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Strauss-Kruger M, Pieters M, van Zyl T, Kruger R, Jacobs A, Jansen van Vuren E, Louw R, Mels CCMC. Urinary metabolomics signature of animal and plant protein intake and its association with 24-h blood pressure: the African-PREDICT study. Hypertens Res 2024:10.1038/s41440-024-01767-8. [PMID: 38965426 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The contrasting relationships of plant and animal protein intake with blood pressure (BP) may be partially attributed to the differential non-protein (e.g., saturated fat and fibre) and amino acid (AA) compositions. This study determined whether animal and plant protein intake were related to differential metabolomic profiles associated with BP. This study included 1008 adults from the African-PREDICT study (aged 20-30 years). Protein intake was determined using 24-h dietary recalls. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP was measured. Amino acids and acylcarnitines were analysed in spot urine samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Participants with a low plant, high animal protein intake had higher SBP (by 3 mmHg, p = 0.011) than those with high plant, low animal protein intake (low-risk group). We found that the relationships of plant and animal protein intake with 24-h SBP were partially mediated by BMI and saturated fat intake, which were independently associated with SBP. Protein intake was therefore not related to SBP in multiple regression analysis after adjusting for confounders. In the low-risk group, methionine (Std. β = -0.217; p = 0.034), glutamic acid (Std. β = -0.220; p = 0.031), glycine (Std. β = -0.234; p = 0.025), and proline (Std. β = -0.266; p = 0.010) were inversely related to SBP, and beta-alanine (Std. β = -0.277; p = 0.020) to DBP. Ultimately a diet high in animal and low in plant protein intake may contribute to higher BP by means of increased BMI and saturated fat intake. Conversely, higher levels of urinary AAs observed in adults consuming a plant rich diet may contribute to lower BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michél Strauss-Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- SAMRC Extramural Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marlien Pieters
- SAMRC Extramural Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Tertia van Zyl
- SAMRC Extramural Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Ruan Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- SAMRC Extramural Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Adriaan Jacobs
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- SAMRC Extramural Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Esmé Jansen van Vuren
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- SAMRC Extramural Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Roan Louw
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Carina C M C Mels
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa.
- SAMRC Extramural Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Craig A, Kruger R, Gafane-Matemane LF, Louw R, Mels CMC. Early vascular ageing phenotypes and urinary targeted metabolomics in children and young adults: the ExAMIN Youth SA and African-PREDICT studies. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1049-1062. [PMID: 37328631 PMCID: PMC10514129 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Some individuals are susceptible to accelerated biological ageing, resulting in premature alterations in arterial structure and function. Identifying early-onset vascular ageing characterised by arterial stiffening is vital for intervention and preventive strategies. We stratified and phenotyped healthy children (5-9 yrs) and young adults (20-30 yrs) into their vascular ageing extremes established by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) percentiles (i.e., healthy vascular ageing (HVA) and early vascular ageing (EVA)). We compared anthropometric, cardiovascular, and metabolomic profiles and explored associations between cfPWV and urinary metabolites. Children and adults in the EVA groups displayed higher levels of adiposity, cardiovascular, and lifestyle risk factors (adults only) (all p ≤ 0.018). In adults, several urinary metabolites were lower in the EVA group (all q ≤ 0.039) when compared to the HVA group, with no differences observed in children. In multiple regression analysis (adults only), we found inverse associations between cfPWV with histidine (adj. R2 = 0.038; β = -0.192; p = 0.013) and beta-alanine (adj. R2 = 0.034; β = -0.181; p = 0.019) in the EVA group, but with arginine (adj. R2 = 0.021; β = -0.160; p = 0.024) in the HVA group. The inverse associations of beta-alanine and histidine with cfPWV in the EVA group is suggestive that asymptomatic young adults who present with an altered metabolomic and less desired cardiovascular profile in combination with unfavourable lifestyle behaviours may be predisposed to early-onset vascular ageing. Taken together, screening on both a phenotypic and metabolic level may prove important in the early detection, prevention, and intervention of advanced biological ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Craig
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Ruan Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lebo F Gafane-Matemane
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Roan Louw
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carina M C Mels
