10 day period. The femurs are inserted into decellularized biocompatibility-tested PVS and maintained in an organotypic culture for a period of 10 days. In femurs containing decellularized PVS, a significant increase in bone volume (p < 0.001) is evident, demonstrated by microcomputed tomography (µCT) compared to femurs without PVS. Histological and immunohistological analyses reveal extensive integration of decellularized PVS with the bone periosteum, and enhanced conservation of bone architecture within the PVS. In addition, the expressions of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), type II collagen (COL-II), and proteoglycans are observed, indicating a possible repair mechanism via a cartilaginous stage of the bone tissue within the sleeve. The use of decellularized matrices like PVS offers a promising therapeutic strategy in surgical tissue replacement, promoting biocompatibility and architecture of the tissue as well as a factor-rich niche environment with negligible immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Inglis
- Bone and Joint Research GroupCentre for Human Development, Stem Cells and RegenerationInstitute of Developmental SciencesSouthampton General HospitalUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| | - Karl Heinrich Schneider
- Center of Biomedical ResearchMedical University of ViennaLudwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Researchp.A.KIM II/Klinische Abteilung für Kardiologie Währinger Gürtel 18‐20 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Janos M. Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research GroupCentre for Human Development, Stem Cells and RegenerationInstitute of Developmental SciencesSouthampton General HospitalUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA ResearchCenter and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Donaueschingenstrasse 13 1200 Vienna Austria
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research GroupCentre for Human Development, Stem Cells and RegenerationInstitute of Developmental SciencesSouthampton General HospitalUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Skovrind I, Harvald EB, Juul Belling H, Jørgensen CD, Lindholt JS, Andersen DC. Concise Review: Patency of Small-Diameter Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts: A Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Trials. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:671-680. [PMID: 30920771 PMCID: PMC6591545 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several patient groups undergoing small‐diameter (<6 mm) vessel bypass surgery have limited autologous vessels for use as grafts. Tissue‐engineered vascular grafts (TEVG) have been suggested as an alternative, but the ideal TEVG remains to be generated, and a systematic overview and meta‐analysis of clinically relevant studies is lacking. We systematically searched PubMed and Embase databases for (pre)clinical trials and identified three clinical and 68 preclinical trials ([>rabbit]; 873 TEVGs) meeting the inclusion criteria. Preclinical trials represented low to medium risk of bias, and binary logistic regression revealed that patency was significantly affected by recellularization, TEVG length, TEVG diameter, surface modification, and preconditioning. In contrast, scaffold types were less important. The patency was 63.5%, 89%, and 100% for TEVGs with a median diameter of 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm, respectively. In the group of recellularized TEVGs, patency was not improved by using smooth muscle cells in addition to endothelial cells nor affected by the endothelial origin, but seems to benefit from a long‐term (46–240 hours) recellularization time. Finally, data showed that median TEVG length (5 cm) and median follow‐up (56 days) used in preclinical settings are relatively inadequate for direct clinical translation. In conclusion, our data imply that future studies should consider a TEVG design that at least includes endothelial recellularization and bioreactor preconditioning, and we suggest that more standard guidelines for testing and reporting TEVGs in large animals should be considered to enable interstudy comparisons and favor a robust and reproducible outcome as well as clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Skovrind
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Eva Bang Harvald
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Center for Vascular Regeneration, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Helene Juul Belling
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Jes Sanddal Lindholt
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Center for Vascular Regeneration, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Simsa R, Vila XM, Salzer E, Teuschl A, Jenndahl L, Bergh N, Fogelstrand P. Effect of fluid dynamics on decellularization efficacy and mechanical properties of blood vessels. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220743. [PMID: 31381614 PMCID: PMC6682308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularization of blood vessels is a promising approach to generate native biomaterials for replacement of diseased vessels. The decellularization process affects the mechanical properties of the vascular graft and thus can have a negative impact for in vivo functionality. The aim of this study was to determine how detergents under different fluid dynamics affects decellularization efficacy and mechanical properties of the vascular graft. We applied a protocol utilizing 1% TritonX, 1% Tributyl phosphate (TnBP) and DNase on porcine vena cava. The detergents were applied to the vessels under different conditions; static, agitation and perfusion with 3 different perfusion rates (25, 100 and 400 mL/min). The decellularized grafts were analyzed with histological, immunohistochemical and mechanical tests. We found that decellularization efficacy was equal in all groups, however the luminal ultrastructure of the static group showed remnant cell debris and the 400 mL/min perfusion group showed local damage and tearing of the luminal surface. The mechanical stiffness and maximum tensile strength were not influenced by the detergent application method. In conclusion, our results indicate that agitation or low-velocity perfusion with detergents are preferable methods for blood vessel decellularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Simsa
- VERIGRAFT AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Xavier Monforte Vila
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elias Salzer
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Teuschl
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Niklas Bergh
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Simsa R, Padma AM, Heher P, Hellström M, Teuschl A, Jenndahl L, Bergh N, Fogelstrand P. Systematic in vitro comparison of decellularization protocols for blood vessels. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209269. [PMID: 30557395 PMCID: PMC6296505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularization of native blood vessels is a promising technology to generate 3D biological scaffolds for vascular grafting. Blood vessel decellularization has been performed in previous studies under various experimental conditions, that complicates comparison and optimization of suitable protocols. The goal of this work was to systematically compare the decellularization and recellularization efficacy of 5 different protocols utilizing the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), CHAPS and TritonX-100 together with DNA-removing enzymes on porcine vena cava in a perfusion bioreactor setup. Additionally, we tested the effect of DNase on the extracellular matrix (ECM) properties. We found that all protocols could efficiently decellularize blood vessels. Mechanical strength, collagen preservation and ECM integrity were similar among all tested detergents, yet TritonX protocols required long-term DNase application for complete decellularization. However, TritonX-based protocols showed the greatest recellularization efficacy with HUVECs in vitro. Furthermore, we developed a novel protocol for TritonX which improved recellularization and reduced total process time and ECM stiffness compared to previous protocols. SDS, SDC and CHAPS based protocols had a lower recellularization potential. In conclusion, decellularization of blood vessels can be achieved with all tested reagents, but TritonX treated ECM can be most efficiently recellularized with endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Simsa
