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Lai SJ, Kameda T, Morita M, Yamagata Y, Nishizaka K, Horiuchi Y, Kobayashi Y, Usami Y, Liu JJ, Kasama T, Tozuka M, Ohkawa R. Characterization of novel truncated apolipoprotein A-I in human high-density lipoprotein generated by sequential treatment with myeloperoxidase and chymase. Biochimie 2024; 218:34-45. [PMID: 37774825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a well-known biomarker, which has been associated with reduction in the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, some HDL anti-atherosclerotic functions may be impaired without altered HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) level via its dysfunctional proteins or other physiological reactions in vivo. We previously showed that activated mast cell-derived chymase could modestly cleave apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in HDL3, and further easily cleave lipid-free apoA-I. In contrast, myeloperoxidase (MPO) secreted by macrophages, the main cell type in atherosclerotic plaques, could oxidize HDL proteins, which might modify their tertiary structures, increasing their susceptibility to other enzymes. Here we focused on the co-modification and impact of chymase and MPO, usually secreted during inflammation from cells with possible co-existence in atheromas, on HDL. Only after sequential treatment with MPO and then chymase, two novel truncated apoA-I fragments were generated from HDL. One fragment was 16.5 kDa, and the cleavage site by chymase after MPO modification was the C-terminal of Tyr100 in apoA-I, cross-validated by three different mass spectrometry methods. This novel apoA-I fragment can be trapped in HDL particles to avoid kidney glomerular filtration and has a specific site for antibody generation for ELISA tests. As such, its quantification can be useful in predicting patients with CVD having normal HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jui Lai
- Clinical Bioanalysis and Molecular Biology, Field of Applied Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kameda
- Clinical Bioanalysis and Molecular Biology, Field of Applied Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Maasa Morita
- Clinical Bioanalysis and Molecular Biology, Field of Applied Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan; Clinical Laboratory, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagata
- Clinical Bioanalysis and Molecular Biology, Field of Applied Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Nishizaka
- Clinical Bioanalysis and Molecular Biology, Field of Applied Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yuna Horiuchi
- Clinical Bioanalysis and Molecular Biology, Field of Applied Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Juntendo University, 6-8-1, Hinode, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0013, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoko Usami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Jun-Jen Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City, 110301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- HiPep Laboratories, 486-46 Nakatsukasa-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8158, Japan
| | - Minoru Tozuka
- Clinical Bioanalysis and Molecular Biology, Field of Applied Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan; Life Science Research Center, Nagano Children's Hospital, 3100 Toyoshina, Azumino, 399-8288, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Ohkawa
- Clinical Bioanalysis and Molecular Biology, Field of Applied Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
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Laoharatchatathanin T, Rieanrakwong D, Hatsugai Y, Terashima R, Yonezawa T, Kurusu S, Kawaminami M. Mast Cell Dynamics in the Ovary Are Governed by GnRH and Prolactin. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad144. [PMID: 37797313 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) facilitates the migration of mast cells (MCs) into the involuting mammary gland. As GnRH is also expressed in the ovary, we examined changes in ovarian MCs. MCs in the ovary were mainly in interstitial tissue and their number increased during the estrous cycle to produce 2 peaks, one at diestrus 2 (20:00 hours) and another at proestrus (17:00 hours). Laser microdissection demonstrated that GnRH mRNA is expressed throughout ovarian tissues (corpora lutea, follicles, and interstitial tissues). GnRH immunoreactivity was also ubiquitous, but MCs were the most strongly immunostained. Analysis of GnRH mRNA in the ovary showed it to fluctuate similarly to the variation in MC number during the estrous cycle, and MCs also expressed GnRH. Local administration of a GnRH agonist (GnRHa) into the hemilateral ovarian bursa increased MCs in the administered ovary. MC number and GnRH mRNA were significantly lowered in the pregnant ovary. Prolactin administration suppressed the normal peaks in MC number in the ovary at both diestrus and proestrus. By contrast, a dopamine agonist, administered when prolactin was elevated during pseudopregnancy, increased ovarian MC number. Furthermore, prolactin inhibited GnRHa-induced peritoneal MC migration in a Transwell assay. These data clearly demonstrate that ovarian MC number is regulated positively by local GnRH expression and negatively by prolactin. The suppressive effect of prolactin on GnRH and MCs would be part of its luteotrophic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titaree Laoharatchatathanin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
- Clinic for Small Domestic Animals and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Rieanrakwong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hatsugai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Ryota Terashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Shiro Kurusu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Mitsumori Kawaminami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8885, Japan
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Hypoplastic Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Just an Overlap Syndrome? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010132. [PMID: 33401595 PMCID: PMC7795441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndromes (hMDS) represent a diagnostic conundrum. They share morphologic and clinical features of both MDS (dysplasia, genetic lesions and cytopenias) and aplastic anemia (AA; i.e., hypocellularity and autoimmunity) and are not comprised in the last WHO classification. In this review we recapitulate the main clinical, pathogenic and therapeutic aspects of hypo-MDS and discuss why they deserve to be distinguished from normo/hypercellular MDS and AA. We conclude that hMDS may present in two phenotypes: one more proinflammatory and autoimmune, more similar to AA, responding to immunosuppression; and one MDS-like dominated by genetic lesions, suppression of immune surveillance, and tumor escape, more prone to leukemic evolution. Abstract Myelodysplasias with hypocellular bone marrow (hMDS) represent about 10–15% of MDS and are defined by reduced bone marrow cellularity (i.e., <25% or an inappropriately reduced cellularity for their age in young patients). Their diagnosis is still an object of debate and has not been clearly established in the recent WHO classification. Clinical and morphological overlaps with both normo/hypercellular MDS and aplastic anemia include cytopenias, the presence of marrow hypocellularity and dysplasia, and cytogenetic and molecular alterations. Activation of the immune system against the hematopoietic precursors, typical of aplastic anemia, is reckoned even in hMDS and may account for the response to immunosuppressive treatment. Finally, the hMDS outcome seems more favorable than that of normo/hypercellular MDS patients. In this review, we analyze the available literature on hMDS, focusing on clinical, immunological, and molecular features. We show that hMDS pathogenesis and clinical presentation are peculiar, albeit in-between aplastic anemia (AA) and normo/hypercellular MDS. Two different hMDS phenotypes may be encountered: one featured by inflammation and immune activation, with increased cytotoxic T cells, increased T and B regulatory cells, and better response to immunosuppression; and the other, resembling MDS, where T and B regulatory/suppressor cells prevail, leading to genetic clonal selection and an increased risk of leukemic evolution. The identification of the prevailing hMDS phenotype might assist treatment choice, inform prognosis, and suggest personalized monitoring.
