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Haffener PE, Al-Riyami AZ, Al-Zadjali S, Al-Rawahi M, Al Hosni S, Al Marhoobi A, Al Sheriyani A, Leffler EM. Characterization of Blood Group Variants in an Omani Population by Comparison of Whole Genome Sequencing and Serology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599396. [PMID: 38948735 PMCID: PMC11212902 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Although blood group variation was first described over a century ago, our understanding of the genetic variation affecting antigenic expression on the red blood cell surface in many populations is lacking. This deficit limits the ability to accurately type patients, especially as serological testing is not available for all described blood groups, and targeted genotyping panels may lack rare or population-specific variants. Here, we perform serological assays across 24 antigens and whole genome sequencing on 100 Omanis, a population underrepresented in genomic databases. We inferred blood group phenotypes using the most commonly typed genetic variants. The comparison of serological to inferred phenotypes resulted in an average concordance of 96.9%. Among the 22 discordances, we identify seven known variants in four blood groups that, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in Omanis. Incorporating these variants for phenotype inference, concordance increases to 98.8%. Additionally, we describe five candidate variants in the Lewis, Lutheran, MNS, and P1 blood groups that may affect antigenic expression, although further functional confirmation is required. Notably, we identify several blood group alleles most common in African populations, likely introduced to Oman by gene flow over the last thousand years. These findings highlight the need to evaluate individual populations and their population history when considering variants to include in genotype panels for blood group typing. This research will inform future work in blood banks and transfusion services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Haffener
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Arwa Z. Al-Riyami
- Department of Hematology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, University Medical City, Muscat, Oman
| | - Shoaib Al-Zadjali
- Sultan Qaboos Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Medical City, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed Al-Rawahi
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saif Al Hosni
- Department of Hematology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, University Medical City, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali Al Marhoobi
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Ellen M. Leffler
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Akinbolaji TJ. When and why is red blood cell genotyping applicable in transfusion medicine: a systematic review of the literature. Immunohematology 2024; 40:58-64. [PMID: 38910442 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2024-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a better understanding of when and why red blood cell (RBC) genotyping is applicable in transfusion medicine. Articles published within the last 8 years in peer-reviewed journals were reviewed in a systematic manner. RBC genotyping has many applications in transfusion medicine including predicting a patient's antigen profile when serologic methods cannot be used, such as in a recently transfused patient, in the presence of autoantibody, or when serologic reagents are not available. RBC genotyping is used in prenatal care to determine zygosity and guide the administration of Rh immune globulin in pregnant women to prevent hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. In donor testing, RBC genotyping is used for resolving ABO/D discrepancies for better donor retention or for identifying donors negative for high-prevalence antigens to increase blood availability and compatibility for patients requiring rare blood. RBC genotyping is helpful to immunohematology reference laboratory staff performing complex antibody workups and is recommended for determining the antigen profiles of patients and prospective donors for accurate matching for C, E, and K in multiply transfused patients. Such testing is also used to determine patients or donors with variant alleles in the Rh blood group system. Information from this testing aides in complex antibody identification as well as sourcing rare allele-matched RBC units. While RBC genotyping is useful in transfusion medicine, there are limitations to its implementation in transfusion services, including test availability, turn-around time, and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thompson J Akinbolaji
- Immunohematology Reference Laboratory, Biomedical Services, American Red Cross, Douglasville, GA, Georgia