- VERIGRAFT AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arvind Manikantan Padma
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philipp Heher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mats Hellström
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Teuschl
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, UAS Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Niklas Bergh
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sarker M, Naghieh S, Sharma N, Chen X. 3D biofabrication of vascular networks for tissue regeneration: A report on recent advances. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:277-296. [PMID: 30345141 PMCID: PMC6190507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid progress in tissue engineering research in past decades has opened up vast possibilities to tackle the challenges of generating tissues or organs that mimic native structures. The success of tissue engineered constructs largely depends on the incorporation of a stable vascular network that eventually anastomoses with the host vasculature to support the various biological functions of embedded cells. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved with respect to extrusion, laser, micro-molding, and electrospinning-based techniques that allow the fabrication of any geometry in a layer-by-layer fashion. Moreover, decellularized matrix, self-assembled structures, and cell sheets have been explored to replace the biopolymers needed for scaffold fabrication. While the techniques have evolved to create specific tissues or organs with outstanding geometric precision, formation of interconnected, functional, and perfused vascular networks remains a challenge. This article briefly reviews recent progress in 3D fabrication approaches used to fabricate vascular networks with incorporated cells, angiogenic factors, proteins, and/or peptides. The influence of the fabricated network on blood vessel formation, and the various features, merits, and shortcomings of the various fabrication techniques are discussed and summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.D. Sarker
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Saman Naghieh
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - N.K. Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang X, Li YG, Du Y, Zhu JY, Li Z. The Research of Acellular Pancreatic Bioscaffold as a Natural 3-Dimensional Platform In Vitro. Pancreas 2018; 47:1040-1049. [PMID: 30086100 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the biochemical and functional properties of a rat acellular pancreatic bioscaffolds (APBs). METHODS Fresh pancreata from 10 rats were soaked and perfused through portal veins using Easy-Load Digital Drive peristaltic pumps. The histological structure, extracellular matrix composition, and the DNA content of the APBs were evaluated. Biocompatibility studies had also been performed. The proliferation and differentiation of AR42J pancreatic acinar cells were assessed. RESULTS The pancreatic tissue became translucent after decellularization. There were no visible vascular endothelial cells, cellular components, or cracked cellular debris. The extracellular matrix components were not decreased after decellularization (P > 0.05); however, the DNA content was decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The subcutaneous implantation sites showed low immunological response and low cytotoxicity around the APB. The proliferation rate was higher and the apoptosis rate was lower when AR42J cells were cultured on APB (P < 0.05). The gene expression and the protein expression were higher for the APB group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the biological utility of whole pancreas APBs as biomaterial scaffolds, which provides an improved approach for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue-Guang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nankai Hospital
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pellegata AF, Tedeschi AM, De Coppi P. Whole Organ Tissue Vascularization: Engineering the Tree to Develop the Fruits. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:56. [PMID: 29868573 PMCID: PMC5960678 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to regenerate and recapitulate a tissue or organ that has lost its function. So far successful clinical translation has been limited to hollow organs in which rudimental vascularization can be achieved by inserting the graft into flaps of the omentum or muscle fascia. This technique used to stimulate vascularization of the graft takes advantage of angiogenesis from existing vascular networks. Vascularization of the engineered graft is a fundamental requirement in the process of engineering more complex organs, as it is crucial for the efficient delivery of nutrients and oxygen following in-vivo implantation. To achieve vascularization of the organ many different techniques have been investigated and exploited. The most promising results have been obtained by seeding endothelial cells directly into decellularized scaffolds, taking advantage of the channels remaining from the pre-existing vascular network. Currently, the main hurdle we need to overcome is achieving a fully functional vascular endothelium, stable over a long time period of time, which is engineered using a cell source that is clinically suitable and can generate, in vitro, a yield of cells suitable for the engineering of human sized organs. This review will give an overview of the approaches that have recently been investigated to address the issue of vascularization in the field of tissue engineering of whole organs, and will highlight the current caveats and hurdles that should be addressed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro F Pellegata
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso M Tedeschi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,SNAPS, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Row S, Santandreu A, Swartz DD, Andreadis ST. Cell-free vascular grafts: Recent developments and clinical potential. TECHNOLOGY 2017; 5:13-20. [PMID: 28674697 PMCID: PMC5492388 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547817400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in vascular tissue engineering have led to the development of cell-free grafts that are available off-the-shelf for on demand surgery. Challenges associated with cell-based technologies including cell sourcing, cell expansion and long-term bioreactor culture motivated the development of completely cell-free vascular grafts. These are based on decellularized arteries, decellularized cultured cell-based tissue engineered grafts or biomaterials functionalized with biological signals that promote in situ tissue regeneration. Clinical trials undertaken to demonstrate the applicability of these grafts are also discussed. This comprehensive review summarizes recent developments in vascular graft technologies, with potential applications in coronary artery bypass procedures, lower extremity bypass, vascular injury and trauma, congenital heart diseases and dialysis access shunts, to name a few.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Row
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
- Angiograft LLC, Amherst NY
| | - Ana Santandreu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | | | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY
- Angiograft LLC, Amherst NY
| |
Collapse
|