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Ain NU, Khan B, Zhu K, Ji W, Tian H, Yu X, Yi L, Li D, Zhang Z. Fabrication of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for releasable delivery of licorice polysaccharide at the acne site in topical application. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122250. [PMID: 38823917 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae Radix et rhizome/licorice is a precious herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM's polysaccharides are medicinally active. But herbal polysaccharides pose some limitations for topical applications. Therefore, this study aimed to utilize licorice polysaccharide via mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) for anti-acne efficacy in topical delivery. The polysaccharide (GGP) was extracted with a 10 % NaOH solution. Chemical characterization suggested that GGP possesses an Mw of 267.9 kDa, comprised primarily of Glc (54.1 %) and Ara (19.12 %), and probably 1,4-linked Glc as a backbone. Then, MSN and amino-functionalized MSN were synthesized, GGP entrapped, and coated with polydopamine (PDA) to produce nanoparticle cargo. The resulted product exhibited 76 % entrapment efficiency and an in vitro release of 89 % at pH 5, which is usually an acne-prone skin's pH. Moreover, it significantly increased Sebocytes' cellular uptake. GGP effectively acted as an anti-acne agent and preserved its efficacy in synthesized nanoparticles. In vivo, the results showed that a 20 % gel of MSN-NH2-GGP@PDA could mediate an inflammatory response via inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines. The MSN-NH2-GGP@PDA inhibited TLR2-activated-MAPK and NF-κB pathway triggered by heat-killed P. acnes. In conclusion, fabricated MSN entrapped GGP for biomimetic anti-acne efficacy in topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Ul Ain
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, PR China
| | - Bibimaryam Khan
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Kehan Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, PR China
| | - Wen Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, PR China
| | - He Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, PR China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, PR China.
| | - Duxin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, PR China.
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, PR China.
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Yijie D, Siqi Z, Ruiyin H, YuJing S, Hong M, Yinmao D, Tao Y, Changyong L. Mechanisms of Puerariae Lobatae Radix in regulating sebaceous gland secretion: insights from network pharmacology and experimental validation. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1414856. [PMID: 39114361 PMCID: PMC11303875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1414856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This research aims to explore how Puerariae Lobatae Radix regulates sebaceous gland secretion using network pharmacology, and validate its effects on important targets through animal studies. Methods This study utilized UPLC-EQ-MS to analyze Puerariae Lobatae Radix extract and identify potential bioactive compounds. Predicted targets of these compounds were obtained from the Swiss Target Prediction database, while targets associated with sebaceous gland secretion were obtained from the GeneCards database. Common targets between the databases were identified and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established using the STRING platform. The PPI network was further analyzed using Cytoscape software. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using Reactome, and molecular docking experiments targeted pivotal pathway proteins. Animal experiments were then conducted to validate the regulatory effects of the primary active compounds of Puerariae Lobatae Radix on key pathway proteins. Results This research identified 17 active compounds in Puerariae Lobatae Radix and 163 potential targets associated with the regulation of sebum secretion. Pathway enrichment analysis indicates that these targets may modulate lipid metabolism pathways through involvement in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, SREB, steroid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. Molecular docking analysis demonstrates that puerarin and daidzein show favorable binding interactions with key targets in these pathways. Animal experiments demonstrated that the administration of Puerariae Lobatae Radix resulted in a significant reduction in the area of sebaceous gland patches compared to the control group. Histological analysis revealed notable alterations in the structure of sebaceous glands, including reductions in size, thickness, and density. Furthermore, the expression levels of TG, DHT, and IL-6 were significantly decreased in the Puerariae Lobatae Radix group (p < 0.05), and immunoblotting indicated a significant decrease in the expression of PPARG and ACC1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates that Puerariae Lobatae Radix can regulate skin lipid metabolism by targeting multiple pathways. The primary mechanism involves inhibiting sebaceous gland growth and reducing TG secretion by modulating the expression of PPARG and ACC1. Puerarin and Daidzein are identified as key bioactive compounds responsible for this regulatory effect. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Puerariae Lobatae Radix in addressing sebaceous gland-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Yijie
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Siqi
- R&D Center, Beijing Academy of TCM Beauty Supplements, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Ruiyin
- Dermatology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shi YuJing
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Hong
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yinmao
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Changyong
