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Kim J, Jeong WK, Kim JM, Ha SY, Kim K. Refining MRI-based criteria for portal vein invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: improving sensitivity beyond portal vein tumor thrombosis. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2024; 49:437-446. [PMID: 37989897 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-04106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the imaging features indicating portal vein invasion (PVI) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and to create more accurate diagnostic criteria than the presence of portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) on MRI. METHODS This retrospective study included patients with surgically resected HCC larger than 5 cm, and the presence of PVI was investigated. On MRI, we evaluated the image findings of portal vein occlusion, the parenchymal signal change caused by hemodynamic alterations of the portal vein, and their combination showing the highest odds ratio (OR) to define the diagnostic criteria for radiological PVI detection (rPVI criteria). The diagnostic performance and recurrence-free survival were compared between the rPVI criteria and the presence of PVTT using McNemar's test and Kaplan-Meier method, respectively. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using Cohen's weighted ĸ statistics. RESULTS Of 189 enrolled patients, 25 (13.2%) had PVI on histology. To diagnose PVI on MRI, either peripheral wedge-shaped arterial peritumoral hyperemia with an abrupt cut-off of a portal vein or the presence of PVTT had the highest OR (41.67, p < 0.001). The sensitivity of PVI was significantly increased under this diagnostic criterion (64.0% to 88.0%; p = 0.031) with comparable accuracy (95.2% vs. 94.7%; p > 0.999). In terms of recurrence-free survival, the patient group with rPVI was significantly worse (p = 0.017) compared with the patients without rPVI. Interobserver agreement of radiologic findings was substantial (ĸ = 0.64). CONCLUSION Diagnostic criteria for radiologically PVI detection increase the sensitivity more than the only presence of PVTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongju Kim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Ilwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Jeong
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Ilwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Man Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ha
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunga Kim
- Biomedical Statistics Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Data Convergence & Future Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Layton BM, Lapsia SK. The Portal Vein: A Comprehensive Review. Radiographics 2023; 43:e230058. [PMID: 37856316 DOI: 10.1148/rg.230058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Radiologists are familiar with the appearances of a normal portal vein; variations in its anatomy are commonplace and require careful consideration due to the implications for surgery. These alterations in portal vein anatomy have characteristic appearances that are clearly depicted on CT, MR, and US images. Similarly, there are numerous congenital and acquired disorders of the portal vein that are deleterious to its function and can be diagnosed by using imaging alone. Some of these conditions have subtle imaging features, and some are conspicuous at imaging but poorly understood or underrecognized. The authors examine imaging appearances of the portal vein, first by outlining the classic and variant anatomy and then by describing each of the disorders that impact portal vein function. The imaging appearances of portal vein abnormalities discussed in this review include (a) occlusion from and differentiation between bland thrombus and tumor in vein and the changes associated with resultant hepatic artery buffer response changes, cavernous transformation of the portal vein, and portal biliopathy; (b) ascending thrombophlebitis of the portal vein (pylephlebitis); (c) portal hypertension and its causes and sequelae; (d) the newly described disease entity portosinusoidal vascular disorder; and (e) intra- and extrahepatic shunts of the portal system, both congenital and acquired (including Abernethy malformations), and the associated risks. Current understanding of the pathophysiologic processes of each of these disorders is considered to aid the approach to reporting. ©RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Layton
- From the Department of Radiology, East Lancashire Hospitals Trust, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Haslingden Rd, Blackburn, BB2 3HH, England (B.M.L., S.K.L.)
| | - Snehal K Lapsia
- From the Department of Radiology, East Lancashire Hospitals Trust, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Haslingden Rd, Blackburn, BB2 3HH, England (B.M.L., S.K.L.)