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Knappich C, Spin JM, Eckstein HH, Tsao PS, Maegdefessel L. Involvement of Myeloid Cells and Noncoding RNA in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:602-620. [PMID: 31989839 PMCID: PMC7455479 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially fatal condition, featuring the possibility of high-mortality rupture. To date, prophylactic surgery by means of open surgical repair or endovascular aortic repair at specific thresholds is considered standard therapy. Both surgical options hold different risk profiles of short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Targeting early stages of AAA development to decelerate disease progression is desirable. Recent Advances: Understanding the pathomechanisms that initiate formation, maintain growth, and promote rupture of AAA is crucial to developing new medical therapeutic options. Inflammatory cells, in particular macrophages, have been investigated for their contribution to AAA disease for decades, whereas evidence on lymphocytes, mast cells, and neutrophils is sparse. Recently, there has been increasing interest in noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their involvement in disease development, including AAA. Critical Issues: The current evidence on myeloid cells and ncRNAs in AAA largely originates from small animal models, making clinical extrapolation difficult. Although it is feasible to collect surgical human AAA samples, these tissues reflect end-stage disease, preventing examination of critical mechanisms behind early AAA formation. Future Directions: Gaining more insight into how myeloid cells and ncRNAs contribute to AAA disease, particularly in early stages, might suggest nonsurgical AAA treatment options. The utilization of large animal models might be helpful in this context to help bridge translational results to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Knappich
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua M Spin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Valent P, Akin C, Hartmann K, Nilsson G, Reiter A, Hermine O, Sotlar K, Sperr WR, Escribano L, George TI, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Ustun C, Triggiani M, Brockow K, Gotlib J, Orfao A, Kovanen PT, Hadzijusufovic E, Sadovnik I, Horny HP, Arock M, Schwartz LB, Austen KF, Metcalfe DD, Galli SJ. Mast cells as a unique hematopoietic lineage and cell system: From Paul Ehrlich's visions to precision medicine concepts. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:10743-10768. [PMID: 32929378 PMCID: PMC7482799 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin and functions of mast cells (MCs) have been debated since their description by Paul Ehrlich in 1879. MCs have long been considered 'reactive bystanders' and 'amplifiers' in inflammatory processes, allergic reactions, and host responses to infectious diseases. However, knowledge about the origin, phenotypes and functions of MCs has increased substantially over the past 50 years. MCs are now known to be derived from multipotent hematopoietic progenitors, which, through a process of differentiation and maturation, form a unique hematopoietic lineage residing in multiple organs. In particular, MCs are distinguishable from basophils and other hematopoietic cells by their unique phenotype, origin(s), and spectrum of functions, both in innate and adaptive immune responses and in other settings. The concept of a unique MC lineage is further supported by the development of a distinct group of neoplasms, collectively referred to as mastocytosis, in which MC precursors expand as clonal cells. The clinical consequences of the expansion and/or activation of MCs are best established in mastocytosis and in allergic inflammation. However, MCs have also been implicated as important participants in a number of additional pathologic conditions and physiological processes. In this article, we review concepts regarding MC development, factors controlling MC expansion and activation, and some of the fundamental roles MCs may play in both health and disease. We also discuss new concepts for suppressing MC expansion and/or activation using molecularly-targeted drugs.
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Sato T, Morishita S, Horie T, Fukumoto M, Kida T, Oku H, Nakamura K, Takai S, Jin D, Ikeda T. Involvement of premacular mast cells in the pathogenesis of macular diseases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211438. [PMID: 30794552 PMCID: PMC6386310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported on the elevated intravitreal activities of tryptase and chymase in association with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) and idiopathic macular hole (MH). In this present study, we investigated the potential intraocular production of these serine proteases, and measured and compared tryptase and chymase activities in the vitreous body and serum in ERM, MH, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) patients. In addition, nuclear staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and mast-cell staining with toluidine blue were performed on samples of the vitreous core and bursa premacularis (BPM) of MH. We also performed immunostaining on the above two regions of vitreous samples for MH with anti-tryptase antibody, anti-chymase antibody, anti-podoplanin antibody, anti-lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1) antibody, and anti-fibroblast antibody. Moreover, we performed immunostaining with anti-tryptase antibody and anti-chymase antibody on ERMs collected intraoperatively. Tryptase activity in the vitreous body was significantly higher in ERM and MH than in PDR. However, no significant differences were observed in the tryptase activity in the serum among these four diseases. Chymase activity in the vitreous body was significantly higher in MH than in the other three diseases, yet chymase activity in the serum was below detection limit in any of the diseases. Nuclear staining with H&E revealed an abundance of nuclei in the BPM region, but few in the surrounding area. Mast-cell staining with toluidine blue revealed that the BPM showed metachromatic staining. In immunostaining with anti-fibroblasts antibody, anti-tryptase antibody, anti-chymase antibody, anti-podoplanin antibody, and anti-LYVE-1 antibody, the BPM stained more strongly than the vitreous core. Tryptase and chymase-positive cells were also observed in ERM. These findings revealed that the presence of mast cells in the BPM potentially represent the source of these serine proteases. Moreover, the BPM, as a lymphatic tissue, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of macular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seita Morishita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taeko Horie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Fukumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruyo Kida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Oku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Meyer N, Zenclussen AC. Mast cells-Good guys with a bad image? Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13002. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Meyer
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
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Amersfoort J, Schaftenaar FH, Douna H, van Santbrink PJ, Kröner MJ, van Puijvelde GHM, Quax PHA, Kuiper J, Bot I. Lipocalin-2 contributes to experimental atherosclerosis in a stage-dependent manner. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:214-224. [PMID: 29960897 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) is a glycoprotein which can be secreted by immune cells. Several studies in humans have suggested Lcn2 can be used as a biomarker for the detection of unstable atherosclerotic lesions, partly as it is known to interact with MMP-9. METHODS In this study, we generated Ldlr-/-Lcn2-/- mice to assess the functional role of Lcn2 in different stages of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic lesions were characterized through histological analysis and myeloid cell populations were examined using flow cytometry. RESULTS We show that Ldlr-/-Lcn2-/- mice developed larger atherosclerotic lesions during earlier stages of atherosclerosis and had increased circulating Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes compared to Ldlr-/- mice. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions from Ldlr-/-Lcn2-/- mice had decreased necrotic core area, suggesting Lcn2 deficiency may affect lesion stability. Furthermore, MMP-9 activity was diminished in plaques from Ldlr-/-Lcn2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings suggest that Lcn2 deficiency promotes lesion growth in earlier stages of the disease while it decreases MMP-9 activity and necrotic core size in advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Amersfoort
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - F H Schaftenaar
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Douna
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P J van Santbrink
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M J Kröner
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G H M van Puijvelde
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Kuiper
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I Bot
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Carino D, Sarac TP, Ziganshin BA, Elefteriades JA. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Evolving Controversies and Uncertainties. Int J Angiol 2018; 27:58-80. [PMID: 29896039 PMCID: PMC5995687 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1657771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a permanent dilatation of the abdominal aorta that exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs arise in the portion of abdominal aorta distal to the renal arteries and are defined as infrarenal. Most AAAs are totally asymptomatic until catastrophic rupture. The strongest predictor of AAA rupture is the diameter. Surgery is indicated to prevent rupture when the risk of rupture exceeds the risk of surgery. In this review, we aim to analyze this disease comprehensively, starting from an epidemiological perspective, exploring etiology and pathophysiology, and concluding with surgical controversies. We will pursue these goals by addressing eight specific questions regarding AAA: (1) Is the incidence of AAA increasing? (2) Are ultrasound screening programs for AAA effective? (3) What causes AAA: Genes versus environment? (4) Animal models: Are they really relevant? (5) What pathophysiology leads to AAA? (6) Indications for AAA surgery: Are surgeons over-eager to operate? (7) Elective AAA repair: Open or endovascular? (8) Emergency AAA repair: Open or endovascular?