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Kim TY, Park MS, Jang JH, Woo HY, Cho D. Prevalence and molecular basis of null blood group phenotypes in the Korean population: Analysis using a public database. Transfusion 2024; 64:19-23. [PMID: 38031501 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Null phenotypes are characterized by complete absence of all antigens within a blood group system and caused by null variants (e.g., nonsense, frameshift, initiation codon, and canonical splice site variants) in the genes encoding the antigens. Knowing the prevalence and molecular basis of null phenotypes is essential to establish a rare donor program, and the aim of this study was to reveal the prevalence and molecular basis of null phenotypes using the Korean Reference Genome Database (KRGDB) containing whole-genome sequences of 1722 Korean individuals. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Population allele frequencies of null alleles in 39 blood group systems except ABO, MNS, Rh, Lewis, and FORS were obtained from the KRGDB. The prevalence of null phenotypes was calculated using Hardy-Weinberg equation. RESULTS The prevalence of null phenotypes were estimated to be less than 0.001% in all blood group systems except JR and SID. The prevalence of the Jr(a-) and Sd(a-) phenotypes were estimated to be 0.0453% and 0.2323%, respectively. The most frequent null allele of the JR system was ABCG2*01N.01, accounting for approximately 85% of null alleles. DISCUSSION Our approach using a public database allowed us to investigate the prevalence and molecular basis of null phenotypes in the Korean population, which will serve as a guide for establishing a rare donor program in Korea. Considering the clinical significance, Jr(a-) is an important null phenotype that should be typed in the Korean population, and molecular assays targeting the most frequent allele ABCG2*01N.01 may be useful in detecting this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeul Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Yeon Woo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lv YJ, Liang XF, Wu YP. Clinical application of ABO blood typing. Technol Health Care 2023:THC220659. [PMID: 36847034 DOI: 10.3233/thc-220659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ABO blood group is closely related to clinical blood transfusion, transplantation, and neonatal hemolytic disease. It is also the most clinically significant blood group system in clinical blood transfusion. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the clinical application of the ABO blood group. METHODS The most common ABO blood group typing methods in clinical laboratories are hemagglutination test and microcolumn gel test, while genotype detection is mainly adopted in clinical identification of suspicious blood types. However, in some cases, the expression variation or absence of blood type antigens or antibodies, experimental techniques, physiology, disease, and other factors affect the accurate determination of blood types, which may lead to serious transfusion reactions. RESULTS The mistakes could be reduced or even eliminated by strengthening training, selecting reasonable identification methods, and optimizing processes, thereby improving the overall identification level of the ABO blood group. ABO blood groups are also correlated with many diseases, such as COVID-19 and malignant tumors. Rh blood groups are determined by the RHD and RHCE homologous genes on chromosome 1 and are classified as Rh negative or positive according to the D antigen., the agglutination method is often used in clinical settings, while genetic and sequencing methods are often used in scientific research. CONCLUSION Accurate ABO blood typing is a critical requirement for the safety and effectiveness of blood transfusion in clinical practice. Most studies were designed for investigating rare Rh blood group family, and there is a lack of research on the relationship between Rh blood groups and common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Jiang Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Benítez-Arvizu G, Campos-Aguirre E. [Molecular biology in a blood bank]. REVISTA MEDICA DEL INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL SEGURO SOCIAL 2023; 61:S46-S51. [PMID: 36378106 PMCID: PMC10395919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Medicine has had a vertiginous advance in the last two centuries. After the first successful transfusions, transfusional medicine and blood banks arose. The ladder perform vital functions, from donor screening to the studies for the analysis of blood that are carried out before its use for transfusion and the follow-up of patients who receive blood components. Molecular biology is highly relevant in these activities, since it has allowed the reduction of window periods for the detection of diseases transmissible by blood; it has allowed the complete study of the typing of blood groups and HLA molecules, and it has allowed the adequate phenotypic interpretation of patients and donors by being able to have their genotype. The most relevant impact of the implementation of molecular biology techniques was the screening for the detection of transfusion-transmissible diseases in blood donors, which has allowed improving the safety of the components obtained. Molecular biology techniques applied in the study of the donor-recipient have allowed better care of patients who have required a transfusion or transplant. In this work, it is reviewed the importance of molecular biology in blood banks, with which the care for the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social beneficiaries has improved, as well as for the blood donors who are mostly not insured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaliel Benítez-Arvizu
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Hospital de Especialidades “Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez”, Unidad Complementaria Banco de Sangre. Ciudad de México, MéxicoInstituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMéxico
| | - Esmeralda Campos-Aguirre
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Hospital de Especialidades “Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez”, Unidad Complementaria Banco de Sangre. Ciudad de México, MéxicoInstituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMéxico