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3
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Cerrito L, Ainora ME, Di Francesco S, Galasso L, Gasbarrini A, Zocco MA. The Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Detection of Neoplastic Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Tomography 2023; 9:1976-1986. [PMID: 37888746 PMCID: PMC10610687 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the principal primary liver cancer and one of the most frequent malignant tumors worldwide in patients with chronic liver disease. When diagnosed at an advanced stage, it is often associated with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT), which heavily affects patients' prognosis. Imaging evaluation is crucial in PVTT detection and staging; computed tomography and magnetic resonance are the principal diagnostic tools. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a non-invasive and easily repeatable method that can also be used in patients with impaired renal function. It represents an important means for the identification of PVTT, particularly differentiating neoplastic and non-neoplastic thrombosis through the analysis of ultrasound enhancement characteristics of the thrombosis (arterial hyperenhancement and portal washout), thus allowing more refined disease staging, appropriate treatment planning, and response evaluation, along with prognosis assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Assunta Zocco
- CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Roma, Italy; (L.C.); (M.E.A.); (S.D.F.); (L.G.); (A.G.)
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Tathireddy H, Rice D, Martens K, Shivakumar S, Shatzel J. Breaking down tumor thrombus: Current strategies for medical management. Thromb Res 2023; 230:144-151. [PMID: 37722206 PMCID: PMC11027429 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor thrombus, the intravascular extension of tumor into adjacent blood vessels, is frequently encountered in patients with renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, and often involves the abdominal vasculature including the renal vein, portal vein, and the inferior vena cava. While a bland thrombus is composed of platelets and fibrin, in contrast, a tumor thrombus refers to an organized collection of tumor cells. Though oftentimes detected incidentally on imaging, tumor thrombus may have significant clinical implications and can be challenging to differentiate from bland thrombus. Additionally, the optimal management of tumor thrombus, including the use of anticoagulation, remains poorly described. This review summarizes common causes of tumor thrombus, as well as its impact on staging, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Tathireddy
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Douglas Rice
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kylee Martens
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Joseph Shatzel
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, OR, USA
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5
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Ichikawa S, Sirlin CB, Cunha GM, Wolfson T, Fowler KJ, Morisaka H, Onohara K, Shimizu T, Omiya Y, Sugiyama H, Okumura A, Onishi H. Inter-observer agreement and accuracy of LI-RADS v2018 for differentiating tumor in vein from bland thrombus using gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:2557-2569. [PMID: 37246973 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-03964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess inter-observer agreement and accuracy of LI-RADS v2018 for differentiating tumor in vein (TIV) from bland thrombus on gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Gx-MRI). Secondarily, to determine whether a multi-feature model improves accuracy compared to LI-RADS. METHODS We retrospectively identified consecutive patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma with venous occlusion(s) reported on Gx-MRI. Five radiologists independently classified each occlusion as TIV or bland thrombus using the LI-RADS TIV criterion (enhancing soft tissue in vein). They also evaluated imaging features suggestive of TIV or bland thrombus. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for individual features. A multi-feature model was developed based on consensus scores of features with > 5% consensus prevalence and > 0.40 ICC. Sensitivity and specificity of the LI-RADS criterion and of the cross-validated multi-feature model were compared. RESULTS Ninety-eight patients with 103 venous occlusions (58 TIV, 45 bland thrombus) were included. The LI-RADS criterion provided 0.63 ICC and, depending on the reader, 0.62-0.93 sensitivity and 0.87-1.00 specificity. Five other features had > 5% consensus prevalence and > 0.40 ICC, including three LI-RADS suggestive features and two non-LI-RADS features. The optimal multi-feature model incorporated the LI-RADS criterion and one LI-RADS suggestive feature (occluded or obscured vein contiguous with malignant parenchymal mass). After cross-validation, the multi-feature model did not improve sensitivity or specificity compared to the LI-RADS criterion (P = 0.23 and 0.25, respectively). CONCLUSION Using Gx-MRI, the LI-RADS criterion for TIV provides substantial inter-observer agreement, variable sensitivity, and high specificity for differentiating TIV from bland thrombus. A cross-validated multi-feature model did not improve diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Ichikawa
- Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Guilherme Moura Cunha
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tanya Wolfson
- Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory (CASL), San Diego Supercomputer Center at UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn J Fowler
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Morisaka
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kojiro Onohara