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Carino
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Timur P. Sarac
- Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bulat A. Ziganshin
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Surgical Diseases # 2, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - John A. Elefteriades
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Chymase-producing cells of the innate immune system are required for decidual vascular remodeling and fetal growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45106. [PMID: 28327604 PMCID: PMC5361184 DOI: 10.1038/srep45106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is caused by insufficient remodeling of spiral arteries (SAs). The mechanism underlying the relevance of natural killer cells (NKs) and mast cells (MCs) for SA remodeling and its effects on pregnancy outcome are not well understood. We show that NK depletion arrested SA remodeling without affecting pregnancy. MC depletion resulted in abnormally remodeled SAs and IUGR. Combined absence of NKs and MCs substantially affected SA remodeling and impaired fetal growth. We found that α-chymase mast cell protease (Mcpt) 5 mediates apoptosis of uterine smooth muscle cells, a key feature of SA remodeling. Additionally, we report a previously unknown source for Mcpt5: uterine (u) NKs. Mice with selective deletion of Mcpt5+ cells had un-remodeled SAs and growth-restricted progeny. The human α-chymase CMA1, phylogenetic homolog of Mcpt5, stimulated the ex vivo migration of human trophoblasts, a pre-requisite for SA remodeling. Our results show that chymases secreted by uMCs and uNKs are pivotal to the vascular changes required to support pregnancy. Understanding the mechanisms underlying pregnancy-induced vascular changes is essential for developing therapeutic options against pregnancy complications associated with poor vascular remodeling.
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Mast Cell Interaction with Neutrophils in Human Gastric Carcinomas: Ultrastructural Observations. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2016; 2016:6891971. [PMID: 27882290 PMCID: PMC5110872 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6891971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. The role of mast cells in cell-cell immune interactions has received increasing attention, although their functional interaction with neutrophils still remains to be clarified in tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between mast cells and neutrophils in a series of gastric carcinomas (GC). Patients and Methods. 52 surgically resected GC specimens were routinely processed for both light and electron microscopy. Only cases showing both mast cells and neutrophils in the tumor stroma were considered in the analysis. Results. Only 9 GC (M : F = 5 : 4; age range: 50–82 years) showed both mast cells and neutrophils in the tumor stroma. At ultrathin sections, we identified heterotypic aggregation and intermingling of mast cells and neutrophils. Mast cells had mature phenotype and showed full complement of granules with homogeneous, scroll, particle, and mixed pattern. In addition, we found normal-appearing or early apoptosis showing neutrophils. Conclusion. Our histological findings showed the likely interaction between mast cells and neutrophils in GC. We hypothesize that the granular content of mast cells may be released in small quantity through a mechanism called “kiss-and-run fusion,” which is alternative to well-known massive anaphylactic or piecemeal degranulation.
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Barallobre-Barreiro J, Oklu R, Lynch M, Fava M, Baig F, Yin X, Barwari T, Potier DN, Albadawi H, Jahangiri M, Porter KE, Watkins MT, Misra S, Stoughton J, Mayr M. Extracellular matrix remodelling in response to venous hypertension: proteomics of human varicose veins. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:419-30. [PMID: 27068509 PMCID: PMC4872879 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Extracellular matrix remodelling has been implicated in a number of vascular conditions, including venous hypertension and varicose veins. However, to date, no systematic analysis of matrix remodelling in human veins has been performed. METHODS AND RESULTS To understand the consequences of venous hypertension, normal and varicose veins were evaluated using proteomics approaches targeting the extracellular matrix. Varicose saphenous veins removed during phlebectomy and normal saphenous veins obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery were collected for proteomics analysis. Extracellular matrix proteins were enriched from venous tissues. The proteomics analysis revealed the presence of >150 extracellular matrix proteins, of which 48 had not been previously detected in venous tissue. Extracellular matrix remodelling in varicose veins was characterized by a loss of aggrecan and several small leucine-rich proteoglycans and a compensatory increase in collagen I and laminins. Gene expression analysis of the same tissues suggested that the remodelling process associated with venous hypertension predominantly occurs at the protein rather than the transcript level. The loss of aggrecan in varicose veins was paralleled by a reduced expression of aggrecanases. Chymase and tryptase β1 were among the up-regulated proteases. The effect of these serine proteases on the venous extracellular matrix was further explored by incubating normal saphenous veins with recombinant enzymes. Proteomics analysis revealed extensive extracellular matrix degradation after digestion with tryptase β1. In comparison, chymase was less potent and degraded predominantly basement membrane-associated proteins. CONCLUSION The present proteomics study provides unprecedented insights into the expression and degradation of structural and regulatory components of the vascular extracellular matrix in varicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Marc Lynch
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Marika Fava
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ferheen Baig
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Temo Barwari
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - David N Potier
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Karen E Porter
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael T Watkins
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julianne Stoughton
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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13
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Ikeda T, Nakamura K, Oku H, Morishita S, Fukumoto M, Suzuki H, Kida T, Horie T, Sugiyama T, Takai S. The role of tryptase and anti-type II collagen antibodies in the pathogenesis of idiopathic epiretinal membranes. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:1181-6. [PMID: 26170611 PMCID: PMC4494616 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s82015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the pathogenesis of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) from a biochemical perspective, the relationships between ERM and tryptase activity, a serine protease, and the levels of anti-type II collagen (anti-IIC) antibodies in the serum. Patients and methods Vitreous samples for measurement of tryptase activity were obtained from 54 eyes of 54 patients who underwent a vitrectomy for vitreoretinal disease, ie, 14 eyes of 14 patients with idiopathic macular hole, 14 eyes of 14 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), 13 eyes of 13 patients with ERM, and 13 eyes of 13 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Tryptase activity was measured by spectrophotometry. Anti-IIC antibodies were measured in the serum obtained from 17 patients with ERM, eight patients who underwent cataract surgery, 12 patients with PDR, and nine patients with RRD. In these 46 patients, the anti-IIC antibodies were measured using a Human/Monkey Anti-Type I and Type II Collagen IgG Assay Kit. Results Vitreal tryptase activity (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) in macular hole, PDR, ERM, and RRD was 0.0146±0.0053, 0.0018±0.0018, 0.0166±0.0046, and 0.0117±0.0029 mU/mg protein, respectively. Vitreal tryptase activity was significantly higher in macular hole and ERM than in PDR and RRD (P<0.05, Fisher’s protected least significant difference). The serum levels of anti-IIC immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (mean ± SD) in ERM, cataract surgery, PDR, and RRD were 58.222±30.986, 34.890±18.165, 55.760±26.008, and 35.453±12.769 units/mL, respectively. The serum levels of anti-IIC IgG antibody were significantly higher in ERM and PDR than in cataract surgery and RRD (P<0.05, Fisher’s protected least significant difference, two-sided). Conclusion In the pathogenesis of ERM, increased vitreal tryptase activity may be involved in tissue fibrosis, and elevated serum anti-IIC antibodies may lead to an immune response at the vitreoretinal interface, thus resulting in membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehiko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hidehiro Oku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seita Morishita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Fukumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruyo Kida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taeko Horie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