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Escamilla-Guerrero G, García-Rosales JC. [Genotyping and its applications, a look to the future]. REVISTA MEDICA DEL INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL SEGURO SOCIAL 2023; 61:S37-S45. [PMID: 36378105 PMCID: PMC10396029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The detection of the most significant erythrocyte antigens present in each one of the individuals is fundamental when carrying out a transfusion or a transplant. Detection to date is performed by conventional serological methods through the antigen-antibody reaction. But several drawbacks may arise depending on the pathology under study, limiting the availability of blood components. Molecular methods such as genotyping is a tool that complements sensitivity and specificity and has come to revolutionize immunohematology in the blood bank, allowing not only the detection of erythrocyte antigens but also platelet antigens. These methodologies are applicable in patients and in large-scale donors, starting from the allelic variants present in each of the genes that code for the antigens of clinical interest, using microarray systems or systems based on particles labeled with specific probes or their variants that allow an analysis from the immunohematological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Escamilla-Guerrero
- Limogen, Laboratorio de Innovación Molecular y Genética, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunohematología. Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, MéxicoLimogenMéxico
| | - Juan Carlos García-Rosales
- Limogen, Laboratorio de Innovación Molecular y Genética, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunohematología. Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, MéxicoLimogenMéxico
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Vorholt SM, Lenz V, Just B, Enczmann J, Fischer JC, Horn PA, Zeiler TA, Balz V. High-Throughput Next-Generation Sequencing of the Kidd Blood Group: Unexpected Antigen Expression Properties of Four Alleles and Detection of Novel Variants. Transfus Med Hemother 2022; 50:51-65. [PMID: 36818776 PMCID: PMC9911998 DOI: 10.1159/000525326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blood supply for patients with foreign ethnic backgrounds can be challenging, as they often have blood group and HPA patterns that differ from the variants prevalent in the German population. In addition, hemoglobinopathies requiring regular blood transfusion may be more common in such populations. High-throughput genotyping tests can facilitate the identification of the most compatible blood products, thereby reducing the risk of transfusion reactions. The present study reports the results of a molecular study for the Kidd (JK) blood group. Allele frequencies and antigen prevalence data are presented for >8,000 individuals of various origins. Material and Methods More than 8,000 blood donors were genotyped for 22 blood group systems and 5 HPA genes using an amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach. As part of the test system, we focused on the JK system in more detail. Double-ARMS PCR analysis was performed for the haplotype phasing of the JK1/JK2 and two more common synonymous polymorphisms. We performed transcript analysis to detect potential alternative splice products. For a subset of samples, a comparison between serotype and red cell genotype was conducted. Allele frequencies were determined for geographically different panels of individuals. Results We successfully genotyped the JK blood group for 99.6% of the samples. Haplotype phasing revealed 96 different alleles. For several alleles that carry one of the synonymous SNVs c.588A>G and c.810G>A, we could not confirm the reported JK phenotypes. We found a higher frequency of JK:1 alleles for all populations except Iraqis. JK*01W.01 alleles were more common in the Asian groups and sub-Saharan Africans. A variant of the allele JK*02N.01 was present exclusively in Southeast Asians. Conclusion Genotyping for JK antigens with a targeted NGS assay can easily be performed in routine. The interpretation that c.588A>G leads to a weak phenotype and c.810G>A to a null phenotype is questionable. IDs as well as the descriptions of alleles carrying these SNVs should be revised in the ISBT JK table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Vorholt
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronika Lenz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Just
- German Red Cross Blood Service West, Hagen/Breitscheid/Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Enczmann
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes C. Fischer
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Zeiler
- German Red Cross Blood Service West, Hagen/Breitscheid/Münster, Germany
| | - Vera Balz
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,*Vera Balz,
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Kim TY, Yu H, Phan MTT, Jang JH, Cho D. Application of Blood Group Genotyping by Next-Generation Sequencing in Various Immunohaematology Cases. Transfus Med Hemother 2022; 49:88-96. [PMID: 35611383 PMCID: PMC9082207 DOI: 10.1159/000517565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been recently introduced into blood group genotyping; however, there are few studies using NGS-based blood group genotyping in real-world clinical settings. In this study, we applied NGS-based blood group genotyping into various immunohaematology cases encountered in routine clinical practice. METHODS This study included 4 immunohaematology cases: ABO subgroup, ABO chimerism, antibody to a high-frequency antigen (HFA), and anti-CD47 interference. We designed a hybridization capture-based NGS panel targeting 39 blood group-related genes and applied it to the 4 cases. RESULTS NGS analysis revealed a novel intronic variant (NM_020469.3:c.29-10T>G) in