1
|
Kim HY, Do HY, Park S, Kim KW, Min D, Lee EY, Shim D, Cho SY, Park JO, Lee CS, Nam SJ, Ko J. 2,4,6-Triphenyl-1-hexene, an Anti-Melanogenic Compound from Marine-Derived Bacillus sp. APmarine135. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:72. [PMID: 38393043 PMCID: PMC10890162 DOI: 10.3390/md22020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although melanin protects against ultraviolet radiation, its overproduction causes freckles and senile lentigines. Recently, various biological effects of metabolites derived from marine microorganisms have been highlighted due to their potential for biological and pharmacological applications. In this study, we discovered the anti-melanogenic effect of Bacillus sp. APmarine135 and verified the skin-whitening effect. Fractions of APmarine135 showed the melanin synthesis inhibition effect in B16 melanoma cells, and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene was identified as an active compound. The melanogenic capacity of 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene (1) was investigated by assessing the intracellular melanin content in B16 cells. Treatment with 5 ppm of 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene (1) for 72 h suppressed the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced intracellular melanin increase to the same level as in the untreated control group. Additionally, 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene (1) treatment suppressed the activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme for melanogenesis. Moreover, 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene (1) treatment downregulated tyrosinase, Tyrp-1, and Tyrp-2 expression by inhibiting the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Furthermore, 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene (1) treatment decreased the melanin content in the three-dimensional (3D) human-pigmented epidermis model MelanoDerm and exerted skin-whitening effects. Mechanistically, 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene (1) exerted anti-melanogenic effects by suppressing tyrosinase, Tyrp-1, and Tyrp-2 expression and activities via inhibition of the MITF. Collectively, these findings suggest that 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene (1) is a promising anti-melanogenic agent in the cosmetic industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yeon Kim
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Hye-Yeon Do
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (H.-Y.D.); (E.-Y.L.)
| | - Saitbyul Park
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, AMOREPACIFIC R&I Center, Yongin 17074, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (D.M.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Keon Woo Kim
- Department of Natural Product Laboratory, Daebong LS Co., Ltd., Incheon 21697, Republic of Korea; (K.W.K.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Daejin Min
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, AMOREPACIFIC R&I Center, Yongin 17074, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (D.M.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (H.-Y.D.); (E.-Y.L.)
| | - Dabin Shim
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Sung Yeon Cho
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, AMOREPACIFIC R&I Center, Yongin 17074, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (D.M.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Jin Oh Park
- Department of Natural Product Laboratory, Daebong LS Co., Ltd., Incheon 21697, Republic of Korea; (K.W.K.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Chang Seok Lee
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (H.-Y.D.); (E.-Y.L.)
| | - Jaeyoung Ko
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, AMOREPACIFIC R&I Center, Yongin 17074, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (D.M.); (S.Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim M, Sowndhararajan K, Kim S. The Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Korean Native Thyme Bak-Ri-Hyang (Thymus quinquecostatus Celak.). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134251. [PMID: 35807496 PMCID: PMC9268194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. (Korean name: bak-ri-hyang) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb in Korea, which is named for the spread of its fragrance over a distance of approximately 40 km. In traditional Korean systems of medicine, T. quinquecostatus has been used to treat cancer, constipation, hepatic disease, arteriosclerosis, poor circulation in women, constipation, and menstrual irregularities. At present, T. quinquecostatus is used only for ornamental and ground cover purposes. A literature search was conducted to retrieve information regarding the essential oil composition and biological properties of T. quinquecostatus from PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and other literature databases. T. quinquecostatus can be divided into different chemotypes, such as γ-terpinene, thymol, phenol, carvacrol, and geraniol, according to the presence of major components in its essential oil. Further, the essential oil from T. quinquecostatus has been reported to possess various therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sleep prolonging, soothing, skin protection and whitening, anti-aging, anti-obesity, and anti-acne properties. In conclusion, this review will be helpful for utilizing the T. quinquecostatus plant in different industries including food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfumery, and cosmetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minju Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | | | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6447
