Statistical Analysis Plan for the INTEnsive Care Bundle with Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Development of a risk predication model for critical care needs in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort

BACKGROUND

It is very important to provide the correct nursing care for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but the level of critical care needs in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage is not clear. The purpose of this study is to establish a risk model based on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of ICH patients, to help identify the critical care needs of ICH patients.

METHODS

The clinical data of ICH patients from January 2018 to September 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. The full cohort was used to derive the clinical prediction model and the model was internally validated with bootstrapping. Discrimination and calibration were assessed using the area under curve (AUC) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow tests, respectively.

RESULTS

611 patients with ICH were included for model development. 61.21% (374/611) ICH patients had received critical care interventions. The influencing factors included in the model were Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, intraventricular hemorrhage, past blood pressure control, systolic blood pressure on admission and bleeding volume. The model's goodness-of-fit was evaluated, which yielded a high area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.943, indicating a good fit. For the purpose of model validation, a cohort of 260 patients with ICH was utilized. The model demonstrated a Youden's index of 0.750, with a sensitivity of 90.56% and a specificity of 78.22%.

CONCLUSION

GCS, systolic blood pressure, intraventricular hemorrhage, bleeding volume and past blood pressure control are the main factors affecting the critical care needs of patients with ICH. This study has deduced a clinical predictive model with good discrimination and calibration to provide scoring criteria for clinical health care providers to accurately evaluate and identify the critical care needs of ICH patients, to improve the rational integration and allocation of medical resources.

Prothrombin complex concentrate administration timing in warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage

INTRODUCTION

Guidelines recommend "rapid" and "urgent" reversal of anticoagulation for warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) treatment; however, they do not specify goals for time-to-administration. There are limited studies evaluating time to reversal, or international normalized ratio (INR) correction, on hematoma expansion and outcomes in intervals of <4 h. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of 4-factor prothrombin concentrate (4F-PCC) time-to-administration on rates of achieving effective hemostasis, determined by hematoma expansion, for treatment of warfarin-associated ICH.

METHODS

This was a retrospective, observational, single center study performed at a large community teaching hospital. Patients were stratified into three groups based on time of CT diagnosis of ICH to administration of 4F-PCC: <45 min, 45-90 min, and >90 min. The primary outcome was rates of achieving effective hemostasis in each group defined as a ≤20% increase in hematoma volume as estimated by a radiologist.

RESULTS

A total of 227 patients were screened for inclusion with ultimately 39 being included. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. The primary outcome was not significantly different among groups stratified by time to 4F-PCC administration of <45 min, 45-90 min, and >90 min (85.7% vs 73.3% vs 90%, p value 0.514). There was no difference among secondary outcomes between groups including in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and intensive care unit LOS.

CONCLUSION

There was no association with time-to-administration of 4F-PCC on rates of hemostasis achievement, defined as hematoma expansion of ≤20%, identified in this study.

The third Intensive Care Bundle with Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT3): an international, stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Early control of elevated blood pressure is the most promising treatment for acute intracerebral haemorrhage. We aimed to establish whether implementing a goal-directed care bundle incorporating protocols for early intensive blood pressure lowering and management algorithms for hyperglycaemia, pyrexia, and abnormal anticoagulation, implemented in a hospital setting, could improve outcomes for patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage.

METHODS

We performed a pragmatic, international, multicentre, blinded endpoint, stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial at hospitals in nine low-income and middle-income countries (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam) and one high-income country (Chile). Hospitals were eligible if they had no or inconsistent relevant, disease-specific protocols, and were willing to implement the care bundle to consecutive patients (aged ≥18 years) with imaging-confirmed spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage presenting within 6 h of the onset of symptoms, had a local champion, and could provide the required study data. Hospitals were centrally randomly allocated using permuted blocks to three sequences of implementation, stratified by country and the projected number of patients to be recruited over the 12 months of the study period. These sequences had four periods that dictated the order in which the hospitals were to switch from the control usual care procedure to the intervention implementation of the care bundle procedure to different clusters of patients in a stepped manner. To avoid contamination, details of the intervention, sequence, and allocation periods were concealed from sites until they had completed the usual care control periods. The care bundle protocol included the early intensive lowering of systolic blood pressure (target <140 mm Hg), strict glucose control (target 6·1-7·8 mmol/L in those without diabetes and 7·8-10·0 mmol/L in those with diabetes), antipyrexia treatment (target body temperature ≤37·5°C), and rapid reversal of warfarin-related anticoagulation (target international normalised ratio <1·5) within 1 h of treatment, in patients where these variables were abnormal. Analyses were performed according to a modified intention-to-treat population with available outcome data (ie, excluding sites that withdrew during the study). The primary outcome was functional recovery, measured with the modified Rankin scale (mRS; range 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [death]) at 6 months by masked research staff, analysed using proportional ordinal logistic regression to assess the distribution in scores on the mRS, with adjustments for cluster (hospital site), group assignment of cluster per period, and time (6-month periods from Dec 12, 2017). This trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03209258) and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IOC-17011787) and is completed.

FINDINGS

Between May 27, 2017, and July 8, 2021, 206 hospitals were assessed for eligibility, of which 144 hospitals in ten countries agreed to join and were randomly assigned in the trial, but 22 hospitals withdrew before starting to enrol patients and another hospital was withdrawn and their data on enrolled patients was deleted because regulatory approval was not obtained. Between Dec 12, 2017, and Dec 31, 2021, 10 857 patients were screened but 3821 were excluded. Overall, the modified intention-to-treat population included 7036 patients enrolled at 121 hospitals, with 3221 assigned to the care bundle group and 3815 to the usual care group, with primary outcome data available in 2892 patients in the care bundle group and 3363 patients in the usual care group. The likelihood of a poor functional outcome was lower in the care bundle group (common odds ratio 0·86; 95% CI 0·76-0·97; p=0·015). The favourable shift in mRS scores in the care bundle group was generally consistent across a range of sensitivity analyses that included additional adjustments for country and patient variables (0·84; 0·73-0·97; p=0·017), and with different approaches to the use of multiple imputations for missing data. Patients in the care bundle group had fewer serious adverse events than those in the usual care group (16·0% vs 20·1%; p=0·0098).

INTERPRETATION

Implementation of a care bundle protocol for intensive blood pressure lowering and other management algorithms for physiological control within several hours of the onset of symptoms resulted in improved functional outcome for patients with acute intracerebral haemorrhage. Hospitals should incorporate this approach into clinical practice as part of active management for this serious condition.

FUNDING

Joint Global Health Trials scheme from the Department of Health and Social Care, the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, and the Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust; West China Hospital; the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; Sichuan Credit Pharmaceutic and Takeda China.