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Strauss-Kruger M, van Zyl T, Pieters M, Kruger R, Mokwatsi G, Gafane-Matemane L, Mbongwa H, Jacobs A, Schutte AE, Louw R, Mels C. Urinary metabolomics, dietary salt intake and blood pressure: the African-PREDICT study. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:175-186. [PMID: 36229536 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-01071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In Black populations excessive salt intake may exacerbate the genetic predisposition to hypertension and promote the early onset of cardiovascular disease. Ethnic differences in the interaction between sodium intake and the metabolome may play a part in hypertension and cardiovascular disease development. We determined (1) urinary amino acid and acylcarnitine profiles of young Black and White adults according to low, moderate, and high dietary salt intake, and (2) investigated the triad of salt intake, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and the associated metabolomics profile. This study included 447 White and 380 Black adults aged 20-30 years from the African-PREDICT study. Estimated salt intake was determined from 24-hour urinary sodium levels. Urinary amino acids and acylcarnitines were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Black adults exhibited no significant differences in SBP, amino acids, or acylcarnitines across low (<5g/day), moderate (5-10g/day), and high (>10g/day) salt intake. White adults with a high salt intake had elevated SBP compared to those with low or moderate intakes (p < 0.001). Furthermore, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (q = 0.020), citrulline (q = 0.020), glutamic acid (q = 0.046), serine (q = 0.054) and proline (q = 0.054) were lowest in those with higher salt intake. Only in White and not Black adults did we observe inverse associations of clinic SBP with GABA (Adj. R2 = 0.34; Std. β = -0.133; p = 0.003), serine (Adj. R2 = 0.33; Std. β = -0.109; p = 0.014) and proline (Adj. R2 = 0.33; Std. β = -0.109; p = 0.014). High salt intake in White, but not in black adults, were related to metabolomic changes and may contribute to pathophysiological mechanisms associated with increased BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michél Strauss-Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Tertia van Zyl
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Marlien Pieters
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Ruan Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Gontse Mokwatsi
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Lebo Gafane-Matemane
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Hlengiwe Mbongwa
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Mahikeng, 2745, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Adriaan Jacobs
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Roan Louw
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Carina Mels
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa.
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North-West Province, South Africa.
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Unusual Derivatization of Methylmalonic Acid with Pentafluorobenzyl Bromide to a Tripentafluorobenzyl Derivative and Its Stable-Isotope Dilution GC-MS Measurement in Human Urine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165202. [PMID: 36014446 PMCID: PMC9416772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a very short dicarboxylic acid (methylpropanedioic acid; CH3CH(COOH)2; pKa1, 3.07; pKa2, 5.76) associated with vitamin B12 deficiency and many other patho-physiological conditions. In this work, we investigated several carboxylic groups-specific derivatization reactions and tested their utility for the quantitative analysis of MMA in human urine and plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most useful derivatization procedure was the reaction of unlabeled MMA (d0-MMA) and trideutero-methyl malonic acid (d3-MMA) with 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB-Br) in acetone. By heating at 80 °C for 60 min, we observed the formation of the dipentafluorobenzyl (PFB) ester of MMA (CH3CH(COOPFB)2). In the presence of N,N-diisopropylamine, heating at 80 °C for 60 min resulted in the formation of a tripentafluorobenzyl derivative of MMA, i.e., CH3CPFB(COOPFB)2). The retention time was 5.6 min for CH3CH(COOPFB)2 and 7.3 min for CH3CPFB(COOPFB)2). The most intense ions in the negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) GC-MS spectra of CH3CH(COOPFB)2 were mass-to-charge (m/z) 233 for d0-MMA and m/z 236 for d3-MMA. The most intense ions in the NICI GC-MS spectra of CH3CPFB(COOPFB)2 were mass-to-charge (m/z) 349 for d0-MMA and m/z 352 for d3-MMA. These results indicate that the H at C atom at position 2 is C-H acidic and is alkylated by PFB-Br only in the presence of the base N,N-diisopropylamine. Method validation and quantitative analyses in human urine and plasma were performed by selected ion monitoring (SIM) of m/z 349 for d0-MMA and m/z 352 for the internal standard d3-MMA in the NICI mode. We used the method to measure the urinary excretion rates of MMA in healthy black (n = 39) and white (n = 41) boys of the Arterial Stiffness in Offspring Study (ASOS). The creatinine-corrected excretion rates of MMA were 1.50 [0.85–2.52] µmol/mmol in the black boys and 1.34 [1.02–2.18] µmol/mmol in the white boys (P = 0.85; Mann–Whitney). The derivatization procedure is highly specific and sensitive for MMA and allows its accurate and precise measurement in 10-µl of human urine by GC-MS.