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamate thymol ester inhibits melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes and 3D human epidermal equivalents via the PGC-1α-independent PPARγ partial agonism. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 106:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Lim SJ, Min DJ, Kim S, Lee J, Lee ES, Kim H, Cho SY, Beak HS, Lee CS, Nam SJ, Ko J. Pseudoalteromone A, a Ubiquinone Derivative from Marine Pseudoalteromonas spp., Suppresses Melanogenesis. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:612. [PMID: 34822483 PMCID: PMC8618130 DOI: 10.3390/md19110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An ubiquinone derivative, pseudoalteromone A (1), has been isolated from two marine-derived Pseudoalteromonas spp., APmarine002 and ROA-050, and its anti-melanogenesis activity was investigated. The anti-melanogenic capacity of pseudoalteromone A was demonstrated by assessing the intracellular and extracellular melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity in the B16 cell line, Melan-a mouse melanocyte cell line, and MNT-1 human malignant melanoma cell line. Treatment with pseudoalteromone A (40 μg/mL) for 72 h reduced α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced intracellular melanin production by up to 44.68% in B16 cells and 38.24% in MNT-1 cells. Notably, pseudoalteromone A induced a concentration-dependent reduction in cellular tyrosinase activity in B16 cell, and Western blot analyses showed that this inhibitory activity was associated with a significant decrease in protein levels of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp-1), suggesting that pseudoalteromone A exerts its anti-melanogenesis activity through effects on melanogenic genes. We further evaluated the skin-whitening effect of pseudoalteromone A in the three-dimensional (3D) pigmented-epidermis model, MelanoDerm, and visualized the 3D distribution of melanin by two-photon excited fluorescence imaging in this human skin equivalent. Collectively, our findings suggest that pseudoalteromone A inhibits tyrosinase activity and expression and that this accounts for its anti-melanogenic effects in melanocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Lim
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea;
| | - Dae-jin Min
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin 17074, Korea; (D.-j.M.); (E.-S.L.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (H.-S.B.)
| | - Sohee Kim
- The Graduate School of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Laboratories of Marine New Drugs, REDONE Seoul, Seoul 08594, Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin 17074, Korea; (D.-j.M.); (E.-S.L.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (H.-S.B.)
| | - Hyuk Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin 17074, Korea; (D.-j.M.); (E.-S.L.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (H.-S.B.)
| | - Sung-Yoen Cho
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin 17074, Korea; (D.-j.M.); (E.-S.L.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (H.-S.B.)
| | - Heung-Soo Beak
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin 17074, Korea; (D.-j.M.); (E.-S.L.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (H.-S.B.)
| | - Chang-Seok Lee
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea;
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Jaeyoung Ko
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin 17074, Korea; (D.-j.M.); (E.-S.L.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (H.-S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Floris B, Galloni P, Conte V, Sabuzi F. Tailored Functionalization of Natural Phenols to Improve Biological Activity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1325. [PMID: 34572538 PMCID: PMC8467377 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenols are widespread in nature, being the major components of several plants and essential oils. Natural phenols' anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, pharmacological and nutritional properties are, nowadays, well established. Hence, given their peculiar biological role, numerous studies are currently ongoing to overcome their limitations, as well as to enhance their activity. In this review, the functionalization of selected natural phenols is critically examined, mainly highlighting their improved bioactivity after the proper chemical transformations. In particular, functionalization of the most abundant naturally occurring monophenols, diphenols, lipidic phenols, phenolic acids, polyphenols and curcumin derivatives is explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Floris
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee SH, Lee ES, Bae IH, Kim SH, Park NH, Shim JS, Lee CS, Lee J. The Protective Effect of Ganoderma lucidum Extract in Ultraviolet B-Induced Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Skin Equivalent Models. Ann Dermatol 2021; 32:251-254. [PMID: 33911747 PMCID: PMC7992618 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2020.32.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea.,Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Se-Hwa Kim
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Physics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Jin Sup Shim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Chang Seok Lee
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Panax ginseng-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Facilitate Anti-Senescence Effects in Human Skin Cells: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Way to Use Ginseng Substances. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030486. [PMID: 33668388 PMCID: PMC7996359 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine in eastern Asian countries. Most active constituents in ginseng are prepared via fermentation or organic acid pretreatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most organisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and play central roles in intra- and inter-species communications. Plants produce EVs upon exposure to microbes; however, their direct functions and utility for human health are barely known, except for being proposed as delivery vehicles. In this study, we isolated EVs from ginseng roots (GrEVs) or the culture supernatants of ginseng cells (GcEVs) derived from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and investigated their biological effects on human skin cells. GrEV or GcEV treatments improved the replicative senescent or senescence-associated pigmented phenotypes of human dermal fibroblasts or ultraviolet B radiation-treated human melanocytes, respectively, by downregulating senescence-associated molecules and/or melanogenesis-related proteins. Based on comprehensive lipidomic analysis using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, the lipidomic profile of GrEVs differed from that of the parental root extracts, showing significant increases in 70 of 188 identified lipid species and prominent increases in diacylglycerols, some phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine), and sphingomyelin, revealing their unique vesicular properties. Therefore, our results imply that GEVs represent a novel type of bioactive and sustainable nanomaterials that can be applied to human tissues for improving tissue conditions and targeted delivery of active constituents.