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Alizadehasl A, Alavi MS, Alavi MS, Roohbakhsh A. TRPA1 as a promising target in ischemia/reperfusion: A comprehensive review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:270-278. [PMID: 38333756 PMCID: PMC10849207 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.74590.16198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic disorders, including myocardial infarction, cerebral ischemia, and peripheral vascular impairment, are the main common reasons for debilitating diseases and death in Western cultures. Ischemia occurs when blood circulation is reduced in tissues. Reperfusion, although commanded to return oxygen to ischemic tissues, generates paradoxical tissue responses. The responses include generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), stimulating inflammatory responses in ischemic organs, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the expansion of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which intensifies organ damage. Multiple pathologic processes contribute to ischemia/reperfusion; therefore, targeting different pathologic processes may yield an effective therapeutic approach. Transient Receptor Potential A1 (TRPA1) belongs to the TRP family of ion channels, detects a broad range of chemicals, and promotes the transduction of noxious stimuli, e.g., methylglyoxal, ROS, and acrolein effects are attributed to the channel's sensitivity to intracellular calcium elevation or phosphoinositol phosphate modulation. Hypoxia and ischemia are associated with oxidative stress, which activates the TRPA1 channel. This review describes the role of TRPA1 and its related mechanisms that contribute to ischemia/reperfusion. Relevant articles were searched from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar electronic databases, up to the end of August 2023. Based on the evidence presented here, TRPA1 may have protective or deteriorative functions during the ischemia/reperfusion process. Its function depends on the activation level, the ischemic region, the extent of lesions, and the duration of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Alizadehasl
- Cardio-Oncology Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Echocardiography, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Alavi
- Department of Echocardiography, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kudsi SQ, de David Antoniazzi CT, Camponogara C, Meira GM, de Amorim Ferreira M, da Silva AM, Dalenogare DP, Zaccaron R, Dos Santos Stein C, Silveira PCL, Moresco RN, Oliveira SM, Ferreira J, Trevisan G. Topical application of a TRPA1 antagonist reduced nociception and inflammation in a model of traumatic muscle injury in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:3153-3166. [PMID: 37752305 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain is a widely experienced public healthcare issue, especially after traumatic muscle injury. Besides, it is a common cause of disability, but this pain remains poorly managed. However, the pathophysiology of traumatic muscle injury-associated pain and inflammation has not been fully elucidated. In this regard, the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) has been studied in inflammatory and painful conditions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of the topical application of a TRPA1 antagonist in a model of traumatic muscle injury in rats. The mechanical trauma model was developed by a single blunt trauma impact on the right gastrocnemius muscle of Wistar male rats (250-350 g). The animals were divided into four groups (Sham/Vehicle; Sham/HC-030031 0.05%; Injury/Vehicle, and Injury/HC-030031 0.05%) and topically treated with a Lanette® N cream base containing a TRPA1 antagonist (HC-030031, 0.05%; 200 mg/muscle) or vehicle (Lanette® N cream base; 200 mg/muscle), which was applied at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 46 h after muscle injury. Furthermore, we evaluated the contribution of the TRPA1 channel on nociceptive, inflammatory, and oxidative parameters. The topical application of TRPA1 antagonist reduced biomarkers of muscle injury (lactate/glucose ratio), spontaneous nociception (rat grimace scale), inflammatory (inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine levels, myeloperoxidase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities) and oxidative (nitrite levels and dichlorofluorescein fluorescence) parameters, and mRNA Trpa1 levels in the muscle tissue. Thus, these results demonstrate that TRPA1 may be a promising anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive target in treating muscle pain after traumatic muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Qader Kudsi
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Building 21, Room 5207, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Caren Tatiane de David Antoniazzi
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Building 21, Room 5207, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Camponogara
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Graziela Moro Meira
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Building 21, Room 5207, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Marcella de Amorim Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88037-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Merian da Silva
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88037-000, Brazil
| | - Diéssica Padilha Dalenogare
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Building 21, Room 5207, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rubya Zaccaron
- Graduate Program in Health Science, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dos Santos Stein
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Graduate Program in Health Science, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Noal Moresco