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoshie Omiya
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugiyama
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Okumura
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Yu JJ, Li YN, Shu C, Yang HY, Huang Z, Tao R, Chen YY, Chen XP, Xiao W. Prognostic value of preoperative circulating tumor cells for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: A propensity score analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04834-8. [PMID: 37160624 PMCID: PMC10374672 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) is not fully understood. METHODS In this retrospective analysis, we included 316 HCC patients who underwent hepatectomy and preoperative CTC detection. We selected 41 pairs of matched HCC patients with and without PVTT using propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. We compared the preoperative CTC counts in patients from both the full cohort and the PSM model. We also analyzed their associations with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Before and after PSM analysis, the preoperative CTC counts in the HCC with PVTT group were substantially higher than in the HCC without PVTT group. In both the full cohort of patients and the PSM model, patients with CTC ≥ 2 had significantly shorter OS and DFS than patients with CTC < 2. The outcomes of HCC patients with PVTT could be well differentiated by preoperative CTC levels. HCC patients with CTC ≥ 2 had noticeably shorter OS (9.9 months vs. 24.6 months, P = 0.0003) and DFS (6.0 months vs. 12.3 months, P = 0.0041) than those with CTC < 2. Moreover, preoperative CTC ≥ 2 remained an independent predictor in all groups' multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION We discovered a link between preoperative CTC counts and the occurrence of PVTT and confirmed the prognostic significance of preoperative CTC in HCC patients with PVTT. These findings suggest that preoperative CTC counts have the potential to assist in identifying patients with HCC and PVTT who may benefit from surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ya-Ni Li
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Yang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yue-Yue Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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7
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Wu JS, Hong TC, Wu HT, Lin YJ, Chang TT, Wang CT, Liu WC, Hsieh MT, Wu IC, Chen PJ, Chen CY, Lin SH, Chuang CH, Han MZ, Chen HP, Tsai HM, Kuo HY. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, alone or in combination, in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with macrovascular invasion: a single-centre experience in Taiwan. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:849-862. [PMID: 37201085 PMCID: PMC10186549 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-22-858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of vascular invasion is associated with poor survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We compared the effectiveness of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), alone or in combination, in patients with advanced HCC. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of adult patients with unresectable HCC and macrovascular invasion (MVI) who were treated with HAIC or ICIs alone or in combination at a single centre in Taiwan. Overall tumour response, vascular thrombi response, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in 130 patients were analysed. Results The treatment group showed no significant effect on the overall tumour response [objective response rate (ORR), 22.86% for HAIC, 26.09% for ICI, 50.00% for HAIC+ICI; P=0.111], but showed a significant effect on vessel response (objective response rate of tumour thrombi (ORRT), 38.57% for HAIC, 45.65% for ICI, 78.57% for HAIC+ICI; P=0.023). Post-hoc comparisons followed by Bonferroni correction revealed that vessel ORRT was significantly different between the HAIC+ICI and HAIC groups (P=0.014). A significant effect of treatment group on portal vein tumour thrombus (PVTT) was also detected (ORRT, 40.00% for HAIC, 50.00% for ICI, 90.00% for HAIC; P=0.013), with significant difference between the HAIC+ICI and HAIC groups (P=0.005). Patients treated with HAIC, ICI, and HAIC+ICI respectively had 12-month OS rates of 44.9%, 31.4%, and 67.5% (P=0.127) and 12-month PFS rates of 21.2%, 24.6%, and 33.2% (P=0.091). In multivariate analysis of PFS, HAIC+ICI was associated with reduced risk of progression or death compared with HAIC alone (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.46; 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.94; P=0.032). Conclusions HAIC combined with ICIs had a superior response of PVTT compared to HAIC alone, and was associated with reduced risk of progression or death. Future studies are needed to address the survival benefit of the combination therapy in advanced HCC with MVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juei-Seng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Tzu-Chun Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Hung-Tsung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Chung-Teng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Ming-Tsung Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - I-Chin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Po-Jun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Chiung-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Chiao-Hsiung Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Meng-Zhi Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan
| | - Huang-Pin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Hong-Ming Tsai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Hsin-Yu Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
