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Herbal Cannabis Use Is Not Associated with Changes in Levels of Endocannabinoids and Metabolic Profile Alterations among Older Adults. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101539. [PMID: 36294974 PMCID: PMC9604681 DOI: 10.3390/life12101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The endocannabinoid system is a complex cell-signaling system that has numerous effects on the human body, including on the heart, blood vessels, and metabolism. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of exogenous herbal medical cannabis use on the components of the endocannabinoid system among older adults with a diagnosis of hypertension. Medical cannabis is a product containing cannabinoids used for medical purposes. Herbal cannabis contains many types of cannabinoids, the most well-known of which are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. We followed people aged 60 years and older and conducted a number of tests, including endocannabinoids levels, before they started using cannabis and following three months of daily cannabis treatment. Fifteen patients (53.3% male; mean age, 69.5 years) underwent complete evaluations. We found positive correlations between the components of the endocannabinoid system and blood lipids, markers of inflammation, and blood pressure. On average, cannabis treatment for 3 months does not result in a significant change in the levels of endogenous cannabinoids and thus has a safe metabolic risk profile. This study provides additional evidence for the safety of medical cannabis use among older adults. Abstract Activation of the endocannabinoid system has various cardiovascular and metabolic expressions, including increased lipogenesis, decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and changes in cholesterol levels. There is a scarcity of data on the metabolic effects of exogenous cannabis in older adults; therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of exogenous cannabis on endocannabinoid levels and the association with changes in 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and lipid levels. We conducted a prospective study of patients aged 60 years or more with hypertension treated with a new prescription of herbal cannabis. We assessed changes in endocannabinoids, blood pressure, and metabolic parameters prior to and following three months of cannabis use. Fifteen patients with a mean age of 69.47 ± 5.83 years (53.3% male) underwent complete evaluations. Changes in 2-arachidonoylglycerol, an endocannabinoid, were significantly positively correlated with changes in triglycerides. Changes in arachidonic acid levels were significantly positively correlated with changes in C-reactive protein and with changes in mean diastolic blood pressure. Exogenous consumption of cannabidiol was negatively correlated with endogenous levels of palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide. On average, cannabis treatment for 3 months does not result in a significant change in the levels of endogenous cannabinoids and thus has a safe metabolic risk profile.
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Watkins BA, Friedman AN, Kim J, Borkowski K, Kaiser S, Fiehn O, Newman JW. Blood Levels of Endocannabinoids, Oxylipins, and Metabolites Are Altered in Hemodialysis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179781. [PMID: 36077177 PMCID: PMC9456435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis patients (HDPs) have higher blood pressure, higher levels of inflammation, a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, and unusually low plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels compared to healthy subjects. The objective of our investigation was to examine the levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and oxylipins (OxLs) in female HDPs compared to healthy matched female controls, with the underlying hypothesis that differences in specific PUFA levels in hemodialysis patients would result in changes in eCBs and OxLs. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Plasma was extracted and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization and tandem MS for eCBs and OxLs. The global untargeted metabolite profiling of plasma was performed by GCTOF MS. Compared to the controls, HDPs showed lower levels of plasma EPA and the associated OxL metabolites 5- and 12-HEPE, 14,15-DiHETE, as well as DHA derived 19(20)-EpDPE. Meanwhile, no changes in arachidonylethanolamide or 2-arachidonylglycerol in the open circulation were detected. Higher levels of multiple N-acylethanolamides, monoacylglycerols, biomarkers of progressive kidney disease, the nitric oxide metabolism-linked citrulline, and the uremic toxins kynurenine and creatine were observed in HDP. These metabolic differences in cCBs and OxLs help explain the severe inflammatory and cardiovascular disease manifested by HDPs, and they should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Allon N. Friedman
- University Hospital, Suite 6100, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John W. Newman
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Agriculture Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Klawitter J, Sempio C, Jackson MJ, Smith PH, Hopp K, Chonchol M, Gitomer BY, Christians U, Klawitter J. Endocannabinoid System in Polycystic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol 2022; 53:264-272. [PMID: 35263737 PMCID: PMC9173653 DOI: 10.1159/000522113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a commonly inherited disorder characterized by renal cyst formation. A major pathological feature of ADPKD is the development of interstitial inflammation. The endocannabinoid (EC) system is present in the kidney and has recently emerged as an important player in inflammation and the pathogenesis of progressive kidney disease. METHODS Data on ECs were collected using a validated mass spectrometry assay from a well-characterized cohort of 102 ADPKD patients (at baseline and after 2- and 4 years on standard vs. rigorous blood-pressure control) and compared to 100 healthy subjects. RESULTS Compared to healthy individuals, we found higher interleukins-6 and -1b as well as reduced plasma levels of anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), and their congeners in ADPKD patients. Baseline AEA concentration negatively associated with the progression of ADPKD as expressed by the yearly percent change in height-corrected total kidney volume and positively with the yearly change in renal function (measured as estimated glomerular filtration rate, ΔeGFR). AEA analog palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is also associated positively with the yearly change in eGFR. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that ADPKD patients present with lower levels of ECs and that reestablishing the normality of the renal EC system via augmentation of AEA, PEA, and 2-AG levels, either through the increase of their synthesis or through a reduction of their degradation, could be beneficial and may present a promising therapeutic target in said patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Klawitter
