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Domínguez-Martínez DA, Pérez-Flores MS, Núñez-Avellaneda D, Torres-Flores JM, León-Avila G, García-Pérez BE, Salazar MI. NOD2 Responds to Dengue Virus Type 2 Infection in Macrophage-like Cells Interacting with MAVS Adaptor and Affecting IFN-α Production and Virus Titers. Pathogens 2024; 13:306. [PMID: 38668261 PMCID: PMC11054756 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In pathogen recognition, the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and leucine rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have noteworthy functions in the activation of the innate immune response. These receptors respond to several viral infections, among them NOD2, a very dynamic NLR, whose role in dengue virus (DENV) infection remains unclear. This research aimed to determine the role of human NOD2 in THP-1 macrophage-like cells during DENV-2 infection. NOD2 levels in DENV-2 infected THP-1 macrophage-like cells was evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot, and an increase was observed at both mRNA and protein levels. We observed using confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation assays that NOD2 interacts with the effector protein MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), an adaptor protein promoting antiviral activity, this occurring mainly at 12 h into the infection. After silencing NOD2, we detected increased viral loads of DENV-2 and lower levels of IFN-α in supernatants from THP-1 macrophage-like cells with NOD2 knock-down and further infected with DENV-2, compared with mock-control or cells transfected with Scramble-siRNA. Thus, NOD2 is activated in response to DENV-2 in THP-1 macrophage-like cells and participates in IFN-α production, in addition to limiting virus replication at the examined time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Alhelí Domínguez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular e Inmunopatogénesis, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico;
- Unidad de Investigación en Virología y Cáncer, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Mayra Silvia Pérez-Flores
- Laboratorio Nacional de Vacunología y Virus Tropicales (LNVyVT), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico; (M.S.P.-F.); (J.M.T.-F.)
| | - Daniel Núñez-Avellaneda
- Dirección Adjunta de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Vinculación e Innovación, Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencias y Tecnologías, Ciudad de México CP 03940, Mexico;
| | - Jesús M. Torres-Flores
- Laboratorio Nacional de Vacunología y Virus Tropicales (LNVyVT), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico; (M.S.P.-F.); (J.M.T.-F.)
| | - Gloria León-Avila
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico;
| | - Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología General, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico;
| | - Ma Isabel Salazar
- Laboratorio Nacional de Vacunología y Virus Tropicales (LNVyVT), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico; (M.S.P.-F.); (J.M.T.-F.)
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Yang Y, Huang C, Hui L, Song Y, Fu Y, Li M, Yang H, Wu J, Sun J, Xu W, Wei L. Cathelicidins Target HSP60 To Restrict CVB3 Transmission via Disrupting the Exosome and Reducing Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis. J Virol 2023; 97:e0143322. [PMID: 36916989 PMCID: PMC10062171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01433-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides (mouse, CRAMP; human, LL-37) have broad-spectrum antiviral activities against enveloped viruses, but their mechanisms of action against nonenveloped viruses remain to be elucidated. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of nonenveloped virus belonging to the Enterovirus genus of Picornaviridae, is an important pathogen of viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Here, we observed that cardiac CRAMP expression was significantly upregulated in mice after CVB3 infection. The administration of CRAMP or LL-37 markedly suppressed CVB3 infection in mice, and CRAMP deficiency increased the susceptibility of mice to CVB3. CRAMP and LL-37 inhibited CVB3 replication in primary cardiomyocytes. However, they did not inactivate CVB3 particles and did not regulate the response of cardiomyocytes against CVB3 infection. Intriguingly, they inhibited CVB3 transmission through the exosome, but not virus receptor. In detail, CRAMP and LL-37 directly induced the lysis of exosomes by interfering with exosomal heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and then blocked the diffusion of exosomes to recipient cells and inhibited the establishment of productive infection by exosomes. In addition, the interaction of CRAMP and LL-37 with HSP60 simultaneously inhibited HSP60-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes and reduced HSP60-enhanced CVB3 replication. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of cathelicidins against viral infection and provide a new therapeutic strategy for CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. IMPORTANCE The relative mechanisms that cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides use to influence nonenveloped virus infection are unclear. We show here that cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides (CRAMP and LL-37) directly target exosomal HSP60 to destroy exosomes, which in turn block the diffusion of exosomes to recipient cardiomyocytes and reduced HSP60-induced apoptosis, thus restricting coxsackievirus B3 infection. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides use against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunjing Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Hui