a patient with an Ael phenotype and detected a small fraction of ABO*A1.02 (approximately 3-6%) coexisting with the major genotype ABO*B.01/O.01.02 in dizygotic twins. In addition, NGS analysis found a homozygous stop-gain variant (NM_004827.3:c.376C>T, p.Gln126*; ABCG2*01N.01) in a patient with an antibody to an HFA; consequently, this patient's phenotype was predicted as Jr(a-). Lastly, blood group phenotypes predicted by NGS were concordant with those determined by serology in 2 patients treated with anti-CD47 drugs. CONCLUSION NGS-based blood group genotyping can be used for identifying ABO subgroup alleles, low levels of blood group chimerism, and antibodies to HFAs. Furthermore, it can be applied to extended blood group antigen matching for patients treated with anti-CD47 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeul Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - HongBi Yu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh-Trang Thi Phan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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9
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Next generation sequencing of human platelet antigens for routine clinical investigations and donor screening. Transfus Med Rev 2022; 36:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Rophina M, Pandhare K, Jadhao S, Nagaraj SH, Scaria V. BGvar: A comprehensive resource for blood group immunogenetics. Transfus Med 2021; 32:229-236. [PMID: 34897852 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood groups form the basis of effective and safe blood transfusion. There are about 43 well-recognised human blood group systems presently known. Blood groups are molecularly determined by the presence of specific antigens on the red blood cells and are genetically determined and inherited following Mendelian principles. The lack of a comprehensive, relevant, manually compiled and genome-ready dataset of red cell antigens limited the widespread application of genomic technologies to characterise and interpret the blood group complement of an individual from genomic datasets. MATERIALS AND METHODS A range of public datasets was used to systematically annotate the variation compendium for its functionality and allele frequencies across global populations. Details on phenotype or relevant clinical importance were collated from reported literature evidence. RESULTS We have compiled the Blood Group Associated Genomic Variant Resource (BGvar), a manually curated online resource comprising all known human blood group related allelic variants including a total of 1700 International Society of Blood Transfusion approved alleles and 1706 alleles predicted and curated from literature reports. This repository includes 1682 single nucleotide variations (SNVs), 310 Insertions, Deletions (InDels) and Duplications (Copy Number Variations) and about 1360 combination mutations corresponding to 43 human blood group systems and 2 transcription factors. This compendium also encompasses gene fusion and rearrangement events occurring in human blood group genes. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, BGvar is a comprehensive and a user-friendly resource with most relevant collation of blood group alleles in humans. BGvar is accessible online at URL: http://clingen.igib.res.in/bgvar/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Rophina
- Genome Informatics and Big Data, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kavita Pandhare
- Genome Informatics and Big Data, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhir Jadhao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shivashankar H Nagaraj
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vinod Scaria
- Genome Informatics and Big Data, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Samae M, Chatpun S, Chirasatitsin S. Hemagglutination Detection with Paper-Plastic Hybrid Passive Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1533. [PMID: 34945381 PMCID: PMC8708700 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hemagglutination is a critical reaction that occurs when antigens expressed on red blood cells (RBCs) react with the antibodies used for blood typing. Even though blood typing devices have been introduced to the market, they continue to face several limitations in terms of observation by the eye alone, blood manipulation difficulties, and the need for large-scale equipment, particularly process automated machines. Thus, this study aimed to design, fabricate, and test a novel hybrid passive microfluidic chip made of filter paper and polymer using a cost-effective xurography manufacturing technique. This chip is referred to as the microfluidic paper-plastic hybrid passive device (PPHD). A passive PPHD does not require external sources, such as a syringe pump. It is composed of a paper-based component that contains dried antibodies within its porous paper and a polymer component that serves as the detection zone. A single blood sample was injected into the chip's inlet, and classification was determined using the mean intensity image. The results indicated that embedded antibodies were capable of causing RBC agglutination without a saline washing step and that the results could be classified as obviously agglutination or nonagglutination for blood typing using both the naked eye and a mean intensity image. As a proof-of-concept, this study demonstrated efficiency in quantitative hemagglutination measurement within a passive PPHD for blood typing, which could be used to simplify blood biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Somyot Chirasatitsin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand; (M.S.); (S.C.)