- Deparment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Cristina Sempio
- Deparment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew J Jackson
- Deparment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter H Smith
- Deparment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Katharina Hopp
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Berenice Y Gitomer
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- Deparment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- Deparment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.,Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Ulu A, Burr A, Heires AJ, Pavlik J, Larsen T, Perez PA, Bravo C, DiPatrizio NV, Baack M, Romberger DJ, Nordgren TM. A high docosahexaenoic acid diet alters lung inflammation and recovery following repetitive exposure to aqueous organic dust extracts. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 97:108797. [PMID: 34126202 PMCID: PMC8725620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural workers, especially those who work in swine confinement facilities, are at increased risk for developing pulmonary diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic bronchitis due to exposures to fumes, vapors, and organic dust. Repetitive exposure to agricultural dust leads to unresolved inflammation, a common underlying mechanism that worsens lung disease. Besides occupational exposure to dusts, diet also significantly contributes to inflammation and disease progression. Since DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid and its bioactive metabolites have key roles in inflammation resolution, we rationalized that individuals chronically exposed to organic dusts can benefit from dietary modifications. Here, we evaluated the role of DHA in modifying airway inflammation in a murine model of repetitive exposure to an aqueous extract of agricultural dust (three-week exposure to swine confinement dust extract, HDE) and after a one-week resolution/recovery period. We found that mice fed a high DHA diet had significantly increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of DHA-derived resolvins and lower TNFα along with altered plasma levels of endocannabinoids and related lipid mediators. Following the one-week recovery we identified significantly reduced BALF cellularity and cytokine/chemokine release along with increased BALF amphiregulin and resolvins in DHA diet-fed versus control diet-fed mice challenged with HDE. We further report observations on the effects of repetitive HDE exposure on lung Ym1+ and Arg-1+ macrophages. Overall, our findings support a protective role for DHA and identify DHA-derived resolvins and endocannabinoids among the potential mediators of DHA in altering airway inflammation in chronic agricultural dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ulu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Abigail Burr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Art J Heires
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jacqueline Pavlik
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tricia Larsen
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Pedro A Perez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Carissa Bravo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Michelle Baack
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA; Division of Neonatology, University of South Dakota-Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Debra J Romberger
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Healthcare System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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Kobayashi N, Takahara M, Iida O, Soga Y, Kodama A, Hirano K, Nakano M, Yamauchi Y, Komai H, Azuma N. Impact of Dialysis Vintage and Renal Biomarkers on Mortality in Dialysis-Dependent Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia Undergoing Revascularization. J Endovasc Ther 2021; 28:716-725. [PMID: 34137657 DOI: 10.1177/15266028211025029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Revascularization of both endovascular therapy (EVT) and surgical reconstruction improve clinical outcomes of patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI); however, treatment of dialysis-dependent patients with CLI is still challenging. This study aimed to investigate the impact of dialysis-related parameters on the risk of mortality in dialysis-dependent patients undergoing revascularization for CLI. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified 274 dialysis-dependent patients with CLI (196 males; mean age 71 years), who underwent revascularization, from the clinical database of the surgical reconstruction vs peripheral intervention in patients with critical limb ischemia (SPINACH) study, which was a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Of these patients, 175 patients underwent EVT and 99 patients received surgical reconstruction. The current study evaluated the impact of dialysis vintage and renal biomarkers on the mortality rate of dialysis-dependent patients with CLI undergoing revascularization. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 1.7 ± 1.1 years, 147 deaths were observed. The 3-year overall survival rate and its standard error were estimated to be 40.5% ± 8.1% using the Kaplan-Meier method. A Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that dialysis vintage ≥4 years, serum creatinine levels <4.7 mg/dL, serum urea nitrogen ≥88 mg/dL, and calcium-phosphate product ≥62.6 mg2/dL2 were independent risk factors for mortality after adjustment for the detailed mortality risk score developed in the SPINACH study. Adding these parameters to the original mortality risk score slightly, but not significantly, increased the area under the time-dependent receiver operating characteristics curve from 0.74 (95% CI, 0.67 to 0.81) to 0.77 (0.71 to 0.84) (p=0.084), whereas continuous net reclassification improvement reached 0.75 (0.12 to 0.90) (p=0.027). CONCLUSION We found that long dialysis vintage, low serum creatinine, high serum urea nitrogen, and high calcium-phosphate product were independently associated with the increased risk of mortality in dialysis-dependent patients with CLI undergoing revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiology, Saiseikai Yokohama City Eastern Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takahara