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim SH, Paik BR, Lee SH, Lee SM, Kim MJ, Kim EJ, Leow CY, Cho C, Park WS, Suh BF. Clinical brightening efficacy and safety of Melasolv™ (3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamate thymol ester, TCTE) in Southeast Asian women. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:2851-2859. [PMID: 33533074 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin darkening because of increased and irregular synthesis of melanin causes melasma, solar lentigo, and freckles. Melasolv™, produced in the early 2000s, shows potent depigmenting effect and has low cytotoxicity. It has been used as a brightening agent in cosmetics for decades. AIMS This study was conducted to investigate whether Melasolv™ is effective for the skin of ASEAN (Southeast Asia) women. METHODS We recruited ASEAN women in Singapore and divided them into two groups (active group vs. placebo group). Melasolv™ and placebo formulations were applied twice a day for 12 weeks. The changes in the pigmented spots were visually evaluated by an expert and assessed using a spectrophotometer and Mexameter at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS The visual evaluation revealed significant improvements, in both size and color intensity, in the active group compared with those in the placebo group at 12 weeks. In the spectrophotometric evaluation, the L* value of the pigmented spots in the active group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group at 12 weeks. Similar results were obtained in the evaluation using the Mexameter. After 12 weeks, the melanin index of the pigmented spots significantly decreased, and it was significantly higher than that in the placebo group. There was no significant change in the erythema index. In the image analysis, there were no significant differences in skin color brightness and evenness in the active group compared with those in the placebo group. CONCLUSION Melasolv™ can be effective used for skin brightening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Byung Ryol Paik
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - So Mi Lee
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chin Yong Leow
- Institut d'Expertise Clinique (IEC) Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Changhui Cho
- Clinical Research Center, Institut d'Expertise Clinique (IEC) Korea, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Won-Seok Park
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Byung-Fhy Suh
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park HJ, Jo DS, Choi H, Bae JE, Park NY, Kim JB, Choi JY, Kim YH, Oh GS, Chang JH, Kim HJ, Cho DH. Melasolv induces melanosome autophagy to inhibit pigmentation in B16F1 cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239019. [PMID: 32941497 PMCID: PMC7498095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanosome is a specialized membrane-bound organelle that is involved in melanin synthesis, storage, and transportation. In contrast to melanosome biogenesis, the processes underlying melanosome degradation remain largely unknown. Autophagy is a process that promotes degradation of intracellular components' cooperative process between autophagosomes and lysosomes, and its role for process of melanosome degradation remains unclear. Here, we assessed the regulation of autophagy and its contributions to depigmentation associated with Melasolv (3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate thymol ester). B16F1 cells-treated with Melasolv suppressed the α-MSH-stimulated increase of melanin content and resulted in the activation of autophagy. However, introduction of bafilomycin A1 strongly suppressed melanosome degradation in Melasolv-treated cells. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy by ATG5 resulted in significant suppression of Melasolv-mediated depigmentation in α-MSH-treated cells. Taken together, our results suggest that treatment with Melasolv inhibits skin pigmentation by promoting melanosome degradation via autophagy activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Park
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Sin Jo
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyunjung Choi
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Bae
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Na Yeon Park
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Bum Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Seok Oh
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HJK); (DHC)
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HJK); (DHC)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee JY, Lee J, Min D, Kim J, Kim HJ, No KT. Tyrosinase-Targeting Gallacetophenone Inhibits Melanogenesis in Melanocytes and Human Skin-Equivalents. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093144. [PMID: 32365630 PMCID: PMC7246559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Demands for safe depigmentation compounds are constantly increasing in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, since the numerous relevant compounds reported to date have shown undesirable side effects or low anti-melanogenic effects. In this study, we reported three novel inhibitors of tyrosinase, which is the key enzyme in melanogenesis, identified using docking-based high throughput virtual screening of an in-house natural compound library followed by mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay. Of the three compounds, gallacetophenone showed high anti-melanogenic effect in both human epidermal melanocytes and a 3D human skin model, MelanoDerm. The inhibitory effect of gallacetophenone on tyrosinase was elucidated by computational molecular modeling at the atomic level. Binding of gallacetophenone to the active site of tyrosinase was found to be stabilized by hydrophobic interactions with His367, Ile368, and Val377; hydrogen bonding with Ser380 and a water molecule bridging the copper ions. Thus, our results strongly suggested gallacetophenone as an anti-melanogenic ingredient that inhibits tyrosinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin City, Gyunggi-do 17074, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.); (J.K.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jooyun Lee
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea;
| | - Daejin Min
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin City, Gyunggi-do 17074, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Juewon Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin City, Gyunggi-do 17074, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin City, Gyunggi-do 17074, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-J.K.); (K.T.N.); Tel.: +82-31-280-5827 (H.-J.K.); +82-2-2123-5882 (K.T.N.)
