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Fernández I, Juncal-Ruiz M, González-Menéndez AM, Paino M. Environmental and psychopathological predictors of clinical high-risk of psychosis in adolescence. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:2063-2076. [PMID: 38838109 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical high-risk of psychosis (CHRp) samples can be heterogeneous, consisting essentially of people with not only psychotic-like experiences but also nonspecific symptoms that may reflect common mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, or substance abuse pathologies. Few studies have attempted to analyze and understand psychosis risk in relation to both environmental (ER) and psychopathological risk (PsR) factors. This study aimed to determine the clinical risk of psychosis in adolescents. METHODS A representative sample of 1824 Spanish adolescents from the general population was evaluated using different scales to thoroughly examine the possible interaction of CHRp with various ER and PsR factors. Partial correlations were calculated to assess the relationships between the variables. A series of hierarchical linear regression models were then used to obtain a CHRp predictor model. RESULTS The CHRp predictor model indicated that PsR was the most significant determining factor, explaining 22% of the total associated variance of CHRp. However, the ER factor also emerged as a significant predictor of high-risk psychosis (accounting for 9% of the variance). CONCLUSIONS A predictive model for CHRp in adolescents was found, in which common psychological problems were presented as more determinant risk factors than ER disruptors. Furthermore, certain transdiagnostic processes, such as psychological inflexibility, may play a central role in the development of mental health problems, including psychosis. Specifying the mechanisms underlying the emergence of CHRp in adolescence is the key to optimizing the focus of preventive therapeutic interventions in these early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Juncal-Ruiz
- Department of Psychiatry (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit), Sierrallana Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
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Liao W, Luo X, Kong F, Sun Y, Ye Z. Association between non-restorative sleep and psychotic-like experiences among Chinese college students: A latent profile and moderated mediation analysis. Schizophr Res 2024; 270:295-303. [PMID: 38944976 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-restorative sleep (NRS) is a core symptom of insomnia that has considerable consequences for daily life. However, the association between NRS and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) remains unclear. The current study was designed to explore the relationship between NRS and PLEs as well as the mediation/moderation role of rumination and resilience among college students in China. METHODS 3060 college students were recruited from two universities in South China from September 21st to October 26th, 2022. Non-restorative Sleep Scale, 8-item Positive Subscale of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences, Ruminative Response Scale, and 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale were administered. Latent profile analysis and moderated mediation analysis were performed. RESULTS 11.3 % participants reported frequent PLEs in the past one month. Three profiles of rumination were identified and named as "low rumination" group (27.7 %), "medium rumination" group (55.3 %), and "high rumination" group (16.9 %). NRS directly predicted PLEs, and rumination played a significant mediation role between NRS and PLEs. Resilience significantly moderated the association between NRS and rumination as well as the association between NRS and PLEs. CONCLUSIONS NRS, rumination and resilience are important predictors to PLEs. Strategies on increasing restorative sleep, decreasing rumination, and enhancing resilience are of great significance in the prevention of PLEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Liao
- Department of Public Teaching, Guangdong Open University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghan Luo
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanxu Kong
- Department of Public Teaching, Guangdong Open University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongpeng Sun
- Department of Public Teaching, Guangdong Open University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengjie Ye
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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He M, Li Y, Ju R, Liu S, Hofmann SG, Liu X. The role of experiential avoidance in the early stages of an online mindfulness-based intervention: Two mediation studies. Psychother Res 2024; 34:736-747. [PMID: 37459843 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2023.2232528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is evidence to suggest that only 2-4 weeks of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) can already alleviate emotional stress. The current studies sought to examine whether experiential avoidance mediated the effects of MBIs on emotional distress during an early stage of the intervention. Methods: Chinese participants with high emotional distress were recruited. Study 1 included 324 participants, randomly assigned to an online MBI (N = 171) or a control group (N = 153). Experiential avoidance and general emotional distress were measured at baseline and after the 3rd week of the intervention. Study 2 included 158 participants, randomly assigned to an online MBI (N = 79) or a control group (N = 79). Experiential avoidance and emotional distress were measured at baseline and weekly in the first three weeks. Results: Compared to the control group, experiential avoidance and emotional distress were significantly improved in the MBI group during the first three weeks of the intervention (Cohen's d = 0.22-0.63). Moreover, changes in experiential avoidance mediated the effects of MBI on emotional distress in the early stage in both contemporary and lagged mediation models. Discussion: Experiential avoidance is an important mediator during the early-stage of MBIs for alleviating emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruilin Ju
