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Hu H, Huang Y, Hou R, Xu H, Liu Y, Liao X, Xu J, Jiang L, Wang D. Xp22.31 copy number variations in 87 fetuses: refined genotype-phenotype correlations by prenatal and postnatal follow-up. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:69. [PMID: 37013593 PMCID: PMC10069036 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xp22.31 deletion and duplication have been described in various studies, but different laboratories interpret pathogenicity differently. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to refine the genotype-phenotype associations between Xp22.31 copy number variants in fetuses, with the aim of providing data support to genetic counseling. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed karyotyping and single nucleotide polymorphism array results from 87 fetuses and their family members. Phenotypic data were obtained through follow-up visits. RESULTS The percentage of fetuses carrying the Xp22.31 deletions (9 females, 12 males) was 24.1% (n = 21), while duplications (38 females, 28 males) accounted for 75.9% (n = 66). Here, we noted that the typical region (from 6.4 to 8.1 Mb, hg19) was detected in the highest ratio, either in the fetuses with deletions (76.2%, 16 of 21) or duplications (69.7%, 46 of 66). In female deletion carriers, termination of pregnancy was chosen for two fetuses, and the remaining seven were born without distinct phenotypic abnormalities. In male deletion carriers, termination of pregnancy was chosen for four fetuses, and the remaining eight of them displayed ichthyosis without neurodevelopmental anomalies. In two of these cases, the chromosomal imbalance was inherited from the maternal grandfathers, who also only had ichthyosis phenotypes. Among the 66 duplication carriers, two cases were lost at follow-up, and pregnancy was terminated for eight cases. There were no other clinical findings in the rest of the 56 fetuses, including two with Xp22.31 tetrasomy, for either male or female carriers. CONCLUSION Our observations provide support for genetic counseling in male and female carriers of Xp22.31 copy number variants. Most of them are asymptomatic in male deletion carriers, except for skin findings. Our study is consistent with the view that the Xp22.31 duplication may be a benign variant in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamei Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yulin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Renke Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huanhuan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqian Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Juchun Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lupin Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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Zhang S, Xu Y, Lu D, Fu D, Zhao Y. Combined use of karyotyping and copy number variation sequencing technology in prenatal diagnosis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14400. [PMID: 36523456 PMCID: PMC9745786 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Karyotyping and genome copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) are two techniques frequently used in prenatal diagnosis. This study aimed to explore the diagnostic potential of using a combination of these two methods in order to provide a more accurate clinical basis for prenatal diagnosis. Methods We selected 822 pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis and separated them into six groups according to different risk indicators. Karyotyping and CNV-seq were performed simultaneously to compare the diagnostic performance of the two methods. Results Among the different amniocentesis indicators, abnormal fetal ultrasounds accounted for 39.29% of the total number of examinees and made up the largest group. The abnormal detection rate of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) high risk was 37.93% and significantly higher than the other five groups (P < 0.05). The abnormal detection rate of mixed indicators was significantly higher than the history of the adverse reproductive outcomes group (P = 0.0151). The two methods combined found a total of 119 abnormal cases (14.48%). Karyotyping detected 57 cases (6.93%) of abnormal karyotypes, 30 numerical aberrations, and 27 structural aberrations. CNV-seq identified 99 cases (12.04%) with altered CNVs, 30 cases of chromosome aneuploidies, and 69 structural aberrations (28 pathogenic, eight that were likely pathogenic, and 33 microdeletion/duplication variants of uncertain significance (VUS)). Thirty-seven cases were found abnormal by both methods, 20 cases were detected abnormally by karyotyping (mainly mutual translocation and mostly balanced), and 62 cases of microdeletion/duplication were detected by CNV-seq. Steroid sulfatase gene (STS) deletion was identified at chromosome Xp22.31 in three cases. Postnatal follow-up confirmed that babies manifested skin abnormalities one week after birth. Six fetuses had Xp22.31 duplications ranging from 1.5 Kb to 1.7 Mb that were detected by CNV-seq. Follow-up showed that five babies presented no abnormalities during follow-up, except for one terminated pregnancy due to a history of adverse reproductive outcomes. Conclusion The combination of using CNV-seq and karyotyping significantly improved the detection rate of fetal pathogenic chromosomal abnormalities. CNV-seq is an effective complement to karyotyping and improves the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yang Zhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuexin Xu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yang Zhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yang Zhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yang Zhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yang Zhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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eEF1A2 knockdown impairs neuronal proliferation and inhibits neurite outgrowth of differentiating neurons. Neuroreport 2022; 33:336-344. [PMID: 35594436 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The translation elongation factor-1, alpha-2 (eEF1A2) plays an important role in protein synthesis. Mutations in this gene have been described in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we silenced the expression of eEFA2 in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and observed its roles in neuronal proliferation and differentiation upon induction with retinoic acid. METHODS eEF1A2 were silenced using siRNA transfection. Cell proliferation was qualitatively evaluated by Ki-67 immunocytochemistry. Neuronal differentiation was induced with retinoic acid for 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. Neurite length was measured. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) was analyzed by western blotting. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression was visualized by immunofluorescence. Cytotoxicity to a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and western blotting of cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS eEF1A2 knockdown suppressed the proliferative activity of undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells as shown by decreased Ki-67 immunostaining. Upon retinoic acid-induction, differentiated neurons with eEF1A2 knockdown exhibited shorter neurite length than untransfected cells, which was associated with the reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase and suppression of MAP2 at 10 days of differentiation. eEF1A2 knockdown decreased the survival of neurons, which was clearly observed in undifferentiated and short-term differentiated cells. Upon treatment with MPP+, cells with eEF1A2 knockdown showed a further reduction in cell survival and an increase of cleaved caspase-3 protein. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that eEF1A2 may be required for neuronal proliferation and differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells. Increased cell death susceptibility against MPP+ in eEF1A2-knockdown neurons may imply the neuroprotective role of eEF1A2.
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Cacciaguerra G, Palermo M, Marino L, Rapisarda FAS, Pavone P, Falsaperla R, Ruggieri M, Marino S. The Evolution of the Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis of Craniosynostosis: A Narrative Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8090727. [PMID: 34572159 PMCID: PMC8467503 DOI: 10.3390/children8090727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature closure of cranial sutures, is one of the principal causes of pediatric skull deformities. It can cause aesthetic, neurological, acoustic, ophthalmological complications up to real emergencies. Craniosynostosis are primarily diagnosed with accurate physical examination, skull measurement and observation of the deformity, but the radiological support currently plays an increasingly important role in confirming a more precise diagnosis and better planning for therapeutic interventions. The clinician must know how to diagnose in the earliest and least invasive way for the child. In the past, technological limitations reduced the choices; today, however, there are plenty of choices and it is necessary to use the various types of available imaging correctly. In the future, imaging techniques will probably rewrite the common classifications we use today. We provide an updated review of the role of imaging in this condition, through the ages, to outline the correct choice for the clinician for an early and non-invasive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cacciaguerra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (P.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Monica Palermo
- Radiology Unit 1, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Lidia Marino
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU “Policlinico”, PO “San Marco”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (R.F.)
| | | | - Piero Pavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (P.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU “Policlinico”, PO “San Marco”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (R.F.)
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, AOU “Policlinico”, PO “San Marco”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (P.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Silvia Marino
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, AOU “Policlinico”, PO “San Marco”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0954794046
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5
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Gubb SJA, Brcic L, Underwood JFG, Kendall KM, Caseras X, Kirov G, Davies W. Medical and neurobehavioural phenotypes in male and female carriers of Xp22.31 duplications in the UK Biobank. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2872-2881. [PMID: 32766777 PMCID: PMC7566349 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions spanning the STS (steroid sulfatase) gene at Xp22.31 are associated with X-linked ichthyosis, corneal opacities, testicular maldescent, cardiac arrhythmia, and higher rates of developmental and mood disorders/traits, possibly related to the smaller volume of some basal ganglia structures. The consequences of duplication of the same genomic region have not been systematically assessed in large or adult samples, although evidence from case reports/series has indicated high rates of developmental phenotypes. We compared multiple measures of physical and mental health, cognition and neuroanatomy in male (n = 414) and female (n = 938) carriers of 0.8–2.5 Mb duplications spanning STS, and non-carrier male (n = 192, 826) and female (n = 227, 235) controls from the UK Biobank (recruited aged 40–69 from the UK general population). Clinical and self-reported diagnoses indicated a higher prevalence of inguinal hernia and mania/bipolar disorder respectively