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88037-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Building 21, Room 5207, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Fukazawa A, Hori A, Hotta N, Katanosaka K, Estrada JA, Ishizawa R, Kim HK, Iwamoto GA, Smith SA, Vongpatanasin W, Mizuno M. Antagonism of TRPV4 channels partially reduces mechanotransduction in rat skeletal muscle afferents. J Physiol 2023; 601:1407-1424. [PMID: 36869605 PMCID: PMC10106437 DOI: 10.1113/jp284026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical distortion of working skeletal muscle induces sympathoexcitation via thin fibre afferents, a reflex response known as the skeletal muscle mechanoreflex. However, to date, the receptor ion channels responsible for mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle remain largely undetermined. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is known to sense mechanical stimuli such as shear stress or osmotic pressure in various organs. It is hypothesized that TRPV4 in thin-fibre primary afferents innervating skeletal muscle is involved in mechanotransduction. Fluorescence immunostaining revealed that 20.1 ± 10.1% of TRPV4 positive neurons were small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that were DiI-labelled, and among them 9.5 ± 6.1% of TRPV4 co-localized with the C-fibre marker peripherin. In vitro whole-cell patch clamp recordings from cultured rat DRG neurons demonstrated that mechanically activated current amplitude was significantly attenuated after the application of the TRPV4 antagonist HC067047 compared to control (P = 0.004). Such reductions were also observed in single-fibre recordings from a muscle-nerve ex vivo preparation where HC067047 significantly decreased afferent discharge to mechanical stimulation (P = 0.007). Likewise, in an in vivo decerebrate rat preparation, the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to passive stretch of hindlimb muscle were significantly reduced by intra-arterial injection of HC067047 (ΔRSNA: P = 0.019, ΔMAP: P = 0.002). The findings suggest that TRPV4 plays an important role in mechanotransduction contributing to the cardiovascular responses evoked by the skeletal muscle mechanoreflex during exercise. KEY POINTS: Although a mechanical stimulus to skeletal muscle reflexively activates the sympathetic nervous system, the receptors responsible for mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle thin fibre afferents have not been fully identified. Evidence suggests that TRPV4 is a mechanosensitive channel that plays an important role in mechanotransduction within various organs. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrates that TRPV4 is expressed in group IV skeletal muscle afferents. In addition, we show that the TRPV4 antagonist HC067047 decreases the responsiveness of thin fibre afferents to mechanical stimulation at the muscle tissue level as well as at the level of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Moreover, we demonstrate that intra-arterial HC067047 injection attenuates the sympathetic and pressor responses to passive muscle stretch in decerebrate rats. These data suggest that antagonism of TRPV4 attenuates mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle afferents. The present study demonstrates a probable physiological role for TRPV4 in the regulation of mechanical sensation in somatosensory thin fibre muscle afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Fukazawa
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Amane Hori
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Norio Hotta
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
| | - Kimiaki Katanosaka
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
| | - Juan A. Estrada
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rie Ishizawa
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Han-Kyul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gary A. Iwamoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Scott A. Smith
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wanpen Vongpatanasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Masaki Mizuno
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Assessment relationship between the femoral artery vasospasm and dorsal root ganglion cell degeneration in spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an experimental study. Spinal Cord 2022; 60:404-407. [PMID: 35197574 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-022-00778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Animal proof of principle study. OBJECTIVES To investigate neurodegeneration in rabbit L4-dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells by creating experimental spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), we aimed to show the neuronal pathway between L4-DRG and femoral artery. SETTING Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Animal Laboratory, Erzurum, Turkey. METHODS This study was designed on 20 rabbits, which were randomly divided into three groups: Spinal SAH (n = 8), SHAM (n = 6), and control (n = 6) groups. Animals were followed for 20 days and then killed. Vasospasm index values of the femoral artery and neuron density of L4-DRG were analyzed. RESULTS The number of degenerated neurons in DRG was higher in the spinal SAH than the control and SHAM groups (p < 0.001). But, the difference between the control group and the SHAM group was not significant. Normal neuron densities were significantly lower in the spine SAH group compared to the SHAM and the control groups. There was a statistically significant increase in vasospasm index values of the spinal SAH group compared to the other two groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Decreased volume of the femoral artery lumen was showed in animals with spinal SAH compared with control and SHAM groups. Increased degeneration of the L4 dorsal root ganglion in animals with spinal SAH was also demonstrated. Our findings might shed light on the planning of future experimental studies and evaluating the clinical relevance of such studies.