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Prakash S, Bies J, Hassan M, Mares A, Didia SC. Portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: A literature review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1134801. [PMID: 37181351 PMCID: PMC10169608 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Portal Vein Thrombosis (PVT), a common complication of advanced liver disease, is defined as an obstruction of the portal vein due to thrombus formation that can extend to the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. It was believed that PVT occurred predominantly due to prothrombotic potential. However, recent studies have shown that decreased blood flow related to portal hypertension appears to increase PVT risk as per Virchow's triad. It is well known that there is a higher incidence of PVTs in cirrhosis with a higher MELD and Child Pugh score. The controversy for management of PVTs in cirrhotics lies in the individualized assessment of risks versus benefits of anticoagulation, since these patients have a complex hemostatic profile with both bleeding and procoagulant propensities. In this review, we will systematically compile the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Prakash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jared Bies
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Mariam Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Adriana Mares
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - S. Claudia Didia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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9
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Park SH, Heo S, Kim B, Lee J, Choi HJ, Sung PS, Choi JI. Targetoid Primary Liver Malignancy in Chronic Liver Disease: Prediction of Postoperative Survival Using Preoperative MRI Findings and Clinical Factors. Korean J Radiol 2023; 24:190-203. [PMID: 36788766 PMCID: PMC9971837 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2022.0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess and validate the radiologic and clinical factors that were associated with recurrence and survival after curative surgery for heterogeneous targetoid primary liver malignancies in patients with chronic liver disease and to develop scoring systems for risk stratification. MATERIALS AND METHODS This multicenter retrospective study included 197 consecutive patients with chronic liver disease who had a single targetoid primary liver malignancy (142 hepatocellular carcinomas, 37 cholangiocarcinomas, 17 combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinomas, and one neuroendocrine carcinoma) identified on preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and subsequently surgically removed between 2010 and 2017. Of these, 120 patients constituted the development cohort, and 77 patients from separate institution served as an external validation cohort. Factors associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were identified using a Cox proportional hazards analysis, and risk scores were developed. The discriminatory power of the risk scores in the external validation cohort was evaluated using the Harrell C-index. The Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate RFS and OS for the different risk-score groups. RESULTS In RFS model 1, which eliminated features exclusively accessible on the hepatobiliary phase (HBP), tumor size of 2-5 cm or > 5 cm, and thin-rim arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) were included. In RFS model 2, tumors with a size of > 5 cm, tumor in vein (TIV), and HBP hypointense nodules without APHE were included. The OS model included a tumor size of > 5 cm, thin-rim APHE, TIV, and tumor vascular involvement other than TIV. The risk scores of the models showed good discriminatory performance in the external validation set (C-index, 0.62-0.76). The scoring system categorized the patients into three risk groups: favorable, intermediate, and poor, each with a distinct survival outcome (all log-rank p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Risk scores based on rim arterial enhancement pattern, tumor size, HBP findings, and radiologic vascular invasion status may help predict postoperative RFS and OS in patients with targetoid primary liver malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hyun Park
- Department of Radiology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Subin Heo
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Bohyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jungbok Lee
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Joong Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pil Soo Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon-Il Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Madani SP, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Mohseni A, Pawlik T, Kamel IR. Diffuse infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: Multimodality imaging manifestations. J Surg Oncol 2023; 127:385-393. [PMID: 36374195 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary liver cancer, being the third most common cause of cancer-related death globally. HCC most frequently develops in the context of hepatic cirrhosis. HCC can manifest as various morphologic subtypes. Each pattern exhibits distinct behaviors in terms of imaging features, disease progression, response to therapy, and prognosis. While the nodular pattern is the most frequent subtype, infiltrative HCC is the least prevalent and makes up about 8%-20% of all HCC cases. Infiltrative HCC manifests as small tumor nodules that often spread across the entire liver or across a hepatic segment/lobe and is not identified as a focal tumor. On ultrasonography, infiltrative HCC presents as a markedly heterogeneous area with ill-defined echotexture, making it difficult to distinguish from background hepatic cirrhosis. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), infiltrating HCC typically manifests as a mild, poorly defined hepatic region with heterogeneous or homogenous aberrant signal intensity. Specifically, on T1-weighted MRI scans, infiltrating HCC frequently appears as largely hypointense and typically homogenous and mildly to moderately hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging. Infiltrative HCC frequently lacks a clearly defined boundary on cross-sectional imaging and can consequently fade into the background of the cirrhotic liver. As a result, infiltrating HCC is frequently not discovered until an advanced stage and has an associated poor prognosis. Thus, understanding imaging features associated with infiltrative HCC diagnosis is crucial for abdominal radiologists to ensure effective and timely care. We herein review imaging characteristics of infiltrative HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Panid Madani