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Paapstel K, Kals J. Metabolomics of Arterial Stiffness. Metabolites 2022; 12:370. [PMID: 35629874 PMCID: PMC9146333 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness (AS) is one of the earliest detectable signs of structural and functional alterations of the vessel wall and an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and death. The emerging field of metabolomics can be utilized to detect a wide spectrum of intermediates and products of metabolism in body fluids that can be involved in the pathogenesis of AS. Research over the past decade has reinforced this idea by linking AS to circulating acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and amino acids, among other metabolite species. Some of these metabolites influence AS through traditional cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, smoking), while others seem to act independently through both known and unknown pathophysiological mechanisms. We propose the term 'arteriometabolomics' to indicate the research that applies metabolomics methods to study AS. The 'arteriometabolomics' approach has the potential to allow more personalized cardiovascular risk stratification, disease monitoring, and treatment selection. One of its major goals is to uncover the causal metabolic pathways of AS. Such pathways could represent valuable treatment targets in vascular ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaido Paapstel
- Endothelial Research Centre, University of Tartu, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Heart Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Kals
- Endothelial Research Centre, University of Tartu, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Surgery Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Kruger R, Gafane-Matemane LF, Kagura J. Racial differences of early vascular aging in children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:1087-1108. [PMID: 32444927 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCDs) is rising globally, with a large burden recorded in sub-Saharan countries and populations of black race/ethnicity. Accelerated vascular deterioration, otherwise known as early vascular aging (EVA), is the underlying factor for highly prevalent NCDs such as hypertension. The etiology of EVA is multifactorial with a central component being arterial stiffness with subsequent development of hypertension and cardiovascular complications. Although arterial stiffness develops with increasing age, many children and adolescents are subjected to the premature development of arterial stiffness, due to genetic or epigenetic predispositions, lifestyle and behavioral risk factors, and early life programming. Race/ethnic differences in pediatric populations have also been reported with higher aortic stiffness in black (African American) compared with age-matched white (European American) counterparts independent of blood pressure, body mass index, or socioeconomic status. With known evidence of race/ethnic differences in EVA, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying graded differences in the programming of EVA are still sparse and rarely explored. This educational review aims to address the early life determinants of EVA in children and adolescents with a particular focus on racial or ethnic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Lebo Francina Gafane-Matemane
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Juliana Kagura
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Schutte AE, Kruger R, Gafane-Matemane LF, Breet Y, Strauss-Kruger M, Cruickshank JK. Ethnicity and Arterial Stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1044-1054. [PMID: 32237903 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early vascular aging reflects increased arterial stiffness of central blood vessels at young chronological ages and powerfully predicts cardiovascular events and mortality, independent of routine brachial blood pressure and other risk factors. Since ethnic disparities exist in routine blood pressure, in hypertension and cardiovascular outcomes, this review evaluates major studies comparing arterial stiffness through the life course between different ethnic groups or races (which have no biological definition)-in children, adolescents, young, and middle-aged adults and the very elderly. Most report that compared with white European-origin samples, populations of black African descent have increased central arterial stiffness throughout different life stages, as well as a more rapid increase in arterial stiffness at young ages. Exceptions may include African Caribbean origin people in Europe. Differences in vascular structure and function are clearest, where obesity, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors are most marked. Few studies evaluate a wider spectrum of ethnic groups or factors contributing to these ethnic disparities. Genetic effects are not obvious; maternal risk and intergenerational studies are scarce. Nevertheless, across all ethnic groups, for given levels of blood pressure and age, some people have stiffer central arteries than others. These individuals are most at risk of vascular events and mortality and, therefore, may benefit from early, as yet untested, preventive action and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aletta E Schutte
- From the Hypertension in Africa Research Team, South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (A.E.S., R.K., L.F.G.-M., Y.B., M.S.-K.)
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia (A.E.S.)
| | - Ruan Kruger
- From the Hypertension in Africa Research Team, South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (A.E.S., R.K., L.F.G.-M., Y.B., M.S.-K.)
| | - Lebo F Gafane-Matemane
- From the Hypertension in Africa Research Team, South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (A.E.S., R.K., L.F.G.-M., Y.B., M.S.-K.)
| | - Yolandi Breet
- From the Hypertension in Africa Research Team, South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (A.E.S., R.K., L.F.G.-M., Y.B., M.S.-K.)
| | - Michél Strauss-Kruger
- From the Hypertension in Africa Research Team, South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (A.E.S., R.K., L.F.G.-M., Y.B., M.S.-K.)
