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Castañeda-Monsalve V, Fröhlich LF, Haange SB, Homsi MN, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Fu Q, von Bergen M, Jehmlich N. High-throughput screening of the effects of 90 xenobiotics on the simplified human gut microbiota model (SIHUMIx): a metaproteomic and metabolomic study. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1349367. [PMID: 38444810 PMCID: PMC10912515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1349367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is a complex microbial community with critical functions for the host, including the transformation of various chemicals. While effects on microorganisms has been evaluated using single-species models, their functional effects within more complex microbial communities remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the response of a simplified human gut microbiota model (SIHUMIx) cultivated in an in vitro bioreactor system in combination with 96 deep-well plates after exposure to 90 different xenobiotics, comprising 54 plant protection products and 36 food additives and dyes, at environmentally relevant concentrations. We employed metaproteomics and metabolomics to evaluate changes in bacterial abundances, the production of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), and the regulation of metabolic pathways. Our findings unveiled significant changes induced by 23 out of 54 plant protection products and 28 out of 36 food additives across all three categories assessed. Notable highlights include azoxystrobin, fluroxypyr, and ethoxyquin causing a substantial reduction (log2FC < -0.5) in the concentrations of the primary SCFAs: acetate, butyrate, and propionate. Several food additives had significant effects on the relative abundances of bacterial species; for example, acid orange 7 and saccharin led to a 75% decrease in Clostridium butyricum, with saccharin causing an additional 2.5-fold increase in E. coli compared to the control. Furthermore, both groups exhibited up- and down-regulation of various pathways, including those related to the metabolism of amino acids such as histidine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, as well as bacterial secretion systems and energy pathways like starch, sucrose, butanoate, and pyruvate metabolism. This research introduces an efficient in vitro technique that enables high-throughput screening of the structure and function of a simplified and well-defined human gut microbiota model against 90 chemicals using metaproteomics and metabolomics. We believe this approach will be instrumental in characterizing chemical-microbiota interactions especially important for regulatory chemical risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Castañeda-Monsalve
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura-Fabienne Fröhlich
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven-Bastiaan Haange
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Masun Nabhan Homsi
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
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Fowler SP, Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D, Swartz MD, Stigler Granados P, Heilbrun LP, Palmer RF. Daily Early-Life Exposures to Diet Soda and Aspartame Are Associated with Autism in Males: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3772. [PMID: 37686804 PMCID: PMC10490529 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction, aspartame-the leading sweetener in U.S. diet sodas (DS)-has been reported to cause neurological problems in some users. In prospective studies, the offspring of mothers who consumed diet sodas/beverages (DSB) daily during pregnancy experienced increased health problems. We hypothesized that gestational/early-life exposure to ≥1 DS/day (DSearly) or equivalent aspartame (ASPearly: ≥177 mg/day) increases autism risk. The case-control Autism Tooth Fairy Study obtained retrospective dietary recalls for DSB and aspartame consumption during pregnancy/breastfeeding from the mothers of 235 offspring with autism spectrum disorder (ASD: cases) and 121 neurotypically developing offspring (controls). The exposure odds ratios (ORs) for DSearly and ASPearly were computed for autism, ASD, and the non-regressive conditions of each. Among males, the DSearly odds were tripled for autism (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.02, 9.7) and non-regressive autism (OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 11.1); the ASPearly odds were even higher: OR = 3.4 (95% CI: 1.1, 10.4) and 3.7 (95% CI: 1.2, 11.8), respectively (p < 0.05 for each). The ORs for non-regressive ASD in males were almost tripled but were not statistically significant: DSearly OR = 2.7 (95% CI: 0.9, 8.4); ASPearly OR = 2.9 (95% CI: 0.9, 8.8). No statistically significant associations were found in females. Our findings contribute to the growing literature raising concerns about potential offspring harm from maternal DSB/aspartame intake in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Parten Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras
- Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health in San Antonio, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7411 John Smith Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael D. Swartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Paula Stigler Granados
- Divisions of Environmental Health and Global Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
| | - Lynne Parsons Heilbrun
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health in San Antonio, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7411 John Smith Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Raymond F. Palmer
- Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
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Liu C, Zhan S, Tian Z, Li N, Li T, Wu D, Zeng Z, Zhuang X. Food Additives Associated with Gut Microbiota Alterations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Friends or Enemies? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153049. [PMID: 35893902 PMCID: PMC9330785 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 21st century, the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising globally. Despite the pathogenesis of IBD remaining largely unclear, the interactions between environmental exposure, host genetics and immune response contribute to the occurrence and development of this disease. Growing evidence implicates that food additives might be closely related to IBD, but the involved molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Food additives may be categorized as distinct types in accordance with their function and property, including artificial sweeteners, preservatives, food colorant, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and so on. Various kinds of food additives play a role in modifying the interaction between gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation. Therefore, this review comprehensively synthesizes the current evidence on the interplay between different food additives and gut microbiome alterations, and further elucidates the potential mechanisms of food additives–associated microbiota changes involved in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiguang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Shukai Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhenyi Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China;
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongxuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhirong Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaojun Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
