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Yuan C, Guan Y. Efficacy and safety of Lianhua Qingwen as an adjuvant treatment for influenza in Chinese patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e36986. [PMID: 38241551 PMCID: PMC10798757 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lianhua Qingwen (LHQW) is a proprietary traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of influenza (FLu). It is composed of 2 prescriptions, Maxing Shigan and Yinqiao, which has antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects. However its clinical suitability has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LHQW in the treatment of FLu. METHODS We searched several databases, including PubMed and China Biomedical Database for literature research, from inception to July 1, 2023. This meta-analysis included RCTs that compared the safety and efficacy of the combination of LHQW and conventional drugs (CD) with CD alone for IFU. The extracted data were analyzed using Revman5.4 software with risk ratio (RR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and standardized mean difference. RESULTS Our meta-analysis included 32 articles with 3592 patients. The results showed that the effects of LHQW adjuvant therapy were superior to those of CD (clinical effective rate: RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.18-1.26, P < .00001; cure rate: RR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.35-1.75, P < .00001), and adverse reactions after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.50-0.98, P = .04). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis indicates that LHQW combined with CD may be more effective than CD alone for the treatment of FLu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Department of Medical Insurance Office, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
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Feng C, Wenlin Y, Qiangyong K, Li L, Jingjing Q. Clinical efficacy of combination therapy of FuXi-Tiandi-Wuxing Decoction and anti-viral drugs in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia: A prospective interventional study. J Herb Med 2023; 38:100627. [PMID: 36644210 PMCID: PMC9831664 DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China (NATCM) and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) advocated a combination therapy of TCM and anti-viral drugs for novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) to improve the efficacy of clinical treatment. Methods Forty-six patients diagnosed with NCP were sequentially divided into intent-to-treat population: the experimental group (combination of FuXi-Tiandi-Wuxing Decoction and anti-viral drugs; n = 23) and the control group (anti-viral drugs only) (n = 23). The two groups were compared in terms of duration of fever, cough symptom score, fatigue, appetite, dyspnea, out-of-bed activities, chest computer tomography (CT) recovery, virological clearance, average length of hospital stay, and clinical effective rate of drug. After 6 days of observation, patients from the control group were divided into as-treated population: experimental subgroup (n = 14) to obtain clinical benefit and control subgroup (n = 9). Results There was a significant improvement in the duration of fever (1.087 ± 0.288 vs 4.304 ± 2.490), cough (0.437 ± 0.589 vs 2.435 ± 0.662; P < 0.05), chest CT evaluation (82.6% vs 43.4%; P < 0.05), and virological clearance (60.8% vs 8.7%; P < 0.05) in patients of the experimental group compared with patients in the control group. Further observation in as-treated population reported that cough (0.742 ± 0.463 vs 1.862 ± 0.347; P < 0.05) and fatigue (78.5% vs 33.3%; P < 0.05) were significantly relieved after adding FuXi-Tiandi-Wuxing Decoction to the existing treatment. Conclusion An early treatment with combination therapy of FuXi-Tiandi-Wuxing Decoction and anti-viral drugs significantly relieves the clinical symptoms of NCP, shows improvement in chest CT scan, improves virological clearance, shortens average length of hospital stay, and reduces the risk of severe illness. The effect of FuXi-Tiandi-Wuxing Decoction in NCP may be clinically important and require further consideration.