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alireza Mohseni
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ihab R Kamel
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Shi B, Bian C, Li Z, Chen J, Yang D, Li Y, Hao X, Ping Y. Imaging findings of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis secondary to hepatic portal vein collateral circulation: a cross-sectional study. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:334-351. [PMID: 36915456 PMCID: PMC10007947 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-23-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic portal vein collateral circulation plays an important role in maintaining the perfusion of hepatic portal vein. However, at present, there is little research on collateral circulation of hepatic portal vein. Our study aims to analysis the imaging types and clinical value of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) invading and completely blocking different branches of portal vein, secondary to hepatic portal vein collateral circulation. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with PVTT diagnosed with enhanced CT examination of the upper abdomen in our hospital from May 2020 to October 2021.The inclusion criteria for patients were the following: (I) ultimately diagnosed with HCC, (II) accompanied by complete obstruction of the main portal vein or left/right branches, and (III) with collateral circulation of the hepatic portal vein established. All images were postprocessed by multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), maximum intensity projection (MIP), and other reconstruction techniques to obtain images of the abnormal portal vein system and the collateral vessels running toward the hepatic portal veins. Three physicians jointly judged the imaging anatomical classification of each collateral vessel. The qualitative variables were compared by chi-squared test. Results A total of 125 hepatic portal vein collateral vessels were observed in MPR and MIP reconstruction images of 71 patients with portal vein cancer thrombosis with established hepatic portal vein collateral circulation. Common hepatic collateral branches in patients with PVTT mainly include the biliary collateral branch, gastric collateral branch, mesenteric collateral branch, accessory portal vein system and the splenic branch. The incidence rate was respectively 77.5%, 36.6%, 32.4%, 28.2%, 1.41%. Conclusions The correct understanding of the imaging anatomical classification of the collateral vessels of the hepatic portal vein can provide clinicians with more information for diagnosis and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shi
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chen Bian
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongqiang Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yazhou Li
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoguang Hao
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong Ping
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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12
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Tariq A, McGeorge S, Pearce A, Rhee H, Wood S, Kyle S, Marsh P, Raveenthiran S, Wong D, McBean R, Westera J, Dunglison N, Esler R, Navaratnam A, Yaxley J, Thomas P, Pattison DA, Roberts MJ. Characterization of tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma with prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). Urol Oncol 2022; 40:276.e1-276.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Dincer N, Ugurluer G, Zoto Mustafayev T, Gungor G, Atalar B, Guven K, Ozyar E. Magnetic Resonance Image-Guided Hypofractionated Ablative Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Tumor Thrombus Extending to the Right Atrium. Cureus 2022; 14:e23981. [PMID: 35541296 PMCID: PMC9084425 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presenting with tumor thrombus (TT) and inferior vena cava (IVC)/right atrium (RA) infringement point to an advanced-stage disease that is deemed inoperable. Stereotactic body radiotherapy is an emerging treatment option for this group of patients with promising outcomes in recent studies that are comparable to conventional treatment methods, namely, transarterial chemoembolization and transarterial radioembolization. Here, we report a case of HCC with RA extension through the IVC. The patient was referred to our clinic for treatment options, and he was found suitable for magnetic resonance imaging-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT). We treated the patient with MRgRT in five fractions to a total dose of 40 Gray. The tumor was tracked during the treatment sessions, and adaptive treatment planning was performed before each fraction. The patient tolerated the treatment well with no acute grade 3-4 toxicities. The last follow-up showed that the patient had a complete biochemical response and is now a candidate for an orthotopic liver transplant. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document the MRgRT treatment of an HCC with TT and RA extension. MRgRT is safe and feasible for this patient group and can be an effective bridging therapy for liver transplants.