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xinghua Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Hall LM, Moussa-Tooks AB, Sheffield JM. Associations between social engagement, internalizing symptoms, and delusional ideation in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:989-1002. [PMID: 37624462 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delusions are a hallmark feature of psychotic disorders and lead to significant clinical and functional impairment. Internalizing symptoms-such as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and trauma exposure-are commonly cited to be related to delusions and delusional ideation and are often associated with deficits in social functioning. While emerging studies are investigating the impact of low social engagement on psychotic-like experiences, little work has examined the relationship between social engagement, internalizing symptoms, and delusional ideation, specifically. METHODS Using general population data from the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland (NKI-Rockland) database (N = 526), we examined the relationships between self-reported delusional ideation, internalizing symptoms, and social engagement and tested four indirect effect models to understand how these factors interrelate. RESULTS Delusional ideation was significantly associated with both increased internalizing symptoms (r = 0.41, p < 0.001) and lower social engagement (r = - 0.14, p = 0.001). Within aspects of social engagement, perceived emotional support showed the strongest relationship with delusional ideation (r = - 0.17, p < 0.001). Lower social engagement was also significantly associated with increased internalizing symptoms (r = - 0.29, p < 0.001). Cross-sectional models suggest that internalizing symptoms have a significant indirect effect on the association between delusional ideation and social engagement. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that elevated delusional ideation in the general population is associated with lower social engagement. Elevated internalizing symptoms appear to play a critical role in reducing engagement, possibly exacerbating delusional thinking. Future work should examine the causal and temporal relationships between these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave S, Suite 3057K, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave S, Suite 3057K, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Julia M Sheffield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave S, Suite 3057K, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
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Padrell M, Amici F, Úbeda Ý, Llorente M. Assessing Eysenck's PEN model to describe personality in chimpanzees. Behav Processes 2023:104909. [PMID: 37364625 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Questionnaires adapted from human models can be used to reliably assess personality also in non-human primates. In this study, we used an adapted version of Eysenck's Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism (PEN) model that focuses on three higher-order personality traits. Extending previous work on a small group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), we tested 37 chimpanzees housed at Fundació Mona (Girona, Spain) and the Leipzig Zoo (Germany). We assessed personality with a 12-item questionnaire, which raters scored using a 7-point Likert scale. To identify the personality traits, we conducted data reduction with Principal Components Analysis and Robust Unweighted Least Squares. The ICCs for the single (3, 1) and average (3, k) ratings indicated substantial agreement between raters. Parallel analyses identified two factors to retain, whereas the scree plot inspection and eigenvalues larger than one rule identified three factors. Factor 1 and 2 in our study were identical to the ones previously described for this species (labelled Extraversion and Neuropsychoticism, respectively) and we also obtained a third factor that could be related to Dominance (Fearless Dominance). Thus, our results confirm the potential of the PEN model to describe chimpanzee personality structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Padrell
- Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain; Research Department, Fundació Mona, 17457 Girona, Spain.
| | - Federica Amici
- Human Biology and Primate Cognition Group, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ýulán Úbeda
- Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain.
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Núñez D, Ordóñez-Carrasco JL, Fuentes R, Langer ÁI. Experiential avoidance mediates the association between paranoid ideation and depressive symptoms in a sample from the general population. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 139:120-124. [PMID: 34058650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic experiences are prevalent in the general population and are associated with negative outcomes, including depressive symptoms. The mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear, but new insights could be obtained by exploring the role of transdiagnostic processes such as experiential avoidance, defined as a person's attempts or desires to suppress unwanted internal experiences like thoughts, emotions, memories, or bodily sensations. Studies analyzing the link between negative emotional states and psychotic experiences are scant. We explored the association between a specific kind of psychotic experience (paranoid ideation), experiential avoidance, and depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms in a sample from the general population. We found that experiential avoidance partially mediates the associations between paranoid ideation and stress and anxiety symptoms and that it fully mediates the association between paranoid ideation and depressive symptoms. Our results suggest that the presence of paranoid ideation and the usage of experiential avoidance to cope with it are vulnerability factors associated with psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Núñez
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, Chile; Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Chile; Associative Research Program, Center of Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | | | - Reiner Fuentes
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Chile; Mind-Body Lab, Centro de Salud Universitario, Dirección de Asuntos Estudiantiles (DAE), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Álvaro I Langer
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Chile; Associative Research Program, Center of Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, Chile; Mind-Body Lab, Instituto de Estudios Psicológicos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
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