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Key Words
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Anti-viral drug
- COVID-19
- CRS, cytokine release syndrome
- CT, computed tomography
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- H1N1, Hemagglutinin Type 1 and Neuraminidase Type 1
- ITT, intent-to-treat
- NATCM, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China
- NCP, novel coronavirus pneumonia
- Novel coronavirus pneumonia
- PG, Platycodon grandiflorum
- Prospective
- RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Traditional Chinese medicine
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- People’s Hospital of Xiang Zhou District, Lanpu Rd, Xiangzhou, ICP No. 09154174, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yao Wenlin
- People’s Hospital of Xiang Zhou District, Lanpu Rd, Xiangzhou, ICP No. 09154174, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kou Qiangyong
- People’s Hospital of Xiang Zhou District, Lanpu Rd, Xiangzhou, ICP No. 09154174, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lanting Li
- Shanghai Palan DataRx Co., Ltd, Room 611, Building A, No. 3501 Hechuan Road, Minhang District, 200110 Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Jingjing
- People’s Hospital of Xiang Zhou District, Lanpu Rd, Xiangzhou, ICP No. 09154174, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China,Correspondence to: Department of Pneumonology, People’s Hospital of Xiang Zhou District, Lanpu Rd, Xiangzhou, ICP No. 09154174, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
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Xia KY, Zhao Z, Shah T, Wang JY, Baloch Z. Composition, Clinical Efficiency, and Mechanism of NHC-Approved “Three Chinese Medicines and Three Chinese Recipes” for COVID-19 Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:781090. [PMID: 35185537 PMCID: PMC8855106 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.781090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been regularly prescribed to treat and prevent diseases for thousands of years in the eastern part of the Asian continent. Thus, when the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic started, TCM was officially incorporated as a strategy by the National Health Commission (NHC) for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. TCMs were used to treat COVID-19 and had a significant effect on alleviating symptoms, delaying disease progression, improving the cure rate, and reducing the mortality rate in China. Therefore, China’s National Health Commission officially approved Qingfei Paidu decoction, Xuanfei Baidu decoction, Huashi Baidu decoction, Lianhua Qingwen capsules, Jinhua Qinggan granules, and Xuebijing for COVID-19 treatment. This review evaluates and summarizes the use of TCMs against infectious diseases and the composition, clinical efficacy, and mechanisms of the NHC-approved “three Chinese medicines and three Chinese recipes” for COVID-19 treatment. The three Chinese medicines and three Chinese recipes have been demonstrated to be highly effective against COVID-19, but there is a lack of in vivo or in vitro evidence. Most of the available data related to the potential mechanism of the three Chinese medicines and three Chinese recipes is based on virtual simulation or prediction, which is acquired via molecular docking and network pharmacology analysis. These predictions have not yet been proven. Therefore, there is a need for high-quality in vivo and in vitro and clinical studies by employing new strategies and technologies such as genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics to verify the predicted mechanisms of these drug’s effects on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yao Xia
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zeyuan Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Taif Shah
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jing-Yi Wang
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Zulqarnain Baloch,
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Feng Y, Zhu B, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhou G, Yang L, Liu L, Ren J, Hou Y, Yu H, Meng P, Jiang Y, Wang X. Yindan Jiedu granules exhibit anti-inflammatory effect in patients with novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153784. [PMID: 34785108 PMCID: PMC8484181 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic that has caused a high number of deaths worldwide. Inflammatory factors may play important roles in COVID-19 progression. Yindan Jiedu granules (YDJDG) can inhibit the progression of COVID-19, but the associated mechanism is unclear. PURPOSE To evaluate the therapeutic effects of YDJDG on COVID-19 and explore its underlying mechanism. METHODS We recruited 262 participants and randomly assigned 97 patients each to the YDJDG and control groups using one-to-one propensity score matching (PSM). Clinical effects were observed and serum inflammatory and immune indicators were measured. The target network model of YDJDG was established by predicting and determining the targets of identified compounds. The main constituents of the YDJDG extracts were identified and evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and molecular docking. Besides, the anti-inflammatory effects of YDJDG and its specific biological mechanism of action were studied. RESULTS After PSM, the results showed that compared with the control group, the YDJDG group had a shorter time of dissipation of acute pulmonary exudative lesions (p < 0.0001), shorter time to negative conversion of viral nucleic acid (p < 0.01), more rapid decrease in serum amyloid A level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.0001), and a higher rate of increase in CD4+T cell count (p = 0.0155). By overlapping the genes of YDJDG and COVID-19, 213 co-targeted genes were identified. Metascape enrichment analysis showed that 25 genes were significantly enriched in the NF-κB pathway, which were mainly targets of luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol as confirmed by MS analysis. Molecular docking revealed that the ligands of three compounds had strong interaction with NF-κB p65 and IκBα. In vivo, YDJDG significantly protected animals from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI), decreasing the lung wet/dry weight ratio, ALI score, and lung histological damage. In LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, YDJDG suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. In vivo and in vitro, YDJDG exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α). These effects were accompanied by the inhibition of NF-ĸB activation and IκBα phosphorylation. CONCLUSION YDJDG may shorten the COVID-19 course and delay its progression by suppressing inflammation via targeting the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Bingbing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Guiqin Zhou
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yixin Hou
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Peipei Meng
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yuyong Jiang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Xianbo Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
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Xiang MF, Jin CT, Sun LH, Zhang ZH, Yao JJ, Li LC. Efficacy and potential mechanisms of Chinese herbal compounds in coronavirus disease 2019: advances of laboratory and clinical studies. Chin Med 2021; 16:130. [PMID: 34861881 PMCID: PMC8640709 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still spread and has made a severe public health threat around the world. To improve disease progression, emerging Chinese herbal compounds were used in clinical practice and some agents have proven beneficial in treating COVID-19. Here, the relevant literature from basic researches to clinical application were identified and comprehensively assessed. A variety of Chinese herbal compounds have been reported to be effective in improving symptoms and outcomes in patients with COVID-19, particularly together with routine treatment strategy. The pharmacological activities were mainly attributed to the relief of clinical symptoms, inhibition of cytokine storm, and improvement of organ function. Besides, the development of novel antiviral drugs from medicinal herbs were further discussed. The updated laboratory and clinical studies provided the evidence of Chinese herbal compounds such as Lianhua Qingwen prescription, Shufeng Jiedu prescription, and Qingfei Paidu Tang for the relief of COVID-19. However, both of the randomized controlled trials and real world researches need to be done for supporting the evidence including the efficacy and safety in fighting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Feng Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Cheng-Tao Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Li-Hua Sun
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound & Echocardiography, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China.