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14
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Park HJ, Seo N, Kim SY. Current Landscape and Future Perspectives of Abbreviated MRI for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance. Korean J Radiol 2022; 23:598-614. [PMID: 35434979 PMCID: PMC9174497 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2021.0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While ultrasound (US) is considered an important tool for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance, it has limited sensitivity for detecting early-stage HCC. Abbreviated MRI (AMRI) has recently gained popularity owing to better sensitivity in its detection of early-stage HCC than US, while also minimizing the time and cost in comparison to complete contrast-enhanced MRI, as AMRI includes only a few essential sequences tailored for detecting HCC. Currently, three AMRI protocols exist, namely gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary-phase AMRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced AMRI, and non-enhanced AMRI. In this study, we discussed the rationale and technical details of AMRI techniques for achieving optimal surveillance performance. The strengths, weaknesses, and current issues of each AMRI protocol were also elucidated. Moreover, we scrutinized previously performed AMRI studies regarding clinical and technical factors. Reporting and recall strategies were discussed while considering the differences in AMRI protocols. A risk-stratified approach for the target population should be taken to maximize the benefits of AMRI and the cost-effectiveness should be considered. In the era of multiple HCC surveillance tools, patients need to be fully informed about their choices for better adherence to a surveillance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nieun Seo
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Morrell GR. Detection of Tumor Thrombus in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Radiology 2021; 302:116-117. [PMID: 34581634 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021211984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Morrell
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, 30 North, 1900 East #1A071, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
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16
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Bae JS, Lee JM, Jeon SK, Yoo J, Park SJ, Yoon JH, Joo I, Lee KB, Kim H. LI-RADS Tumor in Vein at CT and Hepatobiliary MRI. Radiology 2021; 302:107-115. [PMID: 34581625 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021210215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Diagnostic performance of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System tumor in vein (LR-TIV) category at CT and/or MRI has not yet been evaluated, to the knowledge of the authors. Purpose To assess the diagnostic performance of the LR-TIV category in detecting macroscopic tumors in veins (TIVs) at CT and hepatobiliary contrast agent-enhanced (HBA) MRI, with pathologic results used as the reference standard. Materials and Methods Between January 2010 and December 2019, consecutive patients with or without macroscopic TIV who underwent both CT and HBA MRI before hepatic resection or liver transplant were retrospectively included. Three radiologists independently assessed the LR-TIV features of enhancing soft tissue in vein and features suggestive of TIV (FSTIV) and reached a consensus. Macroscopic TIV at pathologic examination was the reference standard. Sensitivities and specificities of the LR-TIV category without and with FSTIV were calculated, and the added value of FSTIV was evaluated by using the McNemar test. Results In the 1322 patients with (n = 101) or without (n = 1221) macroscopic TIV (median age, 64 years [interquartile range, 58-70 years]; 1053 men), without consideration of FSTIV, the sensitivity and specificity of enhancing soft tissue in vein for detecting macroscopic TIV at pathologic examination were 64.4% (65 of 101) and 99.8% (1218 of 1221) with CT and 62.4% (63 of 101) and 99.8% (1218 of 1221) with HBA MRI, respectively. With consideration of FSTIV, the sensitivity and specificity of the LR-TIV category became 67.3% (68 of 101 patients) and 99.7% (1217 of 1221 patients) at both CT and HBA MRI. No difference was found between measurements without and with FSTIV (sensitivity, 62% vs 67% for CT [P = .45] and 64% vs 67% for HBA MRI [P = .18]; specificity, 99% for both CT and HBA MRI [P > .99 for both]). Conclusion The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System tumor in vein category showed moderate sensitivity and high specificity in the detection of macroscopic tumors in veins at both CT and hepatobiliary contrast agent-enhanced MRI, with pathologic examination used as the reference standard. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Morrell in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seok Bae
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.) and Pathology (K.B.L., H.K.), Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.); and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.M.L.)