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Livshits G, Kalinkovich A. Specialized, pro-resolving mediators as potential therapeutic agents for alleviating fibromyalgia symptomatology. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 23:977-990. [PMID: 33565588 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a hypothesis on a novel strategy in the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM). DESIGN A narrative review. SETTING FM as a disease remains a challenging concept for numerous reasons, including undefined etiopathogenesis, unclear triggers and unsuccessful treatment modalities. We hypothesize that the inflammatome, the entire set of molecules involved in inflammation, acting as a common pathophysiological instrument of gut dysbiosis, sarcopenia, and neuroinflammation, is one of the major mechanisms underlying FM pathogenesis. In this setup, dysbiosis is proposed as the primary trigger of the inflammatome, sarcopenia as the peripheral nociceptive source, and neuroinflammation as the central mechanism of pain sensitization, transmission and symptomatology of FM. Whereas neuroinflammation is highly-considered as a critical deleterious element in FM pathogenesis, the presumed pathogenic roles of sarcopenia and systemic inflammation remain controversial. Nevertheless, sarcopenia-associated processes and dysbiosis have been recently detected in FM individuals. The prevalence of pro-inflammatory factors in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood has been repeatedly observed in FM individuals, supporting an idea on the role of inflammatome in FM pathogenesis. As such, failed inflammation resolution might be one of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In accordance, the application of specialized, inflammation pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) seems most suitable for this goal. CONCLUSIONS The capability of various SPMs to prevent and attenuate pain has been repeatedly demonstrated in laboratory animal experiments. Since SPMs suppress inflammation in a manner that does not compromise host defense, they could be attractive and safe candidates for the alleviation of FM symptomatology, probably in combination with anti-dysbiotic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Livshits
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexander Kalinkovich
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Talavera K, Startek JB, Alvarez-Collazo J, Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Sanchez A, Naert R, Nilius B. Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential TRPA1 Channels: From Structure to Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:725-803. [PMID: 31670612 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels are Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels remarkably conserved through the animal kingdom. Mammals have only one member, TRPA1, which is widely expressed in sensory neurons and in non-neuronal cells (such as epithelial cells and hair cells). TRPA1 owes its name to the presence of 14 ankyrin repeats located in the NH2 terminus of the channel, an unusual structural feature that may be relevant to its interactions with intracellular components. TRPA1 is primarily involved in the detection of an extremely wide variety of exogenous stimuli that may produce cellular damage. This includes a plethora of electrophilic compounds that interact with nucleophilic amino acid residues in the channel and many other chemically unrelated compounds whose only common feature seems to be their ability to partition in the plasma membrane. TRPA1 has been reported to be activated by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli, and its function is modulated by multiple factors, including Ca2+, trace metals, pH, and reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonyl species. TRPA1 is involved in acute and chronic pain as well as inflammation, plays key roles in the pathophysiology of nearly all organ systems, and is an attractive target for the treatment of related diseases. Here we review the current knowledge about the mammalian TRPA1 channel, linking its unique structure, widely tuned sensory properties, and complex regulation to its roles in multiple pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio Alvarez-Collazo
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Naert