| | - Liu-Cheng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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6
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Ren W, Liang P, Ma Y, Sun Q, Pu Q, Dong L, Luo G, Mazhar M, Liu J, Wang R, Yang S. Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine against COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111310. [PMID: 33761591 PMCID: PMC7857050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the number of confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 worldwide continues to rise, receiving great concern from the international community. However, there is no specific and widely accepted effective vaccines. The experience in controlling the outbreak in China has proven the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). OBJECTIVES This review aims to evaluate the role of TCM in COVID-19 treatment, hoping to provide references for prevention and control of global pandemic. DATA SOURCES China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, ScienceDirect, Elsevier and PubMed were used to search literatures published from December 2019 to December 2020 by entering the keywords "Traditional Chinese medicine", "COVID-19″, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2″, "Pathogenesis", "Syndrome differentiation", "Prescriptions" and their combinations. Hence, we have performed an extensive review of research articles, reviews and primary scientific studies to identify TCM against COVID-19. RESULTS Among clinical treatments of COVID-19, several TCM prescriptions and characteristic therapies have been effectively suggested, the underlying mechanisms of which are mainly involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and organ-protective effects of multi-components acting on multi-targets at multi-pathways. CONCLUSIONS This review may provide meaningful and feasible information that can be considered for the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Liang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Ma
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Sun
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingrong Pu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Li Dong
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Gang Luo
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Raoqiong Wang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Corresponding authors at: National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 182 Chunhui Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China,Corresponding authors at: National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 182 Chunhui Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
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Ma xing shi gan decoction eliminates PM2.5-induced lung injury by reducing pulmonary cell apoptosis through Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway in rats. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225703. [PMID: 32627816 PMCID: PMC7350893 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the anti-apoptosis effect of Ma xing shi gan decoction (MXD) on PM2.5-induced lung injury via protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. A UPLC-MS/MS system was introduced for component analysis of MXD. Rats were instilled with PM2.5 solution suspension intratracheally to induce acute lung injury. The rats were then orally administered with MXD (16, 8, and 4 g/kg) once a day for 7 consecutive days. The therapeutic effects of MXD were evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. The apoptotic cell death was analyzed by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The alterations in cytochrome c (Cytc) and cleaved-caspase-3 (C-caspase-3) were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expressions of Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K were detected by Western blot. In vitro, PM2.5 exposure model was introduced in A549 cell, followed by incubation with MXD-medicated serum. Hoechst staining was used to determine apoptotic rate. The levels of Bax, Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K were detected by Western blot. Our results in vivo indicated that treatment with MXD decreased histopathological changes score, TUNEL-positive cells rate, expressions of Cytc and C-caspase-3. The in vitro results revealed that incubation with MXD-mediated serum decreased apoptotic rate. Both results in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that MXD inhibited pro-apoptotic protein Bax and promoted anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression. Likewise, MXD activated Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signal pathway, which was also confirmed by Western immunoblotting. In conclusion, MXD attenuates lung injury and the underlying mechanisms may relate to regulating the apoptosis via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway activation.