in male duplication carriers, and a higher prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and blistering/desquamating skin disorder respectively in female duplication carriers; duplication carriers also exhibited reductions in several depression-related measures, and greater happiness. Cognitive function and academic achievement did not differ between comparison groups. Neuroanatomical analysis suggested greater lateral ventricle and putamen volume in duplication carriers. In conclusion, Xp22.31 duplications appear largely benign, but could slightly increase the likelihood of specific phenotypes (although results were only nominally-significant). In contrast to deletions, duplications might protect against depressive symptoms, possibly via higher STS expression/activity (resulting in elevated endogenous free steroid levels), and through contributing towards an enlarged putamen volume. These results should enable better genetic counselling of individuals with Xp22.31 microduplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J A Gubb
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucija Brcic
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jack F G Underwood
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M Kendall
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Caseras
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - George Kirov
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - William Davies
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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Sutures ultrasound: useful diagnostic screening for posterior plagiocephaly. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:3715-3720. [PMID: 34453581 PMCID: PMC8604816 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Posterior plagiocephaly (PP) is a common clinical condition in pediatric age. There are two main causes of PP: postural plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis. Early diagnosis is important, as it prevents neurological complications and emergencies. Diagnosis in the past was often made late and with imaging tests that subjected the infant to a high radiation load. Suture ultrasound does not use ionizing radiation; it is easy to perform, allows an early diagnosis, and directs toward the execution of the cranial 3D-CT scan, neurosurgical consultation, and possible intervention. The aim of the study is to describe the high sensitivity and specificity of suture ultrasound for the differential diagnosis between plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis. METHODS We reported our prospective experience and compared it with the data in the literature through a systematic review. The systematic review was conducted on electronic medical databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science) evaluating the published literature up to November 2020. According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-ANALYSES (PRISMA statement), we identified 2 eligible studies. Additionally, according to AMSTAR 2, all included reviews have been critically rated as high quality. A total of 120 infants with abnormal skull shape were examined in NICU. All underwent clinical and ultrasound examination. RESULTS Of the total, 105 (87.5%) had plagiocephaly and 15 dolichocephaly/scaphocephaly (12.5%). None of these had associated other types of malformations and/or neurological disorders. The synostotic suture was identified ultrasonographically in 1 infant and subsequently confirmed by 3D CT scan (100%). CONCLUSION Cranial sutures ultrasonography can be considered in infants a selective, excellent screening method for the evaluation of skull shape deformities as first technique before the 3D CT scan exam and subsequent neurosurgical evaluation. Cranial suture ultrasonography should be considered part of clinical practice especially for pediatricians.
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7
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Oxidative Stress, Folate Receptor Autoimmunity, and CSF Findings in Severe Infantile Autism. AUTISM RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 2020:9095284. [PMID: 33294225 PMCID: PMC7688371 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9095284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Biomarkers such as oxidative stress, folate receptor alpha (FRα) autoimmunity, and abnormal brain serotonin turnover are common in autism. Methods Oxidative stress biomarkers with pro- and antioxidants were measured in the severe form of infantile autism (n = 38) and controls (n = 24). Children and parents had repeated testing for serum FR autoantibodies, spinal fluid dopamine and serotonin metabolites, pterins, and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF). Statistical analysis assessed correlations between variables. Genetic analysis included the SLC6A4 and SLC29A4 genes encoding synaptic serotonin reuptake proteins. Results Compared to controls, the autism group showed a significant increase in oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes, plasma ceruloplasmin and copper levels with a high copper/zinc ratio, thiol proteins, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Vitamin C levels were significantly diminished. In most autistic patients, the vitamin A (64%) and D (70%) levels were low. Serum FR autoantibodies fluctuating over 5–7 week periods presented in 68% of all autistic children, 41% of parents vs. 3.3% of control children and their parents. CSF showed lowered serotonin 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) metabolites in 13 (34%), a low 5HIAA to HVA (dopamine metabolite) ratio in 5 (13%), low 5HIAA and MTHF in 2 (5%), and low MTHF in 8 patients (21%). A known SLC6A4 mutation was identified only in 1 autistic child with low CSF 5HIAA and a novel SLC29A4 mutation was identified in identical twins. Low CSF MTHF levels among only 26% of subjects can be explained by the fluctuating FR antibody titers. Two or more aberrant pro-oxidant and/or