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Stanislawski MA, Frank DN, Borengasser SJ, Ostendorf DM, Ir D, Jambal P, Bing K, Wayland L, Siebert JC, Bessesen DH, MacLean PS, Melanson EL, Catenacci VA. The Gut Microbiota during a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention. Nutrients 2021; 13:3248. [PMID: 34579125 PMCID: PMC8471894 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered gut microbiota has been linked to obesity and may influence weight loss. We are conducting an ongoing weight loss trial, comparing daily caloric restriction (DCR) to intermittent fasting (IMF) in adults who are overweight or obese. We report here an ancillary study of the gut microbiota and selected obesity-related parameters at the baseline and after the first three months of interventions. During this time, participants experienced significant improvements in clinical health measures, along with altered composition and diversity of fecal microbiota. We observed significant associations between the gut microbiota features and clinical measures, including weight and waist circumference, as well as changes in these clinical measures over time. Analysis by intervention group found between-group differences in the relative abundance of Akkermansia in response to the interventions. Our results provide insight into the impact of baseline gut microbiota on weight loss responsiveness as well as the early effects of DCR and IMF on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie A. Stanislawski
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Sarah J. Borengasser
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Danielle M. Ostendorf
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Diana Ir
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Purevsuren Jambal
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Kristen Bing
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Liza Wayland
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Janet C. Siebert
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Daniel H. Bessesen
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Paul S. MacLean
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Eastern Colorado Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Victoria A. Catenacci
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.N.F.); (S.J.B.); (D.M.O.); (D.I.); (P.J.); (K.B.); (L.W.); (J.C.S.); (D.H.B.); (P.S.M.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
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Naik A, Misra SK. Modern Sensing Approaches for Predicting Toxicological Responses of Food- and Drug-Based Bioactives on Microbiomes of Gut Origin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6396-6413. [PMID: 34081444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent scientific findings have correlated the gut microbes with homeostasis of human health by delineating their role in pathogen resistance, bioactive metabolization, and immune responses. Foreign materials, like xenobiotics, that induce an altering effect to the human body also influence the gut microbiome to some extent and often limit their use as a result of significant side effects. Investigating the xenobiotic effect of new therapeutic material or edible could be quite painstaking and economically non-viable. Thus, the use of predictive toxicology methods can be an innovative strategy in the food, pharma, and agriculture industries. There are reported in silico, ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo methods to evaluate such effects but with added drawbacks, such as lower predictability, physiological dissimilarities, and high cost of associated invasive procedures. This review highlights the current and future possibilities with newer modern sensing approaches of economic and time-scale advantages for predicting toxicological responses on gut microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Naik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Santosh K Misra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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Shahriar S, Ahsan T, Khan A, Akhteruzzaman S, Shehreen S, Sajib AA. Aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose- influence on the metabolism of Escherichia coli. Metabol Open 2020; 8:100072. [PMID: 33336183 PMCID: PMC7732866 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes play a crucial role in the maintenance of human health. Components in the diet of the host affect their metabolism and diversity. Here, we investigated the influences of three commonly used non-caloric artificial sweeteners-aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose-on the growth and metabolism of an omnipresent gut microbe Escherichia coli K-12. Methods: Growth of E. coli in the presence of aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose in media was assessed and the influences of these artificial sweeteners on metabolism were investigated by relative expression analysis of genes encoding the rate limiting steps of important metabolic pathways as well as their global metabolomic profiles. Results: As a whole, E. coli growth was inhibited by aspartame and induced by acesulfame potassium, while the effect of sucralose on growth was less prominent. Although the expressions of multiple key enzymes that regulate important metabolic pathways were significantly altered by all three sweeteners, acesulfame K caused the most notable changes in this regard. In multivariate analysis with the metabolite profiles, the sucralose-treated cells clustered the closest to the untreated cells, while the acesulfame potassium treated cells were the most distant. These sweeteners affect multiple metabolic pathways in E. coli, which include propanoate, phosphonate, phosphinate and fatty acid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, and biosynthesis of several amino acids including lysine and the aromatic amino acids. Similar to the gene expression pattern, acesulfame potassium treated E. coli showed the largest deviation in their metabolite profiles compared to the untreated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Shahriar
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tamim Ahsan
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abira Khan
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharif Akhteruzzaman
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saadlee Shehreen
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ashfaqur Sajib
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Plaza-Diaz J, Pastor-Villaescusa B, Rueda-Robles A, Abadia-Molina F, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ. Plausible Biological Interactions of Low- and Non-Calorie Sweeteners with the Intestinal Microbiota: An Update of Recent Studies. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1153. [PMID: 32326137 PMCID: PMC7231174 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweeteners that are a hundred thousand times sweeter than sucrose are being consumed as sugar substitutes. The effects of sweeteners on gut microbiota composition have not been completely elucidated yet, and numerous gaps related to the effects of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) on health still remain. The NNS aspartame and acesulfame-K do not interact with the colonic microbiota, and, as a result, potentially expected shifts in the gut microbiota are relatively limited, although acesulfame-K intake increases Firmicutes and depletes Akkermansia muciniphila populations. On the other hand, saccharin and sucralose provoke changes in the gut microbiota populations, while no health effects, either positive or negative, have been described; hence, further studies are needed to clarify these observations. Steviol glycosides might directly interact with the intestinal microbiota and need bacteria for their metabolization, thus they could potentially alter the bacterial population. Finally, the effects of polyols, which are sugar alcohols that can reach the colonic microbiota, are not completely understood; polyols have some prebiotics properties, with laxative effects, especially in patients with inflammatory bowel syndrome. In this review, we aimed to update the current evidence about sweeteners' effects on and their plausible biological interactions with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Pastor-Villaescusa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- LMU–Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Abadia-Molina
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- RG Adipocytes and metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
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