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Grigoryan GA. The systemic effects of the enriched environment on the conditioned fear reaction. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1227575. [PMID: 37674611 PMCID: PMC10477375 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1227575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, a hypothesis is proposed to explain the beneficial effect of an enriched environment (EE) on the conditioned fear reaction (CFR) from the perspective of a functional system of behavioral control. According to the hypothesis, the EE affects all behavioral act components, including the processing of sensory information, memory, motivational and reinforcing systems, and motor activities, which weakens the CFR. Animals raised in the EE have effects that are comparable to those of context (CTX) and CS pre-exposures at latent inhibition. An abundance of stimuli in the EE and constant contact with them provide the formation of CS-noUS and CTX-noUS connections that later, during CFR learning, slow down and diminish fear. The EE also contributes to faster processing of information and habituation to it. As a result, many stimuli in the context lose their significance, and subjects simply ignore them. And finally, the EE affects the motivational and reinforcing brain mechanisms, induces an impairment of search activity, and worsens memory consolidation, which leads to a reduction of CFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory A. Grigoryan
- The Laboratory of Conditioned Reflexes and Physiology of Emotions, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Cavalcante KM, Bispo JM, Souza MF, Medeiros KA, Lins LC, Santos ER, Melo JE, Gois AM, Meurer YS, Leal PC, Marchioro M, Santos JR. Short-term but not long-term exposure to an enriched environment facilitates the extinction of aversive memory. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sampedro-Piquero P, Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda D, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ, Castilla-Ortega E. Neuroplastic and cognitive impairment in substance use disorders: a therapeutic potential of cognitive stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:23-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yu D, Zhou H, Zou L, Jiang Y, Wu X, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Yang Y, Xu L, Mao R. Hippocampal Administration of Levothyroxine Impairs Contextual Fear Memory Consolidation in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:223. [PMID: 28824379 PMCID: PMC5534464 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) receptors are highly distributed in the hippocampus, which plays a vital role in memory processes. However, how THs are involved in the different stages of memory process is little known. Herein, we used hippocampus dependent contextual fear conditioning to address the effects of hippocampal THs on the different stages of fear memory. First, we found that a single systemic levothyroxine (LT4) administration increased the level of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free tetraiodothyroxine (FT4) not only in serum but also in hippocampus. In addition, a single systemic LT4 administration immediately after fear conditioning significantly impaired fear memory. These results indicated the important role of hippocampal THs in fear memory process. To further confirm the effects of hippocampal THs on the different stages of fear memory, LT4 (0.4 μg/μl, 1 μl/side) was injected bilaterally into hippocampus. Rats given LT4 into hippocampus before training or tests had no effect on the acquisition or retrieval of fear memory, however rats given LT4 into hippocampus either immediately or 2 h after training showed being significantly impaired fear memory, which demonstrated LT4 administration into hippocampus impairs the consolidation but has no effect on the acquisition and retrieval of fear memory. Furthermore, hippocampal injection of LT4 did not affect rats’ locomotor activity, thigmotaxis and THs level in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and serum. These findings may have important implications for understanding mechanisms underlying contribution of THs to memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafu Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming, China.,Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wu
- Respiratory Department, First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming, China
| | - Lizhu Jiang
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China.,Department of Neuropsychopathy, Clinical Medical School, Dali UniversityDali, China
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Yuexiong Yang
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Rongrong Mao
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
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