- The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yahui Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxuan Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Expression of cathelicidin, ERK, MyD88, and TLR-9 in the blood of women in the pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, and their infant cord blood. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:826-831. [PMID: 36058765 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the immune responses are modulated to protect mothers and infants from different pathogens. Cathelicidin as an antimicrobial peptide has a defending role against many pathogens. In this study, to better understand the role of cathelicidin peptide and three of its related proteins in immune pathways (ERK, MyD88, and TLR-9) in the immune system during pregnancy, we examined their expression in the blood of non-pregnant and pregnant mothers and their infant's cord blood. Blood samples were taken, and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained. The expression level of cathelicidin was determined by quantitative PCR. Also, the expression of cathelicidin, ERK, MyD88, and TLR-9 was assessed by Western blotting. Higher level of cathelicidin mRNA was detected in the cord blood samples compared to other samples. The Western blotting results showed higher levels of cathelicidin, ERK, MyD88, and TLR-9 in the cord blood samples than in the blood of both pregnant and non-pregnant samples. Also, the level of all molecules was higher in pregnant than non-pregnant women. These high levels of the mentioned molecules are necessary to protect the mother and fetus against various pathogens, although understanding their mechanism of action needs more studies.
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Castillo JA, Giraldo DM, Smit JM, Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Urcuqui-Inchima S. Vitamin D-induced LL-37 modulates innate immune responses of human primary macrophages during DENV-2 infection. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6581314. [PMID: 35512569 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics of dengue, an acute and potentially severe disease caused by mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), pose a major challenge to clinicians and health care services across the sub(tropics). Severe disease onset is associated with a dysregulated inflammatory response to the virus and there are currently no drugs to alleviate disease symptoms. LL-37 is a potent antimicrobial peptide with a wide range of immunoregulatory properties. In this study, we assessed the effect of LL-37 on DENV-2-induced responses in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We show that simultaneous exposure of exogenous LL-37 and DENV-2 resulted in reduced replication of the virus in MDMs, while the addition of LL-37 post-exposure to DENV-2 did not. Interestingly, the latter condition reduced the production of IL-6 and increased the expression of genes involved in virus sensing and antiviral response. Finally, we demonstrate that low endogenous levels and limited production of LL-37 in MDMs in response to DENV-2 infection can be increased by differentiating MDMs in the presence of Vitamin D (VitD3). Taken together, this study demonstrates that in addition to its antimicrobial properties, LL-37 has immunomodulatory properties in the curse of DENV infection and its production can be increased by VitD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Andrés Castillo
- Grupo Inmunovirología. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Marcela Giraldo
- Grupo Inmunovirología. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Izabela A Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
- Grupo Inmunovirología. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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5
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Endogenous cathelicidin is required for protection against ZIKV-caused testis damage via inactivating virons. Antiviral Res 2022; 198:105248. [PMID: 35038500 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins have been shown to effectively inhibit flavivirus replication in vitro. However, the effects of mouse and human endogenous cathelicidins on flavivirus infection in vivo are rarely known. We herein found that mouse endogenous cathelicidin CRAMP was significantly up-regulated upon Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. CRAMP deficiency markedly exacerbated ZIKV replication in testis, and aggravated ZIKV-induced testicular damage and ZIKV-induced spermatic damage in mice, indicating that endogenous cathelicidin is required for protection against ZIKV-caused male infertility in mice. In vitro antiviral assay showed that both mouse cathelidin CRAMP and human cathelicidin LL-37 obviously reduced ZIKV-caused cytopathic effect and inhibited ZIKV replication in Vero cells. Antiviral mechanism revealed that they both directly inactivated ZIKV virons by binding to ZIKV virons and inducing the leakage of ZIKV genomic RNA, consequently inactivated ZIKV virons. In vivo antiviral assay indicated that both of them effectively inhibited ZIKV replication in C57BL/6J and IFNα/β receptor-deficient (Ifnar1-/-) mice when CRAMP or LL-37 was intravenously injected in parallel with or at 1 h after intravenous injection of ZIKV, implying that mouse cathelidin CRAMP and human cathelicidin LL-37 effectively inactivated ZIKV particles and exhibited therapeutic potential against ZIKV infection in vivo. Our findings reveal that endogenous cahtelicidin CRAMP and LL-37 act as inactivators of ZIKV, and effectively protect against ZIKV replication and ZIKV-induced male infertility, highlighting their potential for therapy of ZIKV infection.