antioxidant factors predisposed to low CSF serotonin metabolites. Three autistic children having low CSF 5HIAA and elevated oxidative stress received antioxidative supplements followed by CSF 5HIAA normalisation. Conclusion In autism, we found diverse combinations for FR autoimmunity and/or oxidative stress, both amenable to treatment. Parental and postnatal FR autoantibodies tend to block folate passage to the brain affecting folate-dependent pathways restored by folinic acid treatment, while an abnormal redox status tends to induce reduced serotonin turnover, corrected by antioxidant therapy. Trial Registration. The case-controlled study was approved in 2008 by the IRB at Liège University (Belgian Number: B70720083916). Lay Summary. Children with severe infantile autism frequently have serum folate receptor autoantibodies that block the transport of the essential vitamin folate across the blood-brain barrier to the brain. Parents are often asymptomatic carriers of these serum folate receptor autoantibodies, which in mothers can block folate passage across the placenta to their unborn child. This folate deficiency during the child's intrauterine development may predispose to neural tube defects and autism. Oxidative stress represents a condition with the presence of elevated toxic oxygen derivatives attributed to an imbalance between the formation and protection against these toxic reactive oxygen derivatives. Oxidative stress was found to be present in autistic children where these reactive oxygen derivatives can cause damage to DNA, which changes DNA function and regulation of gene expression. In addition, excessive amounts of these toxic oxygen derivatives are likely to damage the enzyme producing the neuromessenger serotonin in the brain, diminished in about 1/3 of the autistic children. Testing children with autism for oxidative stress and its origin, as well as testing for serum folate receptor autoantibodies, could open new approaches towards more effective treatments.
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8
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Massimino CR, Smilari P, Greco F, Marino S, Vecchio D, Bartuli A, Parisi P, Cho SY, Pavone P. Poland Syndrome with Atypical Malformations Associated to a de novo 1.5 Mb Xp22.31 Duplication. Neuropediatrics 2020; 51:359-363. [PMID: 32016944 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Poland's syndrome (PS; OMIM 173800) is a rare congenital syndrome which consists of absence or hypoplasia of the pectoralis muscle. Other features can be variably associated, including rib defects. On the affected side other features (such as of breast and nipple anomalies, lack of subcutaneous tissue and skin annexes, hand anomalies, visceral, and vertebral malformation) have been variably documented. To date, association of PS with central nervous system malformation has been rarely reported remaining poorly understood and characterized. We report a left-sided PS patient carrying a de novo 1.5 Mb Xp22.31 duplication diagnosed in addiction to strabismus, optic nerves and chiasm hypoplasia, corpus callosum abnormalities, ectopic neurohypophysis, pyelic ectasia, and neurodevelopmental delay. Since, to our knowledge, this features' association has not been previously reported, we argue that this case may contribute to further widening of the variability of PS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela R Massimino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Smilari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Filippo Greco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- University-Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele," University of Catania, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Davide Vecchio
- Rare Disease and Medical Genetics, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare Disease and Medical Genetics, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Child Neurology, Chair of Pediatrics, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza University, c/o Sant' Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sung Y Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Piero Pavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, CT, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Relevance of Copy Number Variation at Chromosome X in Male Fetuses Inherited from the Mother May Be Ascertained by Including Male Relatives from the Maternal Lineage in Addition to Trio Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090979. [PMID: 32842633 PMCID: PMC7564499 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome microarray analysis has been used for prenatal detection of copy number variations (CNVs) and genetic counseling of CNVs has been greatly improved after the accumulation of knowledge from postnatal outcomes in terms of the genotype-phenotype correlation. However, a significant number of CNVs are still regarded as variants of unknown significance (VUS). CNVs at the chromosome X (X-CNVs) represent a unique group of genetic changes in genetic counseling; X-CNVs are similar to X-linked recessive monogenic disorders in that the prognosis in males is expected to be poor. Trio analysis is typically advised to patients with X-CNVs but such an approach may be inadequate in prenatal settings since the clinical relevance is sometimes uninformative, particularly for the maternally inherited X-CNVs in male fetuses. Here, we reported four healthy women whose male fetuses were found to have X-CNVs inherited from the mothers. The X-CNVs were initially recognized as VUS or likely pathogenic in males according to the publicly available information. After extending genetic analyses to male relatives of the maternal lineages, however, the relevance of the X-CNVs was reconsidered to be likely benign. The results highlight that an extended analysis to include more relatives, in addition to the parents, provides further information for genetic counseling when X-CNVs are encountered in prenatal settings.