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Wezel A, Lagraauw HM, van der Velden D, de Jager SCA, Quax PHA, Kuiper J, Bot I. Mast cells mediate neutrophil recruitment during atherosclerotic plaque progression. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:289-96. [PMID: 26062988 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Activated mast cells have been identified in the intima and perivascular tissue of human atherosclerotic plaques. As mast cells have been described to release a number of chemokines that mediate leukocyte fluxes, we propose that activated mast cells may play a pivotal role in leukocyte recruitment during atherosclerotic plaque progression. METHODS AND RESULTS Systemic IgE-mediated mast cell activation in apoE(-/-)μMT mice resulted in an increase in atherosclerotic lesion size as compared to control mice, and interestingly, the number of neutrophils was highly increased in these lesions. In addition, peritoneal mast cell activation led to a massive neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity in C57Bl6 mice, whereas neutrophil numbers in mast cell deficient Kit(W(-sh)/W(-sh)) mice were not affected. Within the newly recruited neutrophil population, increased levels of CXCR2(+) and CXCR4(+) neutrophils were observed after mast cell activation. Indeed, mast cells were seen to contain and release CXCL1 and CXCL12, the ligands for CXCR2 and CXCR4. Intriguingly, peritoneal mast cell activation in combination with anti-CXCR2 receptor antagonist resulted in decreased neutrophil recruitment, thus establishing a prominent role for the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in mast cell-mediated neutrophil recruitment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that chemokines, and in particular CXCL1, released from activated mast cells induce neutrophil recruitment to the site of inflammation, thereby aggravating the ongoing inflammatory response and thus affecting plaque progression and destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Wezel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël van der Velden
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Wang X, Kulka M. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and mast cell activation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:859-871. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ru0814-388r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Generation of a new congenic mouse strain with enhanced chymase expression in mast cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84340. [PMID: 24391943 PMCID: PMC3877308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are effector cells best known for their roles in IgE-associated allergy, but they also play a protective role in defense against pathogens. These cells express high levels of proteases including chymase, tryptase and carboxypeptidase. In the present study, we identified a congenic strain of C57BL/6 mice expressing an extraordinarily high level of chymases Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 in mast cells. The overexpression was associated with variant Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 genes originated from DBA/2 mice that also expressed high levels of the two enzymes. Real time PCR analysis revealed that Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 were selectively overexpressed as tryptases, Cpa3 and several other chymases were kept at normal levels. Reporter gene assays demonstrated that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of Mcp-2 gene may be partly responsible for the increased gene transcription. Our study provides a new model system to study the function of mast cell chymases. The data also suggest that expression of chymases differs considerably in different strains of mice and the increased chymase activity may be responsible for some unique phenotypes observed in DBA/2 mice.
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17
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He A, Shi GP. Mast cell chymase and tryptase as targets for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:1114-25. [PMID: 23016684 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319060012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are critical effectors in inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and their associated complications. These cells exert their physiological and pathological activities by releasing granules containing histamine, cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, including mast cell-specific chymases and tryptases. Several recent human and animal studies have shown direct or indirect participation of mast cell-specific proteases in atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms, obesity, diabetes, and their complications. Animal studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of highly selective and potent chymase and tryptase inhibitors in several experimental cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries from in vitro cell-based studies to experimental animal disease models, from protease knockout mice to treatments with recently developed selective and potent protease inhibitors, and from patients with preclinical disorders to those affected by complications. We hypothesize that inhibition of chymases and tryptases would benefit patients suffering from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina He
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
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18
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Bot M, de Jager SCA, MacAleese L, Lagraauw HM, van Berkel TJC, Quax PHA, Kuiper J, Heeren RMA, Biessen EAL, Bot I. Lysophosphatidic acid triggers mast cell-driven atherosclerotic plaque destabilization by increasing vascular inflammation. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1265-74. [PMID: 23396975 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m032862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lysophospholipid, accumulates in the atherosclerotic plaque. It has the capacity to activate mast cells, which potentially exacerbates plaque progression. In this study, we thus aimed to investigate whether LPA contributes to plaque destabilization by modulating mast cell function. We here show by an imaging mass spectrometry approach that several LPA species are present in atherosclerotic plaques. Subsequently, we demonstrate that LPA is a potent mast cell activator which, unlike other triggers, favors release of tryptase. Local perivascular administration of LPA to an atherosclerotic carotid artery segment increases the activation status of perivascular mast cells and promotes intraplaque hemorrhage and macrophage recruitment without impacting plaque cell apoptosis. The mast cell stabilizer cromolyn could prevent intraplaque hemorrhage elicited by LPA-mediated mast cell activation. Finally, the involvement of mast cells in these events was further emphasized by the lack of effect of perivascular LPA administration in mast cell deficient animals. We demonstrate that increased accumulation of LPA in plaques induces perivascular mast cell activation and in this way contributes to plaque destabilization in vivo. This study points to local LPA availability as an important factor in atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, 2333 CC, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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The calcium chloride-induced rodent model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis 2012; 226:29-39. [PMID: 23044097 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) affects ∼5% men aged over 65 years and is an important cause of death in this population. Research into AAA pathogenesis has been fuelled by the need to identify new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this disease. One animal model of AAA involves peri-vascular application of calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) onto the infra-renal aorta of mice and rats to induce extracellular matrix remodelling. Twenty-three studies assessing CaCl(2)-induced AAA and six studies assessing AAA induced by a modified CaCl(2) method were identified. In the current report the preparation and pathological features of this AAA model are discussed. We also compared this animal model to human AAA. CaCl(2)-induced AAA shows the following pathological characteristics typically found in human AAA: calcification, inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative stress, neovascularisation, elastin degradation and vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis. A number of mechanisms involved in CaCl(2)-induced AAA have been identified which may be relevant to the pathogenesis of human AAA. Key molecules include c-Jun N-terminal kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2, group x secretory phospholipase A2 and plasminogen. CaCl(2)-induced AAA does not display aortic thrombus, atherosclerosis and rupture which are classical features of human AAA. Advantages of the CaCl(2)-induced AAA technique include (1) it can be applied to wild type mice making assessment of transgenic rodent models more straight forward and rapid; and (2) CaCl(2)-induced AAAs are usually developed in the infra-renal abdominal aorta, which is the most common location of human AAA. Currently findings obtained from the CaCl(2)-induced AAA model or other animal models of AAA have not been translated into the human situation. It is hoped that this deficiency will be corrected over the next decade with a number of clinical trials currently examining novel treatment options for AAA patients.
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20
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Anvari MS, Boroumand MA, Mojarad EA, Karimi A, Abbasi K, Shirzad M, Omran AS, Movahedi N, Shirani S, Goodarzynejad H. Do Adventitial Mast Cells Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Ascending Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm? Int J Surg Pathol 2012; 20:474-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896912440820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The precise pathogenesis of the ascending aortic aneurysm (AscAA) remains to be determined. Mast cells in the adventitia of human AscAA lesions may play a role in this pathogenesis. Adventitial mast cell density per 10 high-power fields (0.25 mm2) was assessed in multiple biopsy samples, from aneurysmal aortic sections (n = 41) and control (nondilated) aortic specimens (n = 50), stained by orcein-Giemsa method, an inexpensive (<$1) method. In a multivariable adjusted logistic regression model, using AscAA as the dependent variable, mast cell density was found to be an independent predictor of AscAA occurrence (odds ratio = 2.21; 95% confidence interval = 1.58-3.08; P < .001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the proposed cutoff value of ≥3 mast cells per 10 high-power fields was very sensitive to detect AscAA occurrence, yielding a sensitivity of 90% with a specificity of 80%. In conclusion, a significant increase in the number of mast cells in the adventitia of human ascending aortic lesions proposes a role for these cells in the pathogenesis of AscAA.