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Bansal R, Mohagaonkar S, Sen A, Khanam U, Rathi B. In-silico study of peptide-protein interaction of antimicrobial peptides potentially targeting SARS and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:46. [PMID: 34336545 PMCID: PMC8315091 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is an attempt to find a suitable therapy using antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) by identifying peptide-protein interaction of AMPs and nucleocapsid protein of SARS and SARS-CoV- 2. The AMPs were shortlisted from the APD3 database (Antimicrobial peptide database) based on various physicochemical parameters. The binding efficacy of AMPs was measured using the lowest energy score of the docked complexes with 10 selected AMPs. For SARS-CoV, AP00180 showed the best pose with a binding affinity value of - 6.4 kcal/mol. Prominent hydrogen bonding interactions were observed between Lys85 (nucleocapsid receptor) and Arg13 (antimicrobial peptide ligand) having the least intermolecular distance of 1.759 Å. For SARS-CoV-2, AP00549 was docked with a binding affinity value of - 3.4 kcal/mol and Arg119 and Glu14 of receptor nucleocapsid protein and ligand AMP having the least intermolecular distance of 2.104 The dynamic simulation was performed at 50 ns to check the stability of the final docked complexes, one with each protein. The two best AMPs were AP00180 (Human Defensin-5) for SARS and AP00549 (Plectasin) for SARS-CoV-2. From positive results of dynamic simulation and previously known knowledge that some AMPs interact with the nucleocapsid of coronaviruses, these AMPs might be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment regime of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00103-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Bansal
- National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana India
| | | | | | - Uzma Khanam
- Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
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Nucera F, Lo Bello F, Shen SS, Ruggeri P, Coppolino I, Di Stefano A, Stellato C, Casolaro V, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Role of Atypical Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors Pathways in the Pathogenesis of COPD. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2577-2653. [PMID: 32819230 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200819145327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a heightened inflammatory response in the lung generally resulting from tobacco smoking-induced recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells and/or activation of lower airway structural cells. Several mediators can modulate activation and recruitment of these cells, particularly those belonging to the chemokines (conventional and atypical) family. There is emerging evidence for complex roles of atypical chemokines and their receptors (such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), antimicrobial peptides, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE) or toll-like receptors (TLRs)) in the pathogenesis of COPD, both in the stable disease and during exacerbations. Modulators of these pathways represent potential novel therapies for COPD and many are now in preclinical development. Inhibition of only a single atypical chemokine or receptor may not block inflammatory processes because there is redundancy in this network. However, there are many animal studies that encourage studies for modulating the atypical chemokine network in COPD. Thus, few pharmaceutical companies maintain a significant interest in developing agents that target these molecules as potential antiinflammatory drugs. Antibody-based (biological) and small molecule drug (SMD)-based therapies targeting atypical chemokines and/or their receptors are mostly at the preclinical stage and their progression to clinical trials is eagerly awaited. These agents will most likely enhance our knowledge about the role of atypical chemokines in COPD pathophysiology and thereby improve COPD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nucera
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Bello
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Sj S Shen
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Coppolino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Division of Pneumology, Cyto- Immunopathology Laboratory of the Cardio-Respiratory System, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Cristiana Stellato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Phil M Hansbro
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
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Immunological Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Putative Beneficial Role of Vitamin-D. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105251. [PMID: 34065735 PMCID: PMC8155889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still an ongoing global health crisis. Immediately after the inhalation of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles, alveolar type II epithelial cells harbor and initiate local innate immunity. These particles can infect circulating macrophages, which then present the coronavirus antigens to T cells. Subsequently, the activation and differentiation of various types of T cells, as well as uncontrollable cytokine release (also known as cytokine storms), result in tissue destruction and amplification of the immune response. Vitamin D enhances the innate immunity required for combating COVID-19 by activating toll-like receptor 2. It also enhances antimicrobial peptide synthesis, such as through the promotion of the expression and secretion of cathelicidin and β-defensin; promotes autophagy through autophagosome formation; and increases the synthesis of lysosomal degradation enzymes within macrophages. Regarding adaptive immunity, vitamin D enhances CD4+ T cells, suppresses T helper 17 cells, and promotes the production of virus-specific antibodies by activating T cell-dependent B cells. Moreover, vitamin D attenuates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by CD4+ T cells through nuclear factor κB signaling, thereby inhibiting the development of a cytokine storm. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells after its spike proteins are bound to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Vitamin D increases the bioavailability and expression of ACE2, which may be responsible for trapping and inactivating the virus. Activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAS) is responsible for tissue destruction, inflammation, and organ failure related to SARS-CoV-2. Vitamin D inhibits renin expression and serves as a negative RAS regulator. In conclusion, vitamin D defends the body against SARS-CoV-2 through a novel complex mechanism that operates through interactions between the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity, ACE2 expression, and inhibition of the RAS system. Multiple observation studies have shown that serum concentrations of 25 hydroxyvitamin D are inversely correlated with the incidence or severity of COVID-19. The evidence gathered thus far, generally meets Hill’s causality criteria in a biological system, although experimental verification is not sufficient. We speculated that adequate vitamin D supplementation may be essential for mitigating the progression and severity of COVID-19. Future studies are warranted to determine the dosage and effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation among different populations of individuals with COVID-19.
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Abstract
The novel virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei province of China. This virus disseminated rapidly and reached to an unprecedented pandemic proportion in more than 213 nations with a large number of fatalities. The hypersecretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines is the main cause of mortality and morbidity due to COVID-19, therefore strategies that avert the cytokine storm may play a crucial role in abating the severity of COVID-19. This review highlights the minute details of SARS-CoV-2, its genomic organization, genomic variations within structural and non-structural proteins and viral progression mechanism in human beings. The approaches like antiviral strategies are discussed, including drugs that obstruct viral propagation and suppress the pro-inflammatory cytokines. This compilation emphasizes Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) based therapy alone or in combination with other therapeutics as an attractive curative approach for COVID-19 pandemic. The MSCs and its secretome, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have various capabilities, for instance, immunomodulation, regeneration, antimicrobial properties, potential for attenuating the cytokine storm and bare minimum chances of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. The immunomodulatory property of MSCs affects inflammatory state and regulates immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, as of now, there is no WHO-approved MSCs based therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Pahar B, Madonna S, Das A, Albanesi C, Girolomoni G. Immunomodulatory Role of the Antimicrobial LL-37 Peptide in Autoimmune Diseases and Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E517. [PMID: 32927756 PMCID: PMC7565865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, as well as epithelial cells, and are an essential component of innate immunity system against infection, including several viral infections. AMPs, in particular the cathelicidin LL-37, also exert numerous immunomodulatory activities by inducing cytokine production and attracting and regulating the activity of immune cells. AMPs are scarcely expressed in normal skin, but their expression increases when skin is injured by external factors, such as trauma, inflammation, or infection. LL-37 complexed to self-DNA acts as autoantigen in psoriasis and lupus erythematosus (LE), where it also induces production of interferon by plasmocytoid dendritic cells and thus initiates a cascade of autocrine and paracrine processes, leading to a disease state. In these disorders, epidermal keratinocytes express high amounts of AMPs, which can lead to uncontrolled inflammation. Similarly, LL-37 had several favorable and unfavorable roles in virus replication and disease pathogenesis. Targeting the antiviral and immunomodulatory functions of LL-37 opens a new approach to limit virus dissemination and the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Stefania Madonna
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermopathic Institute of the Immaculate IDI, 00167 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermopathic Institute of the Immaculate IDI, 00167 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy;