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Liu MM, Zhou J, Ji D, Yang J, Huang YP, Wang Q. Diammonium glycyrrhizinate lipid ligand ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by modulating vascular endothelial barrier function. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:303. [PMID: 33717246 PMCID: PMC7885082 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate lipid ligand (DGLL) treatment on acute lung injury (ALI) and pulmonary edema induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats orally received 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg DGLL. After 1 h, the rat ALI model was established by LPS (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection. After 6 h, lung injury was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining techniques. Pulmonary edema was evaluated using lung wet-dry weight ratio, protein concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and Evans blue (EB) extravasation in lung tissue. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in lung tissues were measured using ELISA. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression levels were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Western blotting was used to measure the expression level changes of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, as well as adherent and tight junction proteins, including vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-1 that were associated with pulmonary inflammation and microvascular permeability. DGLL treatment significantly alleviated ALI induced by LPS, which was demonstrated by reduction of MPO-positive cells and expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and ICAM-1 in rat lung tissues. In addition, DGLL abrogated LPS-induced pulmonary edema, decreased the protein concentration in BALF and reduced EB extravasation. DGLL also reversed the reduced expression of VE-cadherin and tight junction proteins, including ZO-1, occludin and JAM-1 in the lung tissues caused by LPS. In conclusion, DGLL exhibits a protective effect on LPS-induced rat ALI, which is associated with the inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration and microvascular barrier disruption. The present results provide a theoretical basis for the application of DGLL for the potential clinical treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Dan Ji
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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9
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Du HX, Zhou HF, Yang JH, Lu YY, He Y, Wan HT. Preliminary study of Yinhuapinggan granule against H1N1 influenza virus infection in mice through inhibition of apoptosis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:979-991. [PMID: 32962483 PMCID: PMC7534346 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1818792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Yinhuapinggan granule (YHPG) is frequently used for treating fever, cough, and viral pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the antiviral effects of YHPG in H1N1 influenza virus (IFV)-infected mice and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice were intranasally infected with 10 LD50 viral dose of IFV and then oral administration of YHPG (6, 12, and 18 g/kg) or oseltamivir (positive control) once a day for 2 or 4 consecutive days, six mice in each group. The lung, spleen and thymus indexes of IFV-infected mice, the expression of viral loads and pathological changes in lung tissues were performed to evaluate the antiviral effects of YHPG. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot assays were used to determine the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3. RESULTS LD50 in mice was 10-3.5/0.02 mL. YHPG (6, 12, and 18 g/kg) dose-dependently decreased the lung index and viral load; the inhibition ratio of lung index was 5.31, 18.22, and 34.06%, respectively. Further detection revealed that YHPG (12 and 18 g/kg) significantly attenuated lung pathological changes, and increased the spleen and thymus indexes. Moreover, YHPG significantly down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of Bax and caspase-3 in lung tissues of mice infected with IFV, and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS YHPG has significant antiviral effects in IFV-infected mice, partially by inhibiting influenza virus replication and regulating the occurrence of apoptosis induced by influenza virus infection, suggesting that YHPG may be a promising antiviral agent with potential clinical application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-xia Du
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-fen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-hong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-yu Lu
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-tong Wan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Sun X, Jiang J, Wang Y, Liu S. Exploring the potential therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through a combination of data mining and network pharmacology analysis. Eur J Integr Med 2020; 40:101242. [PMID: 33163124 PMCID: PMC7598573 DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Historically traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used as treatment during epidemics. During the recent COVID-19 pandemic patients evidence suggests that the use of TCM has provided health benefits and has been successfully used to control the spread of the disease in China. The aim of this study was to systematically explore the TCM formulae which have been used for the prevention and treatment of pneumonia or ‘pestilence’ to investigate their compatibility with the Chinese materia medica (CMM) and understand their potential mechanisms in the treatment of COVID-19. Methods Frequency analysis was performed to identify high-frequency CMM and CMM groups. Association rules analysis was applied to investigate the compatibility law of CMMs and generate the commonly used CMM groups. Results A total of 173 prescriptions were collected. The frequency analysis showed that seven out of ten high-frequency CMMs overlapped with Lianhua Qingwen Capsules (LHQWC), and five high-frequency pair-CMMs and four triple-CMMs were included in LHQWC, respectively. Then three groups of CMM were generated from association rules analysis, one of which is Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSGD). The results of the protein-protein interaction network and enrichment analysis showed that the potential therapeutic mechanisms of the generated prescriptions were involved in the anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and neuroprotective effects. Conclusion This study showed the importance of systematic research on TCM prescriptions and provided candidate CMM groups that have the potential to treat COVID-19. In vitro and in vivo experiments should be conducted to validate these network pharmacology results, which can provide more information for the development of potential antiviral drugs from TCM prescriptions. The combination of TCM treatment and modern medical approaches will benefit patients with COVID-19 and help to overcome the current epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jinhe Jiang