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department of Bioengineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-J.K.); (K.T.N.); Tel.: +82-31-280-5827 (H.-J.K.); +82-2-2123-5882 (K.T.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Glucose Exerts an Anti-Melanogenic Effect by Indirect Inactivation of Tyrosinase in Melanocytes and a Human Skin Equivalent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051736. [PMID: 32138354 PMCID: PMC7084727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugars are ubiquitous in organisms and well-known cosmetic ingredients for moisturizing skin with minimal side-effects. Glucose, a simple sugar used as an energy source by living cells, is often used in skin care products. Several reports have demonstrated that sugar and sugar-related compounds have anti-melanogenic effects on melanocytes. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which glucose inhibits melanin synthesis is unknown, even though glucose is used as a whitening as well as moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics. Herein, we found that glucose significantly reduced the melanin content of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-stimulated B16 cells and darkly pigmented normal human melanocytes with no signs of cytotoxicity. Furthermore, topical treatment of glucose clearly demonstrated its whitening efficacy through photography, Fontana-Masson (F&M) staining, and multi-photon microscopy in a pigmented 3D human skin model, MelanoDerm. However, glucose did not alter the gene expression or protein levels of major melanogenic proteins in melanocytes. While glucose potently decreased intracellular tyrosinase activity in melanocytes, it did not reduce mushroom tyrosinase activity in a cell-free experimental system. However, glucose was metabolized into lactic acid, which can powerfully suppress tyrosinase activity. Thus, we concluded that glucose indirectly inhibits tyrosinase activity through conversion into lactic acid, explaining its anti-melanogenic effects in melanocytes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zöller NN, Hofmann M, Butting M, Hrgovic I, Bereiter-Hahn J, Bernd A, Kaufmann R, Kippenberger S, Valesky E. Assessment of Melanogenesis in a Pigmented Human Tissue-Cultured Skin Equivalent. Indian J Dermatol 2019; 64:85-89. [PMID: 30983601 PMCID: PMC6440179 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_410_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Organotypic tissue-cultured skin equivalents are used for a broad range of applications either as possible substitute for animal tests or for transplantation in patient-centered care. Aims: In this study, we implemented melanocytes in a tissue-cultured full-thickness skin equivalent, consisting of epidermis and dermis. The versatility of this skin-like model with respect to pigmentation and morphological criteria was tested. Materials and Methods: Pigmented skin equivalents were morphologically characterized, and melanogenesis was evaluated after treatment with kojic acid – a tyrosinase inhibitor and forskolin – a well-known activator of the cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate pathway. Pigmentation was measured either by determination of the extinction at 400 nm after melanin extraction with KOH correlated to a melanin standard curve or by reflectance colorimetric analysis, monitoring reflectance of 660 nm and 880 nm emitting diodes. Results: The morphological analysis revealed characteristic epidermal stratification with melanocytes located at the basal layer. Stimulation with forskolin increased the pigmentation, whereas treatment with kojic acid caused bleaching. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that the herein-introduced organotypic tissue-cultured skin equivalent is comparable to the normal human skin and its versatility in tests regarding skin pigmentation. Therefore, this model might help understand diseases with dysfunctional pigmentation such as melasma, vitiligo, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Nicole Zöller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Manuel Butting
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Igor Hrgovic
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - August Bernd
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Kippenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Eva Valesky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Park NH, Kang YG, Kim SH, Bae IH, Lee SH, Kim DY, Hwang JS, Kim YJ, Lee TR, Lee ES. Dehydroabietic Acid Induces Regeneration of Collagen Fibers in Ultraviolet B-Irradiated Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Skin Equivalents. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 32:109-116. [PMID: 30840954 DOI: 10.1159/000497103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Dehydroabietic acid (DAA) is a natural phytochemical found in red pine trees and herbal plants. While DAA and its derivatives are known for improving diabetes and hyperlipidemia, the antiaging effect and its underlying mechanisms of DAA on skin have not been fully examined. Here, we assessed the antiaging effects of DAA on human dermal fibroblasts and skin equivalents. METHODS We investigated the effect of DAA on the secretion of type I procollagen and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated neonatal normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFn). Using nonlinear optical imaging techniques, we visualized quantitative and qualitative changes of collagen fibers by DAA treatment in human skin equivalent models. RESULTS DAA induces increases in type I procollagen secretion when treated on UVB-irradiated NHDFn. DAA also downregulates secretion of MMP-1 through the inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway. In human skin equivalent models, we successfully visualized the spatial distribution of collagen fibers in the dermis and found that quantity, diameter, and arrangement of collagen fibers in the dermis were significantly improved by DAA treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that DAA could be a useful agent for improving skin photoaging through the protection and regeneration of collagen fibers in skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nok Hyun Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Kang
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hwa Kim
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Physics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bae IH, Lee ES, Yoo JW, Lee SH, Ko JY, Kim YJ, Lee TR, Kim DY, Lee CS. Mannosylerythritol lipids inhibit melanogenesis via suppressing ERK-CREB-MiTF-tyrosinase signalling in normal human melanocytes and a three-dimensional human skin equivalent. Exp Dermatol 2018; 28:738-741. [PMID: 30408247 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is caused by excessive production of melanin in melanocytes. Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipid biosurfactants that are abundantly produced by yeasts and used commercially in cosmetics. However, the potential depigmenting efficacy of MELs has not been evaluated. In this study, the depigmentary effect of MELs was tested in primary normal human melanocytes (NHMs), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-stimulated B16 cells (murine melanoma cells) and a human skin equivalent (MelanoDerm) using photography, Fontana-Masson (F&M) staining and two-photon microscopy. Mannosylerythritol lipids significantly decreased the melanin contents in NHMs and α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells. Consistent with these findings, MELs treatment had a clear whitening effect in a human skin equivalent, brightening the tissue colour and reducing the melanin content. The molecular mechanism underlying the anti-melanogenic effect of MELs treatment was examined by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Mechanistically, MELs clearly suppressed the gene expression levels of representative melanogenic enzymes, including tyrosinase, Tyrp-1 and Tyrp-2, by inhibiting the ERK/CREB/MiTF signalling pathway in NHMs. This work demonstrates for the first time that MELs exert whitening effects on human melanocytes and skin equivalent. Thus, we suggest that MELs could be developed as a potent anti-melanogenic agent for effective whitening, beyond their use as a biosurfactant in cosmetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hong Bae
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Soo Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Jae Won Yoo
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Jae Young Ko
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Yong Jin Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Seok Lee
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Islam MT, Khalipha ABR, Bagchi R, Mondal M, Smrity SZ, Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Rouf R. Anticancer activity of thymol: A literature-based review and docking study with Emphasis on its anticancer mechanisms. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:9-19. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T. Islam
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Abul B. R. Khalipha
- Department of Pharmacy; Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University; Gopalganj Bangladesh
| | - Rajat Bagchi
- Department of Pharmacy; Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University; Gopalganj Bangladesh
| | - Milon Mondal
- Department of Pharmacy; Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University; Gopalganj Bangladesh
| | - Shanita Z. Smrity
- Department of Pharmacy; Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University; Gopalganj Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh J. Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School; Khulna University; Khulna Bangladesh
| | - Jamil A. Shilpi
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School; Khulna University; Khulna Bangladesh
| | - Razina Rouf
- Department of Pharmacy; Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University; Gopalganj Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|