- Department of Diabetes Care Medicine and Department of Metabolic Medicine, University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Iida
- Cardiovascular Center, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Soga
- Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akio Kodama
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hirano
- Department of Cardiology, Saiseikai Yokohama City Eastern Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroyoshi Komai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Azuma
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Pai AY, Wenziger C, Streja E, Argueta DA, DiPatrizio NV, Rhee CM, Vaziri ND, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Piomelli D, Moradi H. Impact of Circulating N-Acylethanolamine Levels with Clinical and Laboratory End Points in Hemodialysis Patients. Am J Nephrol 2021; 52:59-68. [PMID: 33601382 DOI: 10.1159/000513381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with ESRD on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) are particularly susceptible to dysregulation of energy metabolism, which may manifest as protein energy wasting and cachexia. In recent years, the endocannabinoid system has been shown to play an important role in energy metabolism with potential relevance in ESRD. N-acylethanolamines are a class of fatty acid amides which include the major endocannabinoid ligand, anandamide, and the endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). METHODS Serum concentrations of OEA and PEA were measured in MHD patients and their correlations with various clinical/laboratory indices were examined. Secondarily, we evaluated the association of circulating PEA and OEA levels with 12-month all-cause mortality. RESULTS Both serum OEA and PEA levels positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and negatively correlated with body fat and body anthropometric measures. Serum OEA levels correlated positively with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) (rho = 0.19; p = 0.004). Serum PEA and IL-6 showed a similar but nonsignificant trend (rho = 0.12; p = 0.07). Restricted cubic spline analyses showed that increasing serum OEA and PEA both trended toward higher mortality risk, and these associations were statistically significant for PEA (PEA ≥4.7 pmol/mL; reference: PEA <4.7 pmol/mL) after adjustments in a Cox model (hazard ratio 2.99; 95% confidence interval 1.04, 8.64). CONCLUSIONS In MHD patients, OEA and PEA are significantly correlated with variables related to lipid metabolism and body mass. Additionally, higher serum levels of PEA are associated with mortality risk. Future studies are needed to examine the potential mechanisms responsible for these findings and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Y Pai
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cachet Wenziger
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Elani Streja
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hamid Moradi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA,
- Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA,
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Kozlova EV, Chinthirla BD, Pérez PA, DiPatrizio NV, Argueta DA, Phillips AL, Stapleton HM, González GM, Krum JM, Carrillo V, Bishay AE, Basappa KR, Currás-Collazo MC. Maternal transfer of environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) produces a diabetic phenotype and disrupts glucoregulatory hormones and hepatic endocannabinoids in adult mouse female offspring. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18102. [PMID: 33093533 PMCID: PMC7582149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardant chemicals and environmental contaminants with endocrine-disrupting properties that are associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in humans. However, their diabetogenic actions are not completely characterized or understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of DE-71, a commercial penta-mixture of PBDEs, on glucoregulatory parameters in a perinatal exposure model using female C57Bl/6 mice. Results from in vivo glucose and insulin tolerance tests and ex vivo analyses revealed fasting hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, reduced sensitivity and delayed glucose clearance after insulin challenge, decreased thermogenic brown adipose tissue mass, and exaggerated hepatic endocannabinoid tone in F1 offspring exposed to 0.1 mg/kg DE-71 relative to control. DE-71 effects on F0 dams were more limited indicating that indirect exposure to developing offspring is more detrimental. Other ex vivo glycemic correlates occurred more generally in exposed F0 and F1, i.e., reduced plasma insulin and altered glucoregulatory endocrines, exaggerated sympathoadrenal activity and reduced hepatic glutamate dehydrogenase enzymatic activity. Hepatic PBDE congener analysis indicated maternal transfer of BDE-28 and -153 to F1 at a collective level of 200 ng/g lipid, in range with maximum values detected in serum of human females. Given the persistent diabetogenic phenotype, especially pronounced in female offspring after developmental exposure to environmentally relevant levels of DE-71, additional animal studies should be conducted that further characterize PBDE-induced diabetic pathophysiology and identify critical developmental time windows of susceptibility. Longitudinal human studies should also be conducted to determine the risk of long-lasting metabolic consequences after maternal transfer of PBDEs during early-life development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kozlova
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Bhuvaneswari D Chinthirla
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Pedro A Pérez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Gwendolyn M González
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Julia M Krum
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Valeria Carrillo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Anthony E Bishay
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Karthik R Basappa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Margarita C Currás-Collazo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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