- School of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
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11
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Li LC, Zhang ZH, Zhou WC, Chen J, Jin HQ, Fang HM, Chen Q, Jin YC, Qu J, Kan LD. Lianhua Qingwen prescription for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment: Advances and prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110641. [PMID: 34321172 PMCID: PMC7437484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) which was infected by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still spreading and has led to unprecedented health emergency over the world. Though no specific drug has been developed so far, emerging agents have been confirmed effective or potentially beneficial to restrain it. Lianhua Qingwen (LHQW) is a commonly used Chinese medical preparation to treat viral influenza, including in the fight against SARS in 2002-2003 in China. Recent data also showed that LHQW played a vigorous role in COVID-19 treatment. PURPOSE This review will elucidate the pre-clinical and clinical evidence of LHQW in lung protection and antiviral activities, and provide timely data delivery for the exploration of effective treatment strategies in the therapy of COVID-19. STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD The research data were obtained from the academic databases (up to August 8, 2020) including Pubmed, CNKI and Web of Science, on ethnobotany and ethno medicines. The search keywords for screening the literature information were "virus", "COVID-19", or "SARS-CoV-2", and "Lianhua Qingwen". The documents were filtered and summarized for final evaluation. RESULTS The collected evidence demonstrated that LHQW exhibited benefits against COVID-19. Impressively, LHQW in conjunction with conventional treatment could significantly improve COVID-19 patients as a synergetic strategy. The mechanisms were mainly involved the antiviral activity, and regulation of inflammation response as well as immune function. CONCLUSION Although the data were far from adequate, the latest advances had shown the benefits of LHQW in COVID-19, especially in combination with other antiviral drugs. This review provides comprehensive evidence of LHQW as a complementary strategy for treating COVID-19. Nevertheless, imperious researches should be conducted to clarify the unconfirmed effects, regulatory mechanisms and adverse reactions of LHQW in treating COVID-19 by means of well designed randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Cheng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, PR China,Shanghai TCM-Integrated Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai, 200082, PR China
| | - Wen-Cheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China,Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Hua-Qian Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Hong-Mei Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Ye-Cheng Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China.
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Lian-Di Kan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China.
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Li K, Chen X, Zhong J, Ye H, Zhang S, Ge D, Wang X, Wu Y. The effects of the Xijiao Dihuang decoction combined with Yinqiao powder on miRNA-mRNA profiles in mice infected with influenza a virus. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:286. [PMID: 32957919 PMCID: PMC7507722 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in acute inflammatory and antiviral responses during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. The Xijiao Dihuang decoction combined with Yinqiao powder (XDY) is applied to remedy viral pneumonia in China and its therapeutic efficacy in pneumonic mice challenged with IAV was demonstrated; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Thus, this study aimed to explore the miRNA-mRNA profiles in the lungs of IAV-infected mice and investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of XDY involving miRNAs and associated pathways. Methods We detected the cellular miRNA contents in the lungs of mice treated with XDY (23 g/kg/d) for A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) (FM1) infection at 4 days postinoculation (dpi) and 7 dpi. MiRNA and mRNA high-throughput sequencing analyses, and miRNA and mRNA qRT-PCR analyses were used to detect and verify the relevant miRNAs and mRNAs. Conjoint analysis, GO enrichment analysis, and KEGG database analysis were applied to identify the miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationships. Results The quantities of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were upregulated over time. The data showed that 104 miRNAs and 3485 mRNAs were differentially expressed after challenge with FM1 on day 4, while 191 miRNAs and 6126 mRNAs were differentially expressed on day 7. The GO enrichment analysis and KEGG database data showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were mainly enriched in JNK activity, MAPK phosphatase activity, and the TLR, Jak-STAT and TNF signalling pathways after treatment of FM1 infection with XDY. Generally, the expression trends of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs based on the qRT-PCR results exhibited good consistency with the results of the high-throughput sequencing analysis. Conclusions MiRNAs and mRNAs were differentially expressed during FM1 infection. The therapeutic mechanisms of XDY in FM1-infected mice, might be related to regulating antiviral immunity and ameliorating excessive inflammatory responses by modulating the expression of dysregulated miRNAs and mRNAs involved in the ERK/JNK-AP-1, and IFN-β/STAT signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Hehe Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Center of Research and Experiments, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Dongyu Ge
- Center of Research and Experiments, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Xudan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Clinical Medicine Research Centre, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, 545001, China.