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21
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Bot I, Biessen EAL. Mast cells in atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:820-6. [PMID: 21866302 DOI: 10.1160/th11-05-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mast cell, a potent inflammatory cell type, is widely distributed over several tissues, but particularly prominent at the interface exposed to the environment to act in the first line of defense against pathogens. Upon activation mast cells release granules, which contain a large panel of mediators, including neutral proteases (e.g. chymase and tryptase), cathepsins, heparin, histamine and a variety of cytokines and growth factors. While mast cells have been demonstrated to be critically involved in a number of Th2 dominated diseases such as asthma and allergy, recent investigations have now also implicated mast cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and acute cardiovascular syndromes. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of mast cells to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and gauge the therapeutic opportunities of mast cell targeted intervention in acute cardiovascular syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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22
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Mast cell proteases as protective and inflammatory mediators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 716:212-34. [PMID: 21713659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9533-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are the most abundant class of proteins produced by mast cells. Many of these are stored in membrane-enclosed intracellular granules until liberated by degranulating stimuli, which include cross-linking of high affinity IgE receptor F(c)εRI by IgE bound to multivalent allergen. Understanding and separating the functions of the proteases is important because expression differs among mast cells in different tissue locations. Differences between laboratory animals and humans in protease expression also influence the degree of confidence with which results obtained in animal models of mast cell function can be extrapolated to humans. The inflammatory potential of mast cell proteases was the first aspect of their biology to be explored and has received the most attention, in part because some of them, notably tryptases and chymases, are biomarkers of local and systemic mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis. Although some of the proteases indeed augment allergic inflammation and are potential targets for inhibition to treat asthma and related allergic disorders, they are protective and even anti-inflammatory in some settings. For example, mast cell tryptases may protect from serious bacterial lung infections and may limit the "rubor" component of inflammation caused by vasodilating neuropeptides in the skin. Chymases help to maintain intestinal barrier function and to expel parasitic worms and may support blood pressure during anaphylaxis by generating angiotensin II. In other life-or-death examples, carboxypeptidase A3 and other mast cell peptidases limit systemic toxicity of endogenous peptideslike endothelin and neurotensin during septic peritonitis and inactivate venom-associated peptides. On the other hand, mast cell peptidase-mediated destruction of protective cytokines, like IL-6, can enhance mortality from sepsis. Peptidases released from mast cells also influence nonmast cell proteases, such as by activating matrix metalloproteinase cascades, which are important in responses to infection and resolution of tissue injury. Overall, mast cell proteases have a variety of roles, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, protective and deleterious, in keeping with the increasingly well-appreciated contributions of mast cells in allergy, tissue homeostasis and innate immunity.
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23
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Bot I, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL. Mast cells: pivotal players in cardiovascular diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 4:170-8. [PMID: 19936193 PMCID: PMC2780818 DOI: 10.2174/157340308785160624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of cardiovascular diseases as myocardial infarction and stroke are generally caused by rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. However, the actual cause of a plaque to rupture is not yet established. Interestingly, pathology studies have shown an increased presence of the mast cell, an important inflammatory effector cell in allergy and host defense, in (peri)vascular tissue during plaque progression, which may point towards a causal role for mast cells. Very recent data in mouse models show that mast cells and derived mediators indeed can profoundly impact plaque progression, plaque stability and acute cardiovascular syndromes such as vascular aneurysm or myocardial infarction. In this review, we discuss recent evidence on the role of mast cells in the progression of cardiovascular disorders and give insight in the therapeutic potential of modulation of mast cell function in these processes to improve the resilience of a plaque to rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Bot I, Bot M, van Heiningen SH, van Santbrink PJ, Lankhuizen IM, Hartman P, Gruener S, Hilpert H, van Berkel TJC, Fingerle J, Biessen EAL. Mast cell chymase inhibition reduces atherosclerotic plaque progression and improves plaque stability in ApoE-/- mice. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:244-52. [PMID: 20693162 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS mast cells have been shown to accumulate in the adventitia of human atherosclerotic plaques and were recently demonstrated by us to contribute to plaque progression and instability. In this study, we investigated whether selective inhibition of mast cell chymases would affect the lesion development and stability. METHODS AND RESULTS the protease inhibitor RO5066852 appeared to be a potent inhibitor of chymase activity in vitro and ex vivo. With this inhibitor, we provide three lines of evidence that chymase inhibition can prevent many pro-atherogenic activities. First, oral administration of RO5066852 reduced spontaneous atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta of apoE(-/-) mice. Second, chymase inhibition prevented the accelerated plaque progression observed in apoE(-/-) mice that were exposed to repetitive episodes of systemic mast cell activation. Furthermore, RO5066852 enhanced lesional collagen content and reduced necrotic core size. Third, RO5066852 treatment almost completely normalized the increased frequency and size of intraplaque haemorrhages observed in apoE(-/-) mice after acute perivascular mast cell activation in advanced atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION our data indicate that chymase inhibition can inhibit pro-atherogenic and plaque destabilizing effects which are associated with perivascular mast cell activation. Our study thus identifies pharmacological chymase inhibition as a potential therapeutic modality for atherosclerotic plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Heikkilä HM, Trosien J, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Pentikäinen MO, Kovanen PT, Lindstedt KA. Mast cells promote atherosclerosis by inducing both an atherogenic lipid profile and vascular inflammation. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:615-23. [PMID: 20024959 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating in vitro and in vivo studies have proposed a role for mast cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Here, we studied the role of mast cells in lipoprotein metabolism, a key element in the atherosclerotic disease. Male mice deficient in low-density lipoprotein receptors and mast cells on a Western diet for 26 weeks had significantly less atherosclerotic changes both in aortic sinus (55%, P = 0.0009) and in aorta (31%, P = 0.049), as compared to mast cell-competent littermates. Mast cell-deficient female mice had significantly less atherosclerotic changes in aortic sinus (43%, P = 0.011). Furthermore, we found a significant positive correlation between the extent of atherosclerosis and the number of adventitial/perivascular mast cells in aortic sinus of mast cell-competent mice (r = 0.615, P = 0.015). Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in both male (63%, P = 0.0005 and 57%, P = 0.004) and female (73%, P = 0.00009 and 54%, P = 0.007) mast cell-deficient mice, with a concomitant decrease in atherogenic apoB-containing particles and serum prebeta-high-density lipoprotein and phospholipid transfer protein activity in both male (69% and 24%) and female (74% and 54%) mast cell-deficient mice. Serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule was decreased in both male (32%, P = 0.004) and female (28%, P = 0.003) mast cell-deficient mice, whereas serum amyloid A was similar between mast cell-deficient and competent mice. In conclusion, mast cells participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in ldlr(-/-) mice by inducing both an atherogenic lipid profile and vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Heikkilä