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.) and Pathology (K.B.L., H.K.), Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.); and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.M.L.)
| | - Sun Kyung Jeon
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.) and Pathology (K.B.L., H.K.), Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.); and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.M.L.)
| | - Jeongin Yoo
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.) and Pathology (K.B.L., H.K.), Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.); and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.M.L.)
| | - Sae-Jin Park
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.) and Pathology (K.B.L., H.K.), Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.); and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.M.L.)
| | - Jeong Hee Yoon
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.) and Pathology (K.B.L., H.K.), Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.); and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.M.L.)
| | - Ijin Joo
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.) and Pathology (K.B.L., H.K.), Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.); and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.M.L.)
| | - Kyoung-Bun Lee
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.) and Pathology (K.B.L., H.K.), Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.); and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.M.L.)
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.) and Pathology (K.B.L., H.K.), Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.B., J.M.L., S.K.J., J.Y., S.J.P., J.H.Y., I.J.); and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.M.L.)
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Sofia C, Cattafi A, Silipigni S, Pitrone P, Carerj ML, Marino MA, Pitrone A, Ascenti G. Portal vein thrombosis in patients with chronic liver diseases: From conventional to quantitative imaging. Eur J Radiol 2021; 142:109859. [PMID: 34284232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Portal vein thrombosis is a pathological condition characterized by the lumen occlusion of the portal vein and its intrahepatic branches, commonly associated to chronic liver diseases. Portal vein thrombosis is often asymptomatic and discovered as an incidental finding in the follow-up of chronic hepatopathy. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the detection and characterization of portal vein thrombosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound and Color-Doppler ultrasound are usually the first-line imaging modalities for its detection, but they have limits related to operator-experience, patient size, meteorism and the restrained field-of view. Unenhanced cross-sectional imaging doesn't provide specific signs of portal vein thrombosis except under certain specific circumstances. Conventional contrast-enhanced imaging can depict portal vein thrombosis as an endoluminal filling defect best detected in venous phase and can differentiate between non-neoplastic and neoplastic thrombus based on the contrast enhanced uptake, but not always rule-out the malignant nature. Functional and quantitative imaging techniques and software seem to be more accurate. The purpose of this work is to provide the reader with an accurate overview focused on the main imaging features of portal vein thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sofia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - A Cattafi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Silipigni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - P Pitrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M L Carerj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M A Marino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - A Pitrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Ascenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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18
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Tsai HM, Han MZ, Lin YJ, Chang TT, Chen CY, Cheng PN, Chuang CH, Wu IC, Chen PJ, Kang JW, Chiu YC, Chiu HC, Chien SC, Kuo HY. Real-world outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with macrovascular tumor thrombosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1929-1937. [PMID: 33409737 PMCID: PMC8195886 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors have shown promising results for treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the clinical utility of such inhibitors in HCC patients with vascular tumor thrombosis remains unclear. This study investigated PD-1 inhibitor efficacy in advanced HCC with macrovascular invasion in a clinical setting. Among the 110 patients with unresectable HCC treated with PD-1 inhibitors, 34 patients with vascular metastases in the portal vein and inferior vena cava were retrospectively compared with 34 patients without tumor thrombi. The vascular response and its effect on survival were assessed. Predictors of survival were identified using multivariate analysis. Among patients achieving objective response, those with and without thrombi exhibited similar response to immunotherapy and comparable survival. Among the 34 patients with tumor thrombi, including 13 receiving PD-1 inhibitors alone and 21 receiving it in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the median overall survival was 8.9 months (95% confidence interval 3.2-12.6). The objective response rate of vascular metastasis was 52.9%, and vascular responders had a significantly longer survival than did non-responders (11.1 vs 3.9 months). Failure to obtain a vascular response correlated significantly with increased post-treatment Child-Pugh score or class. Multivariate analysis showed that vascular response was a significant positive factor for longer overall survival. Treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 3 (8.8%) of the patients with tumor thrombi. Immunotherapy with PD-1 inhibitors may be a feasible treatment option for HCC with tumor thrombi owing to the high response rate of tumor thrombi and favorable survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Tsai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Zhi Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Hsiung Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Wen Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Chien