| | - J Kennedy Cruickshank
- Life-Course and Nutritional Sciences and St Thomas' & Guy's Hospitals, King's College/King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
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An Ethnic Comparison of Arginine Dimethylation and Cardiometabolic Factors in Healthy Black and White Youth: The ASOS and African-PREDICT Studies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030844. [PMID: 32244968 PMCID: PMC7141317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinic arginine dimethylation (PADiMe) is a major post-translational modification. Proteolysis of asymmetric and symmetric PADiMe products releases asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), respectively, two endogenous atherogenic substances. SDMA, ADMA, and its major metabolite dimethylamine (DMA) are eliminated by the kidney. The urinary concentrations of DMA+ADMA, SDMA, and DMA+ADMA+SDMA are useful measures of the whole-body asymmetric and symmetric PADiMe, respectively. Urinary (DMA+ADMA)/SDMA is an index of the asymmetric to symmetric PADiMe balance. In two bi-ethnic studies, the ASOS (39 black boys, 41 white boys) and the African-PREDICT (292 black young men, 281 white young men) studies, we investigated whether ethnicity is a major determinant of PADiMe, and whether PADiMe is associated with blood pressure and ethnicity-dependent growth and inflammatory factors, including HDL. DMA, ADMA, and SDMA were measured in spot urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and their excretion was corrected for creatinine excretion. In black boys, creatinine-corrected DMA, DMA+ADMA, and DMA+ADMA+SDMA concentrations were lower by 11.7%, 9.5%, and 7.6% (all p < 0.05), respectively, compared to the white boys, and 3.4%, 2.0%, and 1.8% lower (all p < 0.05), respectively, in black compared to white men. (DMA+ADMA)/SDMA did not differ between black boys and black men, but was higher in white boys compared to white men. ADMA did not differ between black and white boys, or between black and white men. Creatinine-corrected SDMA excretion was lower in black boys compared to white boys (by 8%) and to white men (by 3.1%). None of the PADiMe indices were associated with blood pressure in either study. IGF-binding protein 3 correlated inversely with all PADiMe indices in the black men only. Our study showed that asymmetric proteinic arginine dimethylation is higher in white boys than in black boys, and that this difference disappears in adulthood. ADMA metabolism and SDMA excretion were lower in the black subjects compared to the white subjects, suggesting ethnicity-dependent hepatic and renal elimination of ADMA and SDMA in the childhood. The results of our study may have clinical relevance beyond atherosclerosis, such as in growth and inflammation, which have not been sufficiently addressed thus far.
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Kruger R, Monyeki MA, Schutte AE, Smith W, Mels CMC, Kruger HS, Pienaar AE, Gafane-Matemane LF, Breet Y, Lammertyn L, Mokwatsi GG, Kruger A, Deacon E, Hanssen H. The Exercise, Arterial Modulation and Nutrition in Youth South Africa Study (ExAMIN Youth SA). Front Pediatr 2020; 8:212. [PMID: 32411640 PMCID: PMC7201091 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The impact of a sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle on cardiovascular health is well-documented, however the current obesity and hypertension trends among children is concerning. The ExAMIN Youth SA study aims to investigate the impact of lifestyle behaviors (physical fitness/activity, dietary intake and psychosocial factors) involved in early vascular aging among South African children. Methods: This study is an analytical, multidisciplinary, observational cohort study in a school-based setting. We aim to phenotype a cohort of ~1,000 primary school children (black and white boys and girls between ages 5-9 years) based on current clinical childhood conditions including hypertension and obesity. The primary phenotype is large artery stiffness and retinal microvascular diameters, both biomarkers of early vascular aging. The risk factors and mediators of early vascular aging and also responsible for the clinical conditions include physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and life stress. Additionally, urinalysis and salivary analyses will be performed to identify biomarkers related to the pathophysiology of early vascular aging. Discussion: In line with the growing prevalence of obesity and hypertension responsible for the development of early vascular aging from childhood to adulthood, this study will address the critical areas in which we observe unfavorable arterial modulation related to dietary behaviors, physical inactivity, and early life stress. Implementation of novel biological markers may further contribute to our understanding of early cardiovascular adaptations in childhood, and aid in the development of primary prevention programs. Trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on 15 August 2019 (NCT04056377).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Makama Andries Monyeki
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Aletta Elisabeth Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales and The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wayne Smith
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Catharina Martha Cornelia Mels
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Herculina Salomé Kruger
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Anita Elizabeth Pienaar
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lebo Francina Gafane-Matemane
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Yolandi Breet
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Leandi Lammertyn
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Gontse Gratitude Mokwatsi
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ankebé Kruger
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Elmari Deacon
- Optentia Research Focus Area, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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