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12
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Srivastava K, Fratzscher AS, Lan B, Flegel WA. Cataloguing experimentally confirmed 80.7 kb-long ACKR1 haplotypes from the 1000 Genomes Project database. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:273. [PMID: 34039276 PMCID: PMC8150616 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinically effective and safe genotyping relies on correct reference sequences, often represented by haplotypes. The 1000 Genomes Project recorded individual genotypes across 26 different populations and, using computerized genotype phasing, reported haplotype data. In contrast, we identified long reference sequences by analyzing the homozygous genomic regions in this online database, a concept that has rarely been reported since next generation sequencing data became available. Study design and methods Phased genotype data for a 80.6 kb region of chromosome 1 was downloaded for all 2,504 unrelated individuals of the 1000 Genome Project Phase 3 cohort. The data was centered on the ACKR1 gene and bordered by the CADM3 and FCER1A genes. Individuals with heterozygosity at a single site or with complete homozygosity allowed unambiguous assignment of an ACKR1 haplotype. A computer algorithm was developed for extracting these haplotypes from the 1000 Genome Project in an automated fashion. A manual analysis validated the data extracted by the algorithm. Results We confirmed 902 ACKR1 haplotypes of varying lengths, the longest at 80,584 nucleotides and shortest at 1,901 nucleotides. The combined length of haplotype sequences comprised 19,895,388 nucleotides with a median of 16,014 nucleotides. Based on our approach, all haplotypes can be considered experimentally confirmed and not affected by the known errors of computerized genotype phasing. Conclusions Tracts of homozygosity can provide definitive reference sequences for any gene. They are particularly useful when observed in unrelated individuals of large scale sequence databases. As a proof of principle, we explored the 1000 Genomes Project database for ACKR1 gene data and mined long haplotypes. These haplotypes are useful for high throughput analysis with next generation sequencing. Our approach is scalable, using automated bioinformatics tools, and can be applied to any gene. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04169-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Srivastava
- Laboratory Services Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Fratzscher
- Laboratory Services Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bo Lan
- Laboratory Services Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Willy Albert Flegel
- Laboratory Services Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Next-generation sequencing of 35 RHD variants in 16 253 serologically D- pregnant women in the Finnish population. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4994-5001. [PMID: 33057632 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal RHD screening for targeted routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis has been implemented in many countries, including Finland, since the 2010s. Comprehensive knowledge of the RHD polymorphism in the population is essential for the performance and safety of the anti-D prophylaxis program. During the first 3 years of the national screening program in Finland, over 16 000 samples from RhD- women were screened for fetal RHD; among them, 79 samples (0.5%) containing a maternal variant allele were detected. Of the detected maternal variants, 35 cases remained inconclusive using the traditional genotyping methods and required further analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the whole RHD gene to uncover the variant allele. In addition to the 13 RHD variants that have been previously reported in different populations, 8 novel variants were also detected, indicating that there is more variation of RHD in the RhD- Finnish population than has been previously known. Three of the novel alleles were identified in multiple samples; thus, they are likely specific to the original Finnish population. National screening has thus provided new information about the diversity of RHD variants in the Finnish population. The results show that NGS is a powerful method for genotyping the highly polymorphic RHD gene compared with traditional methods that rely on the detection of specific nucleotides by polymerase chain reaction amplification.