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Brice DC, Diamond G. Antiviral Activities of Human Host Defense Peptides. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1420-1443. [PMID: 31385762 PMCID: PMC9008596 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190805151654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are found widely expressed throughout nature. As they participate in a number of different aspects of innate immunity in mammals, they have been termed Host Defense Peptides (HDPs). Due to their common structural features, including an amphipathic structure and cationic charge, they have been widely shown to interact with and disrupt microbial membranes. Thus, it is not surprising that human HDPs have activity against enveloped viruses as well as bacteria and fungi. However, these peptides also exhibit activity against a wide range of non-enveloped viruses as well, acting at a number of different steps in viral infection. This review focuses on the activity of human host defense peptides, including alpha- and beta-defensins and the sole human cathelicidin, LL-37, against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The broad spectrum of antiviral activity of these peptides, both in vitro and in vivo suggest that they play an important role in the innate antiviral defense against viral infections. Furthermore, the literature suggests that they may be developed into antiviral therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Brice
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Box 100424, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Box 100424, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Sanaki T, Wakabayashi M, Yoshioka T, Yoshida R, Shishido T, Hall WW, Sawa H, Sato A. Inhibition of dengue virus infection by 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylinositol in vitro. FASEB J 2019; 33:13866-13881. [PMID: 31638831 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901095rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever is an acute febrile infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV). Despite the significant public health concerns posed by DENV, there are currently no effective anti-DENV therapeutic agents. To develop such drugs, a better understanding of the detailed mechanisms of DENV infection is needed. Both lipid metabolism and lipid synthesis are activated in DENV-infected cells, so we used lipid screening to identify potential antiviral lipid molecules. We identified 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylinositol (SAPI), which is the most abundant endogenous phosphatidylinositol (PI) molecular species, as an anti-DENV lipid molecule. SAPI suppressed the cytopathic effects induced by DENV2 infection as well as the replication of all DENV serotypes without inhibiting the entry of DENV2 into host cells. However, no other PI molecular species or PI metabolites, including lysophosphatidylinositols and phosphoinositides, displayed anti-DENV2 activity. Furthermore, SAPI suppressed the production of DENV2 infection-induced cytokines and chemokines, including C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)5, CCL20, C-X-C chemokine ligand 8, IL-6, and IFN-β. SAPI also suppressed the TNF-α production induced by LPS stimulation in macrophage cells differentiated from THP-1 cells. Our results demonstrated that SAPI is an endogenous inhibitor of DENV and modulated inflammatory responses in DENV2-infected cells, at least in part via TLR 4.-Sanaki, T., Wakabayashi, M., Yoshioka, T., Yoshida, R., Shishido, T., Hall, W. W., Sawa, H., Sato, A. Inhibition of dengue virus infection by 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylinositol in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Sanaki
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Anti-Virus Drug Research, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masato Wakabayashi
- Biomarker Research and Development Department, Shionogi and Company, Limited, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshioka
- Biomarker Research and Development Department, Shionogi and Company, Limited, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryu Yoshida
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Shishido
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Osaka, Japan
| | - William W Hall
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (Gi-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and.,Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (Gi-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and.,Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Anti-Virus Drug Research, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Ahmed A, Siman-Tov G, Hall G, Bhalla N, Narayanan A. Human Antimicrobial Peptides as Therapeutics for Viral Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080704. [PMID: 31374901 PMCID: PMC6722670 DOI: 10.3390/v11080704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful in vivo infection following pathogen entry requires the evasion and subversion of multiple immunological barriers. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are one of the first immune pathways upregulated during infection by multiple pathogens, in multiple organs in vivo. In humans, there are many classes of AMPs exhibiting broad antimicrobial activities, with defensins and the human cathelicidin LL-37 being the best studied examples. Whereas historically the efficacy and therapeutic potential of AMPs against bacterial infection has been the primary focus of research, recent studies have begun to elucidate the antiviral properties of AMPs as well as their role in regulation of inflammation and chemoattraction. AMPs as therapeutic tools seem especially promising against emerging infectious viral pathogens for which no approved vaccines or treatments are currently available, such as dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). In this review, we summarize recent studies elucidating the efficacy and diverse mechanisms of action of various classes of AMPs against multiple viral pathogens, as well as the potential use of human AMPs in novel antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslaa Ahmed