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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19
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Kudo M. Surveillance, Diagnosis, and Treatment Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Japan: 2021 Update. Liver Cancer 2021; 10:167-180. [PMID: 34239807 PMCID: PMC8237798 DOI: 10.1159/000516491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Ohira S, Kanayama N, Wada K, Ikawa T, Hirata T, Kishi N, Karino T, Washio H, Ueda Y, Miyazaki M, Koizumi M, Teshima T. Improvement of image quality and assessment of respiratory motion for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis using contrast-enhanced four-dimensional dual-energy computed tomography. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244079. [PMID: 33481820 PMCID: PMC7822294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the objective and subjective image quality, and respiratory motion of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) using the contrast-enhanced four-dimensional dual-energy computed tomography (CE-4D-DECT). For twelve patients, the virtual monochromatic image (VMI) derived from the CE-4D-DECT with the highest contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was determined as the optimal VMI (O-VMI). To assess the objective and subjective image quality, the CNR and five-point score of the O-VMI were compared to those of the standard VMI at 77 keV (S-VMI). The respiratory motion of the PVTT and diaphragm was measured based on the exhale and inhale phase images. The VMI at 60 keV yielded the highest CNR (4.8 ± 1.4) which was significantly higher (p = 0.02) than that in the S-VMI (3.8 ± 1.2). The overall image quality (4.0 ± 0.6 vs 3.1 ± 0.5) and tumor conspicuity (3.8 ± 0.8 vs 2.8 ± 0.6) of the O-VMI determined by three radiation oncologists was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that of the S-VMI. The diaphragm motion in the L-R (3.3 ± 2.5 vs 1.2 ± 1.1 mm), A-P (6.7 ± 4.0 vs 1.6 ± 1.3mm) and 3D (8.8 ± 3.5 vs 13.1 ± 4.9 mm) directions were significantly larger (p < 0.05) compared to the tumor motion. The improvement of objective and subjective image quality was achieved in the O-VMI. Because the respiratory motion of the diaphragm was larger than that of the PVTT, we need to be pay attention for localizing target in radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ohira
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoyuki Kanayama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Wada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ikawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takero Hirata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriko Kishi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Karino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hayate Washio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Miyazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koizumi
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Teruki Teshima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Vernuccio F, Porrello G, Cannella R, Vernuccio L, Midiri M, Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, Brancatelli G. Benign and malignant mimickers of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: tips and tricks for differential diagnosis on CT and MRI. Clin Imaging 2020; 70:33-45. [PMID: 33120287 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may have an infiltrative appearance in about 8-20% of cases. Infiltrative HCC can be a challenging diagnosis and it is associated with the worst overall survival among HCC patients. Infiltrative HCC is characterized by the spread of multiple minute nodules throughout the liver, without a dominant one, ultimately resulting into macrovascular invasion. On CT and MRI, infiltrative HCC appears as an ill-defined, large mass, with variable degree of enhancement, and satellite neoplastic nodules in up to 52% of patients. On MRI, it may show restriction on diffusion weighted imaging, hyperintensity on T2- and hypointensity on T1-weighted images, and, if hepatobiliary agent is used, hypointensity on hepatobiliary phase. Infiltrative HCC must be differentiated from other liver diseases, such as focal confluent fibrosis, steatosis, amyloidosis, vascular disorders of the liver, cholangiocarcinoma, and diffuse metastatic disease. In cirrhotic patients, the identification of vascular tumor invasion of the portal vein and its differentiation from bland thrombosis is of utmost importance for patient management. On contrast enhanced CT and MRI, portal vein tumor thrombosis appears as an enhancing thrombus within the portal vein, close to the main tumor and results into vein enlargement. The aim of this pictorial review is to show CT and MRI features that allow the diagnosis of infiltrative HCC and portal vein tumor thrombosis. A particular point of interest includes the tips and tricks for differential diagnosis with potential mimickers of infiltrative HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vernuccio
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; I.R.C.C.S. Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Contrada Casazza, SS113, 98124 Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Porrello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Cannella
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Vernuccio
- U.O.C. Geriatria e Lungodegenza, AOUP University Hospital Palermo, CDCD Geriatria, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Midiri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lydia Giannitrapani
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Brancatelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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