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Xing J, Lu J, Liu J, Li J. Local Injections of Superoxide Dismutase Attenuate the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Rats with Femoral Artery Occlusion. Front Physiol 2018; 9:39. [PMID: 29456512 PMCID: PMC5801590 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The exercise pressor reflex is amplified in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and in an experimental PAD model of rats induced by femoral artery occlusion. Heightened blood pressure worsens the restricted blood flow directed to the limbs in this disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the role played by muscle oxidative stress in regulating the augmented pressor response to static exercise in PAD. We hypothesized that limb ischemia impairs muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) thereby leading to abnormal autonomic responsiveness observed in PAD animals, and a chronic compensation of SOD for anti-oxidation improves the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex. Our data show that femoral occlusion decreased the protein levels of SOD in ischemic muscle as compared with control muscle. Downregulation of SOD appeared to a greater degree in the oxidative (red) muscle than in the glycolytic (white) muscle under the condition of muscle ischemia. In addition, the exercise pressor response was assessed during electrically induced static contraction. The data demonstrates that the enhancement of the exercise pressor reflex was significantly attenuated after tempol (a mimetic of SOD, 30 mg over a period of 72 h) was administered into the occluded hindlimb. In the occluded rats, mean arterial pressure (MAP) response was 26 ± 3 mmHg with no tempol and 12 ± 2 mmHg with tempol application (P < 0.05 vs. group with no tempol; n = 6 in each group). There were no differences in muscle tension development (time-tension index: 12.1 ± 1.2 kgs with no tempol and 13.5 ± 1.1 kgs with tempol; P > 0.05 between groups). In conclusion, SOD is lessened in the ischemic muscles and supplement of SOD improves the amplified exercise pressor reflex, which is likely beneficial to the restricted blood flow to the limbs in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xing
- Pennsylvania State Heart and Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Pennsylvania State Heart and Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jiahao Liu
- Pennsylvania State Heart and Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jianhua Li
- Pennsylvania State Heart and Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Xing J, Li J. Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 Sensitivity of Amplified TRPA1 Activity in Skeletal Muscle Afferent Nerves and Exercise Pressor Reflex in Rats with Femoral Artery Occlusion. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 44:163-171. [PMID: 29131007 DOI: 10.1159/000484624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Limb ischemia occurs in peripheral artery disease (PAD). Sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) that regulates blood flow directed to the ischemic limb is exaggerated during exercise in this disease, and transient receptor potential channel A1 (TRPA1) in thin-fiber muscle afferents contributes to the amplified sympathetic response. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in regulating abnormal TRPA1 function and the TRPA1-mediated sympathetic component of the exercise pressor reflex. METHODS A rat model of femoral artery ligation was employed to study PAD. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) tissues were obtained to examine the protein levels of PAR2 using western blot analysis. Current responses induced by activation of TRPA1 in skeletal muscle DRG neurons were characterized using whole-cell patch clamp methods. The blood pressure response to static exercise (i.e., muscle contraction) and stimulation of TRPA1 was also examined after a blockade of PAR2. RESULTS The expression of PAR2 was amplified in DRG neurons of the occluded limb, and PAR2 activation with SL-NH2 (a PAR2 agonist) increased the amplitude of TRPA1 currents to a greater degree in DRG neurons of the occluded limb. Moreover, FSLLRY-NH2 (a PAR antagonist) injected into the arterial blood supply of the hindlimb muscles significantly attenuated the pressor response to muscle contraction and TRPA1 stimulation in rats with occluded limbs. CONCLUSIONS The PAR2 signal in muscle sensory nerves contributes to the amplified exercise pressor reflex via TRPA1 mechanisms in rats with femoral artery ligation. These findings provide a pathophysiological basis for autonomic responses during exercise activity in PAD, which may potentially aid in the development of therapeutic approaches for improvement of blood flow in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Pennsylvania State Heart & Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianhua Li
- Pennsylvania State Heart & Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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