The Impact of COVID-19 and Vaccine on the Human Nervous System

Exploring the multifaceted potential of (R)-ketamine beyond antidepressant applications

(R, S)- and (S)-ketamine have made significant progress in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and have become a research focus in recent years. However, they both have risks of psychomimetic effects, dissociative effects, and abuse liability, which limit their clinical use. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that (R)-ketamine has a more efficient and lasting antidepressant effect with fewer side effects compared to (R, S)- and (S)-ketamine. However, a recent small-sample randomized controlled trial found that although (R)-ketamine has a lower incidence of adverse reactions in adult TRD treatment, its antidepressant efficacy is not superior to the placebo group, indicating its antidepressant advantage still needs further verification and clarification. Moreover, an increasing body of research suggests that (R)-ketamine might also have significant applications in the prevention and treatment of medical fields or diseases such as cognitive disorders, perioperative anesthesia, ischemic stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, substance use disorders, inflammatory diseases, COVID-19, and organophosphate poisoning. This article briefly reviews the mechanism of action and research on antidepressants related to (R)-ketamine, fully revealing its application potential and development prospects, and providing some references and assistance for subsequent expanded research.

Bibliometric analysis of publication trends and topics of influenza-related encephalopathy from 2000 to 2022

BACKGROUND

Influenza-related encephalopathy is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy that usually presents during the early phase of influenza infection and primarily manifests as central nervous system dysfunction. This study aimed to analyze the current research status and hotspots of influenza-related encephalopathy since 2000 through bibliometrics analysis.

METHODS

The Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) was used to extract global papers on influenza-related encephalopathy from 2000 to 2022. Meanwhile, the VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used for data processing and result visualization.

RESULTS

A total of 561 published articles were included in the study. Japan was the country that published the most articles, with 205 articles, followed by the United States and China. Okayama University and Tokyo Medical University published the most articles, followed by Nagoya University, Tokyo University, and Juntendo University. Based on the analysis of keywords, four clusters with different research directions were identified: "Prevalence of H1N1 virus and the occurrence of neurological complications in different age groups," "mechanism of brain and central nervous system response after influenza virus infection," "various acute encephalopathy" and "diagnostic indicators of influenza-related encephalopathy."

CONCLUSIONS

The research progress, hotspots, and frontiers on influenza-related encephalopathy after 2000 were described through the visualization of bibliometrics. The findings will lay the groundwork for future studies and provide a reference for influenza-related encephalopathy. Research on influenza-related encephalopathy is basically at a stable stage, and the number of research results is related to outbreaks of the influenza virus.

Development and exacerbation of autoimmune hemolytic anemia following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is caused by the production of autoantibodies against RBCs. COVID-19 vaccines can reduce the risk of severe disease, however, various adverse effects such as AIHA were observed following vaccination. This review aimed to assess the relationship of AIHA and COVID-19 vaccination using the PRISMA guidelines. Among 18 cases included in this review, new post-vaccination AIHA development was reported in 11 patients (7 women and 4 men) with a median age of 67.0 years. In 7 of 11 and 3 of 11 cases, the onset of symptoms occurred after first and second vaccine dose with median times of 7 and 14 days, respectively. In 1 of 11 cases, the AIHA occurred on Day 17 after booster vaccination. Ten of 11 and 1 of 11 AIHA patients received mRNA- and vector-based vaccine, respectively. After vaccination, 9 of 11, 1 of 11, and 1 of 11 AIHA patients developed warm IgG, cold IgM, and mixed autoantibodies against RBCs, respectively. Significant AIHA exacerbation was reported in seven patients (four women and three men) with a median age of 73.0 years. In 4 of 7 and 2 of 7 exacerbated AIHA cases, the onset of symptoms occurred after first and second vaccine dose with median times of 7 and 3 days, respectively. In 1 of 7 exacerbated AIHA cases, the onset of symptoms was observed on Day 2 after booster vaccination. All exacerbated AIHA cases received mRNA-based vaccines; 3 of 7 and 4 of 7 exacerbated AIHA cases developed IgG and IgM against RBCs, respectively. This review provides a comprehensive explanation regarding the AIHA development and exacerbation after COVID-19 vaccination.

Development and exacerbation of autoimmune hemolytic anemia following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is caused by the production of autoantibodies against RBCs. COVID-19 vaccines can reduce the risk of severe disease, however, various adverse effects such as AIHA were observed following vaccination. This review aimed to assess the relationship of AIHA and COVID-19 vaccination using the PRISMA guidelines. Among 18 cases included in this review, new post-vaccination AIHA development was reported in 11 patients (7 women and 4 men) with a median age of 67.0 years. In 7 of 11 and 3 of 11 cases, the onset of symptoms occurred after first and second vaccine dose with median times of 7 and 14 days, respectively. In 1 of 11 cases, the AIHA occurred on Day 17 after booster vaccination. Ten of 11 and 1 of 11 AIHA patients received mRNA- and vector-based vaccine, respectively. After vaccination, 9 of 11, 1 of 11, and 1 of 11 AIHA patients developed warm IgG, cold IgM, and mixed autoantibodies against RBCs, respectively. Significant AIHA exacerbation was reported in seven patients (four women and three men) with a median age of 73.0 years. In 4 of 7 and 2 of 7 exacerbated AIHA cases, the onset of symptoms occurred after first and second vaccine dose with median times of 7 and 3 days, respectively. In 1 of 7 exacerbated AIHA cases, the onset of symptoms was observed on Day 2 after booster vaccination. All exacerbated AIHA cases received mRNA-based vaccines; 3 of 7 and 4 of 7 exacerbated AIHA cases developed IgG and IgM against RBCs, respectively. This review provides a comprehensive explanation regarding the AIHA development and exacerbation after COVID-19 vaccination.