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Gavriella Siman-Tov
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Grant Hall
- United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Nishank Bhalla
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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14
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Kim J, Yang YL, Jang SH, Jang YS. Human β-defensin 2 plays a regulatory role in innate antiviral immunity and is capable of potentiating the induction of antigen-specific immunity. Virol J 2018; 15:124. [PMID: 30089512 PMCID: PMC6083524 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are primarily known for their innate immune defense against invading microorganisms, including viruses. In addition, recent research has suggested their modulatory activity in immune induction. Given that most subunit vaccines require an adjuvant to achieve effective immune induction through the activation of innate immunity, AMPs are plausible candidate molecules for stimulating not only innate immune but also adaptive immune responses. Results In this study, we investigated the ability of human β-defensin (HBD) 2 to promote antiviral immunity in vitro and in vivo using a receptor-binding domain (RBD) of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike protein (S RBD) as a model antigen (Ag). When HBD 2-conjugated S RBD was used to treat THP-1 human monocytic cells, the expression levels of antiviral (IFN-β, IFN-γ, MxA, PKR, and RNaseL) and primary immune-inducing (NOD2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) molecules were enhanced compared to those expressed after treatment with S RBD only. The expression of chemokines capable of recruiting leukocytes, including monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, granulocytes, T cells, and dendritic cells, was also increased following HBD 2-conjugated S RBD treatment. More important, immunization of mice with HBD 2-conjugated S RBD enhanced the immunogenicity of the S RBD and elicited a higher S RBD-specific neutralizing antibody response than S RBD alone. Conclusions We conclude that HBD 2 activates the primary antiviral innate immune response and may also mediate the induction of an effective adaptive immune response against a conjugated Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Ye Lin Yang
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea. .,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea.
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15
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López-González M, Meza-Sánchez D, García-Cordero J, Bustos-Arriaga J, Vélez-Del Valle C, Marsch-Moreno M, Castro-Jiménez T, Flores-Romo L, Santos-Argumedo L, Gutiérrez-Castañeda B, Cedillo-Barrón L. Human keratinocyte cultures (HaCaT) can be infected by DENV, triggering innate immune responses that include IFNλ and LL37. Immunobiology 2018; 223:608-617. [PMID: 30007822 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the first anatomical region that dengue virus (DENV) encounters during the natural infection. Although the role of some skin resident cells like dendritic cells and fibroblasts has been demonstrated to be crucial to elucidate the role of resident cells and molecules participating during the early events of the innate immune response, the participation of keratinocytes during DENV infection has not been fully elucidated. In this paper we aimed to evaluate the use of the HaCaT cell line as a model to study the immune responses of skin keratinocytes to DENV infection. We demonstrated productive DENV-2 infection of HaCaT cells and their capability to establish an antiviral response through production of type I and type III interferons (IFN-β and IFN-λ). The production of these cytokines by HaCaT cells correlated with upregulation of IFN-inducible transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3) and viperin in bystander, uninfected cells. We also observed an increase in secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. Skin keratinocytes are known to secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) during viral infections. In our model, DENV-2 infected HaCaT cells upregulate the production of cytoplasmic LL-37. We evaluated the dual role of LL-37, HBD2, and HBD3 antiviral activity and immunoregulation during DENV-2 infection of HaCaT cells and found that LL-37 significantly reduced DENV-2 replication. This indicates that the HaCaT cell line can be used as a model for studying the innate response of keratinocytes to DENV infection. Our results also suggest that skin keratinocytes play an important role in the skin microenvironment after DENV infection by secreting molecules like type I and type III IFNs, pro-inflammatory molecules, and LL-37, which may contribute to the protection against arboviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés López-González
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Av. IPN # 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Meza-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Av. IPN # 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Julio García-Cordero
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Av. IPN # 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - José Bustos-Arriaga
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Av. IPN # 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico; Biomedicine Unit (UBIMED), Av. De los Barrios s/n Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla Edo, Mexico