- Infectious Fever Center, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Lin FJ, Huang YH, Tsao CH, Hsieh WC, Lo YH, Zouboulis CC, Chen HL, Liu FT. Galectin-12 Regulates Immune Responses in the Skin through Sebaceous Glands. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2120-2131.e7. [PMID: 37207806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SGs) are holocrine glands that produce sebum, which primarily contains lipids that help to maintain the barrier function of the skin. Dysregulated lipid production contributes to the progression of some diseases characterized by dry skin, including atopic dermatitis. Although the lipid production of SGs has been well-studied, few studies have assessed their role in skin immune responses. We found that SGs and sebocytes expressed IL-4 receptor and produced high levels of T helper 2-associated inflammatory mediators after IL-4 treatment, suggesting immunomodulatory effects. Galectin-12 is a lipogenic factor expressed in sebocytes that affects their differentiation and proliferation. Using galectin-12-knockdown sebocytes, we showed that galectin-12 regulated the immune response in cells exposed to IL-4 and promoted CCL26 expression by upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Moreover, galectin-12 suppressed the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-response molecules, and CCL26 upregulation by IL-4 was reversed after sebocyte treatment with inducers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, suggesting that galectin-12 controls IL-4 signaling by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Using galectin-12-knockout mice, we showed that galectin-12 positively regulated the IL-4-induced enlargement of SGs and the development of an atopic dermatitis-like phenotype. Thus, galectin-12 regulates the skin immune response by promoting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression and suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress in SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Tsao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Jointly Offered by Kaohsiung Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsin Lo
- Department of Dermatology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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Zouboulis CC, Coenye T, He L, Kabashima K, Kobayashi T, Niemann C, Nomura T, Oláh A, Picardo M, Quist SR, Sasano H, Schneider MR, Törőcsik D, Wong SY. Sebaceous immunobiology - skin homeostasis, pathophysiology, coordination of innate immunity and inflammatory response and disease associations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029818. [PMID: 36439142 PMCID: PMC9686445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents several aspects of the innovative concept of sebaceous immunobiology, which summarizes the numerous activities of the sebaceous gland including its classical physiological and pathophysiological tasks, namely sebum production and the development of seborrhea and acne. Sebaceous lipids, which represent 90% of the skin surface lipids in adolescents and adults, are markedly involved in the skin barrier function and perifollicular and dermal innate immune processes, leading to inflammatory skin diseases. Innovative experimental techniques using stem cell and sebocyte models have clarified the roles of distinct stem cells in sebaceous gland physiology and sebocyte function control mechanisms. The sebaceous gland represents an integral part of the pilosebaceous unit and its status is connected to hair follicle morphogenesis. Interestingly, professional inflammatory cells contribute to sebocyte differentiation and homeostasis, whereas the regulation of sebaceous gland function by immune cells is antigen-independent. Inflammation is involved in the very earliest differentiation changes of the pilosebaceous unit in acne. Sebocytes behave as potent immune regulators, integrating into the innate immune responses of the skin. Expressing inflammatory mediators, sebocytes also contribute to the polarization of cutaneous T cells towards the Th17 phenotype. In addition, the immune response of the perifollicular infiltrate depends on factors produced by the sebaceous glands, mostly sebaceous lipids. Human sebocytes in vitro express functional pattern recognition receptors, which are likely to interact with bacteria in acne pathogenesis. Sex steroids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, neuropeptides, endocannabinoids and a selective apoptotic process contribute to a complex regulation of sebocyte-induced immunological reaction in numerous acquired and congenital skin diseases, including hair diseases and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Catherin Niemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC Research Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mauro Picardo
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sven R. Quist
- Department of Dermatology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen and ELKH-DE Allergology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sunny Y. Wong
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Liu R, Li J, Xu Y, Chen Z, Ye H, Tang J, Wei L, Liang L. Melatonin Attenuates LPS-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Response and Lipogenesis in Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells via MAPK/NF-κB Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:6. [PMID: 35506935 PMCID: PMC9078073 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammation contributes to the development of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) under specific disease conditions, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We examined whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a proinflammatory cytokine response and lipogenesis in human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) and whether melatonin (MLT), a powerful anti-inflammatory regent in the eyes, could protect against LPS-induced disorders. Methods Human meibomian gland (MG) tissues and immortalized HMGECs were stained to identify Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and MLT receptors (MT1 and MT2). HMGECs were pretreated with or without MLT and then stimulated with LPS. Then, TLR4 activation, cytokine levels, lipid synthesis, apoptosis, autophagy, and MAPK/NF-κB factor phosphorylation in HMGECs were analyzed. Results TLR4, MT1, and MT2 were expressed in human MG acini and HMGECs. Pretreatment with MLT inhibited the TLR4/MyD88 signaling and attenuated proinflammatory cytokine response and lipogenesis in LPS-stimulated HMGECs, which manifested as decreased production of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), reduced lipid droplet formation, and downregulated expression of meibum lipogenic proteins (ADFP, ELOVL4, and SREBP-1). Phospho-histone H2A.X foci, lysosome accumulation, and cytoplasmic cleaved caspase 3/LC3B-II staining were increased in LPS-stimulated HMGECs, indicating enhanced cell death mediated by apoptosis and autophagy during LPS-induced lipogenesis. MLT downregulated cleaved caspase 3 levels and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to alleviate apoptosis and ameliorated the expression of Beclin 1 and LC3B-II to inhibit autophagy. The protective mechanisms of MLT include the inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation. Conclusions MLT attenuated lipogenesis, apoptosis, and autophagy in HMGECs induced by proinflammatory stimuli, indicating the protective potential of MLT in MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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