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, FI-00140 Helsinki, Finland
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Tsuruda T, Imamura T, Hatakeyama K, Asada Y, Kitamura K. Stromal cell biology--a way to understand the evolution of cardiovascular diseases. Circ J 2010; 74:1042-50. [PMID: 20378995 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells, composed of fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells, immune cells and inflammatory cells, are critical determinants of the mechanical properties and function of the heart and vasculature, and the mechanisms whereby these types of cells are activated are important to understand the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Emerging studies have suggested that the activation of autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways by stromal cell-derived growth factors, cytokines and bioactive molecules contributes to disease progression. Disruption of the stromal network will result in alterations in the geometry and function in these organs. Interventions targeting the stromal cells (eg, myofibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells, inflammatory cells) by pharmacological agents or direct gene delivery/small interfering RNA would be potential novel therapeutic strategies to prevent/attenuate the progression of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tsuruda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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Ebihara N, Takai S, Miyazaki M, Murakami A. Mast Cell Chymase Induces Conjunctival Epithelial Cell Apoptosis by a Mechanism Involving Degradation of Fibronectin. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:429-35. [PMID: 16020275 DOI: 10.1080/02713680590959367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the mechanism of conjunctival epithelial injury in vernal keratoconjunctivitis, we investigated the effects of human chymase on conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro. METHODS Human conjunctival epithelial cells were incubated with human chymase for 24 or 48 hr at levels of activity that were likely to exist in the tear fluid of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Morphologic changes of the cells were observed by phase contrast microscopy. To determine the number of detached cells, we used an automated cell counter, while apoptotic cells were quantitated by flow cytometry. The level of soluble fibronectin in conditioned medium was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Most of the cells in the incubation with chymase were detached by 24 hr. However, chymase-mediated apoptosis was a slower process and was only detected after incubation of cells with chymase for 36 to 48 hr. Both cell detachment and apoptosis were blocked when cells were incubated in fibronectin-coated plates. The increase of soluble fibronectin was dependent on the amount of chymase added and the exposure time. A caspase inhibitor (antiapoptotic agent) rescued cells from apoptosis but did not prevent cell detachment. These results indicate that chymase-induced apoptosis of conjunctival epithelial cells represents anoikis, which is a slowly occurring apoptotic process induced by lack of adhesion to an extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS Human mast cell chymase caused conjunctival epithelial cell detachment by degrading fibronectin, and this led to secondary apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ebihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
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Ebihara N, Funaki T, Murakami A, Takai S, Miyazaki M. Mast Cell Chymase Decreases the Barrier Function and Inhibits the Migration of Corneal Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:1061-9. [PMID: 16354619 DOI: 10.1080/02713680500346625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the in vitro effects of human mast cell chymase on corneal epithelial cells. METHODS Human corneal epithelial cells were incubated with human chymase at activity levels that were likely to exist in the tears of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. RESULTS Incubation of chymase resulted in a decrease of barrier function of corneal epithelium. Occludin protein was cleaved by chymase. In the wound assay, incubation with chymase resulted in an inhibition of cell migration. CONCLUSION Human chymase causes the proteolysis of occludin and fibronectin, resulting in a decrease of barrier function and inhibition of the migration of corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ebihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sun J, Sukhova GK, Yang M, Wolters PJ, MacFarlane LA, Libby P, Sun C, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ennis TL, Knispel R, Xiong W, Thompson RW, Baxter BT, Shi GP. Mast cells modulate the pathogenesis of elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3359-68. [PMID: 17932568 DOI: 10.1172/jci31311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), an inflammatory disease, involves leukocyte recruitment, immune responses, inflammatory cytokine production, vascular remodeling, neovascularization, and vascular cell apoptosis, all of which contribute to aortic dilatation. This study demonstrates that mast cells, key participants in human allergic immunity, participate in AAA pathogenesis in mice. Mast cells were found to accumulate in murine AAA lesions. Mast cell-deficient KitW-sh/KitW-sh mice failed to develop AAA elicited by elastase perfusion or periaortic chemical injury. KitW-sh/KitW-sh mice had reduced aortic expansion and internal elastic lamina degradation; decreased numbers of macrophages, CD3+ T lymphocytes, SMCs, apoptotic cells, and CD31+ microvessels; and decreased levels of aortic tissue IL-6 and IFN-gamma. Activation of mast cells in WT mice via C48/80 injection resulted in enhanced AAA growth while mast cell stabilization with disodium cromoglycate diminished AAA formation. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that mast cells participated in angiogenesis, aortic SMC apoptosis, and matrix-degrading protease expression. Reconstitution of KitW-sh/KitW-sh mice with bone marrow-derived mast cells from WT or TNF-alpha-/- mice, but not from IL-6-/- or IFN-gamma-/- mice, caused susceptibility to AAA formation to be regained. These results demonstrate that mast cells participate in AAA pathogenesis in mice by releasing proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IFN-gamma, which may induce aortic SMC apoptosis, matrix-degrading protease expression, and vascular wall remodeling, important hallmarks of arterial aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiusong Sun
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) are a group of nonantimicrobial derivatives of tetracycline, which exert antiproliferative and anticollagenolytic properties. The molecular mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of CMT-3 on cultured, subconfluent rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was analyzed by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation, counting cell numbers, and flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS CMT-3 inhibited the incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine and reduced the cell number dose-dependently, with approximately 60% inhibition at the maximal CMT-3 concentration used (20 mumol/l). CMT-3 decreased the SMC proportion in S-phase and gradually increased the proportion at G2/M. Initially, the proportion of cells in G1-phase increased and then gradually decreased back to baseline as the CMT-3 concentration increased. CMT-3 treatment of confluent SMCs for 24 h did not induce apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS CMT-3 inhibited SMC proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M restriction point. Nonetheless, CMT-3 did not induce SMC apoptosis.