| | - Cristina Vélez-Del Valle
- Department of Cellular Biology Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Meytha Marsch-Moreno
- Department of Cellular Biology Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Tannya Castro-Jiménez
- Biomedicine Unit (UBIMED), Av. De los Barrios s/n Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla Edo, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Department of Cellular Biology Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Av. IPN # 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Benito Gutiérrez-Castañeda
- Immunology Department, UMF-FES Iztacala, Mexican Autonomous University, Av. De los Barrios s/n Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla Edo, Mexico
| | - Leticia Cedillo-Barrón
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Av. IPN # 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
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16
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Park MS, Kim JI, Lee I, Park S, Bae JY, Park MS. Towards the Application of Human Defensins as Antivirals. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:242-254. [PMID: 29310427 PMCID: PMC5933891 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that participate in the innate immunity of hosts. Humans constitutively and/or inducibly express α- and β-defensins, which are known for their antiviral and antibacterial activities. This review describes the application of human defensins. We discuss the extant experimental results, limited though they are, to consider the potential applicability of human defensins as antiviral agents. Given their antiviral effects, we propose that basic research be conducted on human defensins that focuses on RNA viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and dengue virus (DENV), which are considered serious human pathogens but have posed huge challenges for vaccine development for different reasons. Concerning the prophylactic and therapeutic applications of defensins, we then discuss the applicability of human defensins as antivirals that has been demonstrated in reports using animal models. Finally, we discuss the potential adjuvant-like activity of human defensins and propose an exploration of the ‘defensin vaccine’ concept to prime the body with a controlled supply of human defensins. In sum, we suggest a conceptual framework to achieve the practical application of human defensins to combat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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17
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Sánchez-Leyva M, Sánchez-Zazueta JG, Osuna-Ramos JF, Rendón-Aguilar H, Félix-Espinoza R, Becerra-Loaiza DS, Sánchez-García DC, Romero-Quintana JG, Castillo Ureta H, Velarde-Rodríguez I, Velarde-Félix JS. Genetic Polymorphisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Susceptibility to Dengue Virus Infection in a Mexican Population. Viral Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sánchez-Leyva
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
| | - Jorge Guillermo Sánchez-Zazueta
- Cuerpo Académico Inmunogenética y Evolución UAS-CA-265, Unidad Académica Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
| | - Juan Fidel Osuna-Ramos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, México
| | | | | | | | | | - José Geovanni Romero-Quintana
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
| | | | | | - Jesús Salvador Velarde-Félix
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
- Cuerpo Académico Inmunogenética y Evolución UAS-CA-265, Unidad Académica Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
- Hospital General de Culiacán, “Bernardo J Gastélum,” Culiacán, México
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18
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Makeudom A, Supanchart C, Montreekachon P, Khongkhunthian S, Sastraruji T, Krisanaprakornkit J, Krisanaprakornkit S. The antimicrobial peptide, human β-defensin-1, potentiates in vitro osteoclastogenesis via activation of the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Peptides 2017; 95:33-39. [PMID: 28709835 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated increased expression and raised levels of human β-defensin (hBD)-1 in gingival tissue and crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis, oral bone-resorbing diseases caused by enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of hBD-1 on osteoclast formation and function and to elucidate the involved signaling pathway in vitro. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first incubated with various doses of hBD-1 and cell viability was assayed by MTT. PBMCs were treated with macrophage-colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in the presence or absence of non-toxic doses of hBD-1. In vitro osteoclastogenesis was analyzed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, osteoclast-specific gene expression, and a resorption pit assay. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was studied by immunoblotting and specific MAPK inhibitors. HBD-1 potentiated induction of in vitro osteoclastogenesis by RANKL, as shown by significantly increased number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells and resorption areas on the dentin slices, and further up-regulated expressions of osteoclast-specific genes compared to those by RANKL treatment (p <0.05). However, hBD-1 treatment without RANKL failed to induce formation of osteoclast-like cells. A significant and further increase in transient phosphorylation of the p44/42 MAPKs was demonstrated by hBD-1 co-treatment (p<0.05), consistent with the inhibitory effect by pretreatment with U0126 or PD98059 on hBD-1-enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Collectively, hBD-1 potentiates the induction of in vitro osteoclastogenesis by RANKL via enhanced phosphorylation of the p44/42 MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupong Makeudom