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10
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Mehvari S, Larti F, Hu H, Fattahi Z, Beheshtian M, Abedini SS, Arzhangi S, Ropers HH, Kalscheuer VM, Auld D, Kahrizi K, Riazalhosseini Y, Najmabadi H. Whole genome sequencing identifies a duplicated region encompassing Xq13.2q13.3 in a large Iranian family with intellectual disability. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1418. [PMID: 32715656 PMCID: PMC7549592 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The X chromosome has historically been one of the most thoroughly investigated chromosomes regarding intellectual disability (ID), whose etiology is attributed to many factors including copy number variations (CNVs). Duplications of the long arm of the X chromosome have been reported in patients with ID, short stature, facial anomalies, and in many cases hypoplastic genitalia and/or behavioral abnormalities. Methods Here, we report on a large Iranian family with X‐linked ID caused by a duplication on the X chromosome identified by whole genome sequencing in combination with linkage analysis. Results Seven affected males in different branches of the family presented with ID, short stature, seizures, facial anomalies, behavioral abnormalities (aggressiveness, self‐injury, anxiety, impaired social interactions, and shyness), speech impairment, and micropenis. The duplication of the region Xq13.2q13.3, which is ~1.8 Mb in size, includes seven protein‐coding OMIM genes. Three of these genes, namely SLC16A2, RLIM, and NEXMIF, if impaired, can lead to syndromes presenting with ID. Of note, this duplicated region was located within a linkage interval with a LOD score >3. Conclusion Our report indicates that CNVs should be considered in multi‐affected families where no candidate gene defect has been identified in sequencing data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mehvari
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Larti
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hao Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zohreh Fattahi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Maryam Beheshtian
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sedigheh Abedini
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Arzhangi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hans-Hilger Ropers
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Auld
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill Genome Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasser Riazalhosseini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill Genome Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Zhuang J, Wang Y, Zeng S, Lv C, Lin Y, Jiang Y. A prenatal diagnosis and genetics study of five pedigrees in the Chinese population with Xp22.31 microduplication. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:50. [PMID: 31857824 PMCID: PMC6907354 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copy number variations (CNVs) can contribute to human phenotype, phenotypic diversity and disease susceptibility, while others may benign. In the current study, an attempt to investigate the pathogenicity of CNVs in chromosome Xp22.31 was explored. Methods G-banding and SNP-array techniques were used to analyze chromosome karyotypes and CNVs in fetuses. Parents associate with five different pedigrees possessing high risk factors in pregnancy were considered with such parameters as advanced age, high risk of serological screening and ultrasound abnormalities. Results The fetuses’ amniotic fluid karyotypes were 46, XX and those of their parents with the five pedigrees revealed no abnormalities. Here, we noticed a series of individuals with Xp22.31 duplications ranging from 534.6 kb to 1.6 Mb. It was detected through SNP array that the fetuses in Pedigree 1 and 2 had ~ 600 kb duplications in the Xp22.31 region of their X chromosomes which contained two OMIM genes, HDHD1 (OMIM: 306480) and part of STS (OMIM: 300747). The fetuses of Pedigrees 3, 4 and 5 had 1.6 Mb duplication in the same chromosome which contained four OMIM genes: HDHD1 (OMIM: 306480), STS (OMIM: 300747), PNPLA4 (OMIM: 300102) and VCX (OMIM: 300229). The duplications in the fetuses of Pedigrees 1 and 5 were inherited from the non-phenotypic parents. Pedigrees 3 and 4 refused to perform parental verification. Finally, four of the five pedigrees continue towards pregnancy with no abnormalities being observed during followed-ups. Conclusion Our study first showed duplications of Xp22.31 in Chinese population. Clinical and genetic investigation on five different pedigrees, we consider the duplication of these fragments as likely benign copy number variants (CNVs). We suggest that the duplications of Xp22.31 with recurrent duplication as a benign CNVs .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhuang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbai Wang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Zeng
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Lv
- Zhejiang Biosan technology Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Lin
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center of Quanzhou, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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