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Lindstedt KA, Mäyränpää MI, Kovanen PT. Mast cells in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques--a view to a kill. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 11:739-58. [PMID: 17760836 PMCID: PMC3823253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to discuss the participation of mast cells in the pathogenesis of erosion and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, the major causes behind acute coronary syndromes and myocardial infarction. We present ex vivo observations describing mast cells and their activation in human atherosclerotic plaques and discuss in vitro and in vivo data showing that mast cells are potential regulators of inflammation, immunity and adverse remodeling, including matrix remodeling and cell death. Furthermore, we focus on studies that have been performed with human tissues and human mast cells, but when appropriate, we also discuss observations made in animal models. Finally, we present potential pharmacological means to modulate mast cell responses in the arterial vessel walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken A Lindstedt
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, FI-00140 Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Cardiac mast cells proliferate in cardiovascular diseases. In myocardial ischemia, mast cell mediators contribute to coronary vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, leukocyte recruitment, and tissue injury and repair. Arrhythmic dysfunction, coronary vasoconstriction, and contractile failure are also characteristic of cardiac anaphylaxis. In coronary atherosclerosis, mast cell mediators facilitate cholesterol accumulation and plaque destabilization. In cardiac failure, mast cell chymase causes myocyte apoptosis and fibroblast proliferation, leading to ventricular dysfunction. Chymase and tryptase also contribute to fibrosis in cardiomyopathies and myocarditis. In addition, mast cell tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes myocardial remodeling. Cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy in end-stage hypertension are also induced by mast cell mediators and proteases. We recently discovered that cardiac mast cells contain and release renin, which initiates local angiotensin formation. Angiotensin causes coronary vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, fibrosis, apoptosis, and endothelin release, all demonstrated mechanisms of mast-cell-associated cardiac disease. The effects of angiotensin are further amplified by the release of norepinephrine from cardiac sympathetic nerves. Our discovery of renin in cardiac mast cells and its release in pathophysiological conditions uncovers an important new pathway in the development of mast-cell-associated heart diseases. Several steps in this novel pathway may constitute future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Reid
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Fischer BM, Zheng S, Fan R, Voynow JA. Neutrophil elastase inhibition of cell cycle progression in airway epithelial cells in vitro is mediated by p27kip1. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L762-8. [PMID: 17586698 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00067.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE), a serine protease present in high concentrations in the airways of cystic fibrosis patients, injures the airway epithelium. We examined the epithelial response to NE-mediated proteolytic injury. We have previously reported that NE treatment of airway epithelial cells causes a marked decrease in epithelial DNA synthesis and proliferation. We hypothesized that NE inhibits DNA synthesis by arresting cell cycle progression. Progression through the cell cycle is positively regulated by cyclin complexes and negatively regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI). To test whether NE arrests cell cycle progression, we treated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells with NE (50 nM) or control vehicle for 24 h and assessed the effect of treatment on the cell cycle by flow cytometry. NE treatment resulted in G(1) arrest. Arrest in G(1) phase may be the result of CKI inhibition of the cyclin E complex; therefore, we evaluated whether NE upregulated CKI expression and/or affected the interaction of CKIs with the cyclin E complex. Following NE or control vehicle treatment, expression of p27(Kip1), a member of the Cip/Kip family, was evaluated. NE increased p27(Kip1) gene and protein expression. NE increased the coimmunoprecipitation of p27(Kip1) with cyclin E complex, suggesting that p27(Kip1) inhibited cyclin E complex activity. Our results demonstrate that p27 is regulated by NE and is critical for NE-induced cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Fischer
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Duke Univ. Medical Center, Box 2994, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are traditionally thought of as a nuisance for its host, for example, by causing many of the symptoms associated with allergic reactions. In addition, recent research has put focus on MCs for displaying harmful effects during various autoimmune disorders. On the other hand, MCs can also be beneficial for its host, for example, by contributing to the defense against insults such as bacteria, parasites, and snake venom toxins. When the MC is challenged by an external stimulus, it may respond by degranulation. In this process, a number of powerful preformed inflammatory "mediators" are released, including cytokines, histamine, serglycin proteoglycans, and several MC-specific proteases: chymases, tryptases, and carboxypeptidase A. Although the exact effector mechanism(s) by which MCs carry out their either beneficial or harmful effects in vivo are in large parts unknown, it is reasonable to assume that these mediators may contribute in profound ways. Among the various MC mediators, the exact biological function of the MC proteases has for a long time been relatively obscure. However, recent progress involving successful genetic targeting of several MC protease genes has generated powerful tools, which will enable us to unravel the role of the MC proteases both in normal physiology as well as in pathological settings. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the biology of the MC proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Biomedical Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang J, Herman EH, Robertson DG, Reily MD, Knapton A, Ratajczak HV, Rifai N, Honchel R, Blanchard KT, Stoll RE, Sistare FD. Mechanisms and biomarkers of cardiovascular injury induced by phosphodiesterase inhibitor III SK&F 95654 in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:152-63. [PMID: 16537294 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600588562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular injury of the type III selective PDE inhibitor SK&F 95654 was investigated in SHR. Twenty-four hours after a single sc injection of 100 or 200 mg/kg of the drug, rats exhibited cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis, interstitial inflammation, hemorrhage and edema, as well as mesenteric arterial hemorrhage and necrosis, periarteritis, EC and VSMC apoptosis, EC activation, and MC activation and degranulation. Elevated serum levels of cTnT and decreased cTnT immunoperoxidase staining on cardiomyocytes were detected in the drug-treated rats. Serum levels of alpha2-macroglobulin and IL-6 were significantly elevated following drug treatment. NMR spectral patterns of urine samples are significantly different between the drug-treated and control rats. These results indicate that measurement of serum cTnT, acute phase proteins, and cytokines as well as metabonomic urine profiles may serve as potential biomarkers for drug-induced cardiovascular injury in rats. Increased expression of CD63 on MC (tissue biomarker of MC), of nitrotyrosine on MC and EC (an indirect indicator of NO in vivo), and of iNOS on MC and EC (source of NO) suggest that NO produced by activated and degranulated MC as well as activated EC play an important role in SK&F 95654-induced mesenteric vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Division of Applied Pharmacology Research (HFD-910), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA.
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Sugiyama T, Katsumura K, Nakamura K, Kobayashi M, Muramatsu M, Maruichi M, Oku H, Takai S, Miyazaki M, Ikeda T. Effects of Chymase on the Macular Region in Monkeys and Porcine Müller Cells: Probable Involvement of Chymase in the Onset of Idiopathic Macular Holes. Ophthalmic Res 2006; 38:201-8. [PMID: 16679808 DOI: 10.1159/000093072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate chymase involvement in idiopathic macular hole onset, the effects of chymase on monkey eyes and cultured Muller cells were investigated. METHODS Immunohistochemistry using antinestin and antiglial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies was performed in a normal monkey eye. After chymase was injected into the monkey vitreous, histological changes in the retina were evaluated using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Expression of c-kit, a stem cell factor receptor, and nestin was examined in porcine Muller cells cultured with basic fibroblast growth factor. The effects of chymase on proliferation and TUNEL staining in Muller cells were also examined. RESULTS The number of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells was higher in the macula than in other regions. Thickening of the posterior hyaloid membrane and some apoptotic cells were found in the macula of chymase-treated eyes. The expression of c-kit and nestin in Muller cells was shown and enhanced when cultured with basic fibroblast growth factor. Exposure to chymase inhibited Muller cell proliferation and produced TUNEL-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS There might be Muller cells possessing atypical properties near the macular region and chymase might cause fibrosis and apoptosis through these cells. These findings suggest that increased chymase activity may result in idiopathic macular hole onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 27 Daigaku-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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Rakesh K, Agrawal DK. Cytokines and growth factors involved in apoptosis and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1487-506. [PMID: 16023601 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of cytokines and growth factors involved in the regulation of smooth muscle cells in an atherosclerotic plaque. As a plaque begins to develop, upon endothelial injury inflammatory cells within the lesion interact with the accumulating LDL, other inflammatory cells and smooth muscle cells and release cytokines and growth factors. The mediators released from the activated cells regulate the proliferation and/or survival of smooth muscle cells. This determines the stability and integrity of a plaque. New data emerging from various studies have provided novel insights into many of the cellular interactions and signaling mechanisms involving apoptosis of smooth muscle cells in the atherosclerotic plaques. A number of these studies, focusing on activation of inflammatory cells and the roles of chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Rakesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, United States