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13
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A Network Pharmacology Study on the Effects of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction on Influenza. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Ye YA. Guideline-Based Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment Plus Standard Care for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (G-CHAMPS): Evidence From China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:256. [PMID: 32574340 PMCID: PMC7267028 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In January, national guidelines were developed and recommended for use throughout China to fight coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) was also included as part of the treatment plans at various stages of COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a pilot randomized, controlled trial in patients with severe COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Eligible adult patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive either CHM plus standard care or standard care alone for 7 days. The primary outcome was the change in the disease severity category of COVID-19 after treatment. Results: Between Jan 31, 2020, and Feb 19, 2020, 42 out of 100 screened patients were included in the trial: 28 in the CHM plus standard care group and 14 in the standard care alone group. Among 42 participants who were randomized (mean [SD] age 60.43 years [12.69 years]), 21 (21/42, 50%) were aged ≥65 years, 35 (35/42, 83%) were women, and 42 (42/42, 100%) had data available for the primary outcome. For the primary outcome, one patient from each group died during treatment; the odds of a shift toward death was lower in the CHM plus group than in the standard care alone group (common OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.148–2.352, P = 0.454). Three (two from the CHM plus group and one from the standard care alone group) patients progressed from severe to critical illness. After treatment, mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 disease accounted for 17.86% (5/28) vs. 14.29% (2/28), 71.43% (20/28) vs. 64.29% (9/28), and 0% (0) vs. 7.14% (1/28) of the patients treated with CHM plus standard care vs. standard care alone. Conclusions: For the first time, the G-CHAMPS trial provided valuable information for the national guideline-based CHM treatment of hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19. The effects of CHM in COVID-19 may be clinically important and warrant further consideration and studies. Clinical Trial Registration:http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx. Uniqueidentifier: ChiCTR2000029418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-An Ye
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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15
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Lin TH, Chen SI, Su YC, Lin MC, Lin HJ, Huang ST. Conventional Western Treatment Combined With Chinese Herbal Medicine Alleviates the Progressive Risk of Lung Cancer in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:987. [PMID: 31572178 PMCID: PMC6753872 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Lung cancer has high global incidence and mortality rates. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is strongly associated with lung cancer and is an independent risk factor for lung cancer with or without smoking. Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are used to treat COPD. This study sought to determine whether CHM treatment effectively decreases the incidence of lung cancer in COPD patients receiving conventional Western medical treatment. Methods: Records obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) were used to identify 81,780 adults aged ≥18 years newly diagnosed with COPD in Taiwan between 2000 and 2010. Among them, 11,180 received CHMs after COPD diagnosis and 23,319 did not (non-CHM). After excluding patients with missing basic demographic information, each group consisted of 2,682 patients. Statistical methods analyzed the baseline characteristics for both groups and we performed a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to examine the incidence of lung cancer. The cumulative incidence of lung cancer in COPD patients with or without CHM treatment was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The association between herbs and formulas was examined by NodeXL to perform a network analysis of CHM. Results: COPD patients using CHM had a lower risk for lung cancer (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] = 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24–0.53, p < 0.001). Older age was associated with a higher risk of lung cancer: patients aged 40–59 years (aHR = 5.32, 95% CI = 2.19–12.94, p < 0.001) and those aged ≥60 years (aHR = 16.75, 95% CI = 7.54–37.23, p < 0.001) were at significantly greater risk compared with patients aged 18–39 years. CHM use was associated with a trend for a lower cumulative incidence of lung cancer compared with non-CHM use (p < 0.001). Among the 10 most commonly used single herbs and formulas used to decrease the risk of lung cancer in COPD patients, Fritillariae thunbergii was the most commonly used single herb and Xiao Qing Long Tang the most commonly used formula. Conclusion: The findings from this nationwide retrospective cohort study indicate that CHM as adjunctive therapy in COPD treatment regimens may reduce the risk of lung cancer in this vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hui Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-I Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chih Su
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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