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Montemayor C, Simone A, Long J, Montemayor O, Delvadia B, Rivera R, Lewis KL, Shahsavari S, Gandla D, Dura K, Krishnan US, Wendzel NC, Elavia N, Grissom S, Karagianni P, Bueno M, Loy D, Cacanindin R, McLaughlin S, Tynuv M, Brunker PAR, Roback J, Adams S, Smith H, Biesecker L, Klein HG. An open-source python library for detection of known and novel Kell, Duffy and Kidd variants from exome sequencing. Vox Sang 2021; 116:451-463. [PMID: 33567470 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Next generation sequencing (NGS) has promising applications in transfusion medicine. Exome sequencing (ES) is increasingly used in the clinical setting, and blood group interpretation is an additional value that could be extracted from existing data sets. We provide the first release of an open-source software tailored for this purpose and describe its validation with three blood group systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS The DTM-Tools algorithm was designed and used to analyse 1018 ES NGS files from the ClinSeq® cohort. Predictions were correlated with serology for 5 antigens in a subset of 108 blood samples. Discrepancies were investigated with alternative phenotyping and genotyping methods, including a long-read NGS platform. RESULTS Of 116 genomic variants queried, those corresponding to 18 known KEL, FY and JK alleles were identified in this cohort. 596 additional exonic variants were identified KEL, ACKR1 and SLC14A1, including 58 predicted frameshifts. Software predictions were validated by serology in 108 participants; one case in the FY blood group and three cases in the JK blood group were discrepant. Investigation revealed that these discrepancies resulted from (1) clerical error, (2) serologic failure to detect weak antigenic expression and (3) a frameshift variant absent in blood group databases. CONCLUSION DTM-Tools can be employed for rapid Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood group antigen prediction from existing ES data sets; for discrepancies detected in the validation data set, software predictions proved accurate. DTM-Tools is open-source and in continuous development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Montemayor
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Simone
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Long
- Department of Pathology, Walter Reed NMMC, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oscar Montemayor
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bhavesh Delvadia
- Blood Bank, Emory Medical Laboratories, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Rivera
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Navy Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katie L Lewis
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shahin Shahsavari
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Divya Gandla
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine Dura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uma S Krishnan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nena C Wendzel
- Department of Pathology, Walter Reed NMMC, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nasha Elavia
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Spencer Grissom
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Panagiota Karagianni
- Department of Pathophysiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Bueno
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debrean Loy
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rizaldi Cacanindin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven McLaughlin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maxim Tynuv
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia A R Brunker
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Roback
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharon Adams
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Leslie Biesecker
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harvey G Klein
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Russo R, Marra R, Rosato BE, Iolascon A, Andolfo I. Genetics and Genomics Approaches for Diagnosis and Research Into Hereditary Anemias. Front Physiol 2020; 11:613559. [PMID: 33414725 PMCID: PMC7783452 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.613559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hereditary anemias are a relatively heterogeneous set of disorders that can show wide clinical and genetic heterogeneity, which often hampers correct clinical diagnosis. The classical diagnostic workflow for these conditions generally used to start with analysis of the family and personal histories, followed by biochemical and morphological evaluations, and ending with genetic testing. However, the diagnostic framework has changed more recently, and genetic testing is now a suitable approach for differential diagnosis of these patients. There are several approaches to this genetic testing, the choice of which depends on phenotyping, genetic heterogeneity, and gene size. For patients who show complete phenotyping, single-gene testing remains recommended. However, genetic analysis now includes next-generation sequencing, which is generally based on custom-designed targeting panels and whole-exome sequencing. The use of next-generation sequencing also allows the identification of new causative genes, and of polygenic conditions and genetic factors that modify disease severity of hereditary anemias. In the research field, whole-genome sequencing is useful for the identification of non-coding causative mutations, which might account for the disruption of transcriptional factor occupancy sites and cis-regulatory elements. Moreover, advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques have now resulted in the identification of genome-wide profiling of the chromatin structures known as the topologically associating domains. These represent a recurrent disease mechanism that exposes genes to inappropriate regulatory elements, causing errors in gene expression. This review focuses on the challenges of diagnosis and research into hereditary anemias, with indications of both the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we consider the future perspectives for the use of next-generation sequencing technologies in this era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Marra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Eleni Rosato
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Andolfo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
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16
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Gassner C. Next-Generation Sequencing in Blood Group Genomics: State of the Art and Perspectives. Transfus Med Hemother 2020; 47:2-3. [PMID: 32110188 PMCID: PMC7036589 DOI: 10.1159/000505463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gassner
- Independent Researcher, Immunogenetics and Immunohematology, Zurich, Switzerland
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