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chayarop Supanchart
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattanin Montreekachon
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sakornrat Khongkhunthian
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanapat Sastraruji
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Julaporn Krisanaprakornkit
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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19
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Alagarasu K, Patil PS, Shil P, Seervi M, Kakade MB, Tillu H, Salunke A. In-vitro effect of human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 on dengue virus type 2. Peptides 2017; 92:23-30. [PMID: 28400226 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is known to have antiviral activity against many viruses. In the present study, we investigated the in-vitro effect of LL-37 on dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) infection and replication in Vero E6 cells. To study the effect of pretreatment of virus or cells with LL-37, the virus was pretreated with different concentrations of LL-37 (2.5μM-15μM) or scrambled (Scr) LL-37(5μM-15μM) and used for infection or the cells were first treated with LL-37 and infected. To study the effect of LL-37 post infection (PI), the cells were infected first followed by addition of LL-37 to the culture medium 24h after infection. In all conditions, after the incubation, the culture supernatant was assessed for viral RNA copy number by real time RT-PCR, infectious virus particles by focus forming unit assay (FFU) and non structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen levels by ELISA. Percentage of infection was assessed using immunoflourescence assay (IFA). The results revealed that pretreatment of virus with 10-15μM LL-37 significantly reduced its infectivity as compared to virus control (P<0.0001). Moreover, pretreatment of virus with 10-15μM LL-37 significantly reduced the levels of viral genomic RNA and NS1 antigen (P<0.0001). Treatment of virus with 10-15μM LL-37 resulted in two to three log reduction of mean log10 FFU/ml as compared to virus control (P<0.0001). Treatment of the virus with scrambled LL-37 had no effect on percentage of infection and viral load as compared to virus control cultures (P>0.05). Pretreatment of cells before infection or addition of LL-37 to the culture 24h PI had no effect on viral load. Molecular docking studies revealed possible binding of LL-37 to both the units of DENV envelope (E) protein dimer. Together, the in-vitro experiments and in-silico analyses suggest that LL-37 inhibits DENV-2 at the stage of entry into the cells by binding to the E protein. The results might have implications for prophylaxis against DENV infections and need further in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alagarasu
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India.
| | - P S Patil
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Shil
- Bioinformatics Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Seervi
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - M B Kakade
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - H Tillu
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Salunke
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
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20
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Fialho LG, da Silva VP, Reis SRNI, Azeredo EL, Kaplan MAC, Figueiredo MR, Kubelka CF. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Norantea brasiliensis Choisy on Dengue Virus-2. Intervirology 2017; 59:217-227. [PMID: 28329744 DOI: 10.1159/000455855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Severe dengue fever is a result of exacerbated immune responses and no specific treatments are available. We evaluated the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of Norantea brasiliensis Choisy. METHODS Human adherent monocytes infected in vitro with dengue virus (DENV)-2 were incubated with the crude ethanol extract from leaves (NB1) or 3 derived fractions: dichloromethane (NB3), ethyl acetate (NB5), and butanolic (NB6) partitions. The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities were determined by intracellular detection of DENV antigen within monocytes and by secreted NS1 viral protein and cytokines. RESULTS The crude extract alone exhibited both antiviral activities (intracellular and secreted antigens) and all fractions derived from this extract modulated NS1 production. Regarding the immunomodulatory effect, among the secreted factors, TNF-α was inhibited by NB3 and NB6; IL-6 was inhibited by NB1, NB3, and NB6; IL-10 by NB1 and NB3; and IFN-α by NB6. The crude extract (NB1) presented the best antiviral effect, whereas the dichloromethane fraction (NB3) presented an immunomodulatory effect in the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION During in vitro DENV infection, N. brasiliensis Choisy exerts both antiviral and immunomodulatory effects that are likely associated, considering that less viral load may lead to less immunostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gomes Fialho
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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