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Paananen A, Järvinen K, Sareneva T, Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Timonen T, Hölttä E. Valinomycin-induced apoptosis of human NK cells is predominantly caspase independent. Toxicology 2005; 212:37-45. [PMID: 15876477 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are sensitive to the exogenous toxic compound valinomycin. This toxin, produced by Streptomyces griseus in moisture damaged buildings, induces apoptosis by dissipating the membrane potential in mitochondria. In this paper, we show that valinomycin-induced apoptosis involves two different pathways in human NK cells: the predominant one is caspase-3 independent and the other caspase-3 dependent. Resting human NK cells were found to contain high amounts of active caspase-3 as compared to the T cells in which high caspase-3 activity has been shown only after stimulation. Exposure to valinomycin did not alter the caspase-3 activity of human NK cells but induced nucleosomal fragmentation of DNA. General caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, inhibited completely the caspase-3 activity, reduced DNA cleavage but did not prevent the spontaneous or valinomycin-induced apoptosis of NK cells. The endogenous high caspase-3 had only a slight effect on the major functions of human NK cells, i.e. cytotoxicity or gamma-IFN production, giving us a reason to suspect that the biological role of caspase-3 in NK cells could be the elimination of potentially harmful NK clones through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auli Paananen
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Takeshita A, Shibayama Y. Role of mast cells in hepatic remodeling during cholestasis and its resolution: relevance to regulation of apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 56:273-80. [PMID: 15816356 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Mast cells are thought to be related to fibrogenesis, but recent studies have shown that fibrosis of the liver can be induced even in mast cell-deficient rats. To clarify the significance of mast cell accumulation in cholestatic liver diseases, the relations between such accumulation, bile ductule proliferation and apoptosis of biliary epithelial cells were examined in the rats during cholestasis and its resolution. METHODS Cholestasis and its resolution were induced in rats by common bile duct ligation and spontaneous recanalization, respectively. The extent of bile ductule proliferation and the numbers of mast cells and apoptotic biliary epithelial cells were estimated quantitatively in liver sections. RESULTS Recanalization of the ligated common bile duct led to an abrupt and transient increase in the number of mast cells, although the number of proliferated bile ductules decreased rapidly. The number of apoptotic biliary epithelial cells of the proliferated bile ductules increased rapidly and transiently, and the change paralleled that of the mast cells. CONCLUSIONS Mast cells accumulating in the portal triads during cholestasis and its resolution may relate to the reduction of proliferated bile ductules, i.e., in hepatic remodeling, through the induction of apoptosis of biliary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takeshita
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-Cho, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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41
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Sharma S, Rajan UM, Kumar A, Soni A, Ghosh B. A novel (TG)n(GA)m repeat polymorphism 254 bp downstream of the mast cell chymase (CMA1) gene is associated with atopic asthma and total serum IgE levels. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:276-282. [PMID: 15924217 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene for mast cell chymase (CMA1) is an ideal candidate for investigating genetic predisposition to atopic asthma, as it is an important mediator of inflammation and remodeling in the asthmatic lung. Various studies have examined the association between -1903 G/A polymorphism and allergic phenotypes, but inconsistent results have been obtained. We investigated the association of this SNP and a novel (TG)(n)(GA)(m) repeat polymorphism (accession no. BV210164) 254 bp downstream of the gene with asthma and its associated traits in a case-control study in two independent cohorts recruited from the Indian population. A significant association was observed for the (TG)(n)(GA)(m) repeat with asthma (p<0.05) in both the cohorts. Although no association was observed for the -1903 G/A SNP with asthma, a significant association was observed between the genotypes and serum IgE levels (p=0.003 and 0.0004 for cohort A and B). When haplotypes were compared between patients and controls, the haplotype G_43 was found at higher frequency in controls (p=0.05). Also, on comparing major haplotypes (>5%) with respect to log total serum IgE levels, a significant difference was obtained (p=0.018 and p=0.046 for cohorts A and B). These results suggest that the CMA1 gene contributes to asthma susceptibility and may be involved in regulating IgE levels in atopic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpy Sharma
- Molecular Immunogenetics laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - U Mabali Rajan
- Molecular Immunogenetics laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Molecular Immunogenetics laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Abha Soni
- Molecular Immunogenetics laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Molecular Immunogenetics laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Oltmanns U, Sukkar MB, Xie S, John M, Chung KF. Induction of human airway smooth muscle apoptosis by neutrophils and neutrophil elastase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 32:334-41. [PMID: 15653931 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0321oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are an important component of airway inflammation and may interact with human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC). We investigated the effect of neutrophils and of neutrophil-derived proteases on HASMC survival. When co-incubated with neutrophils (0.1-1 x 10(6) cells/ml), attachment of human ASMC was reduced to 12.3 +/- 4.3% compared with untreated controls after 72 h. HASMC showed nuclear condensation and fragmentation (41.6 +/- 8.1% compared with baseline of 3.1 +/- 0.4%), and the biochemical markers of apoptosis, annexin V binding (9.7 +/- 0.7%; baseline 1.1 +/- 0.3%) and cleaved caspase-3 expression, were observed. The proteolytic activity released by neutrophils was essential for the proapoptotic effect because inhibition of elastase activity by alpha(1)-antitrypsin and MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-CMK (MSACK) reduced HASMC apoptosis. Human neutrophil elastase (0.1-3 microg/ml) induced apoptosis of HASMC, as well as other neutrophil serine proteases, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. Fibronectin degradation products were present in HASMC supernatants exposed to neutrophil-conditioned media and to neutrophil elastase. The local release of proteases from neutrophils present in airway smooth muscle cells may lead to HASMC apoptosis as a result of matrix degradation and loss of cell attachment. This may limit pathologic changes such as ASMC hyperplasia and extracellular matrix deposition seen in airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Oltmanns
- Thoracic Medicne, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, UK
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Abstract
Worldwide, more people die of the complications of atherosclerosis than of any other cause. It is not surprising, therefore, that enormous resources have been devoted to studying the pathogenesis of this condition. This article attempts to summarize present knowledge on the events that take place within the arterial wall during atherogenesis. Classical risk factors are not dealt with as they are the subjects of other parts of this book. First, we deal with the role of endothelial dysfunction and infection in initiating the atherosclerotic lesion. Then we describe the development of the lesion itself, with particular emphasis on the cell types involved and the interactions between them. The next section of the chapter deals with the events leading to thrombotic occlusion of the atherosclerotic vessel, the cause of heart attack and stroke. Finally, we describe the advantages--and limitations--of current animal models as they contribute to our understanding of atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cullen
- Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, Münster, Germany.
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Lindstedt KA, Kovanen PT. Mast cells in vulnerable coronary plaques: potential mechanisms linking mast cell activation to plaque erosion and rupture. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15:567-73. [PMID: 15361793 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200410000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A novel link between inflammation and acute coronary syndromes is emerging, in that infiltrating inflammatory cells may convert a clinically silent coronary plaque into a dangerous and potentially lethal plaque. The majority of acute atherothrombotic events now relate to erosion or rupture of such unstable plaques. Here we summarize the molecular mechanisms by which activated mast cells may contribute to plaque erosion or rupture. RECENT FINDINGS In-vitro experiments have revealed a multitude of paracrine effects exerted by activated mast cells. By secreting heparin proteoglycans and chymase, activated mast cells efficiently inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in vitro, and reduce their ability to produce collagen by a transforming growth factor beta-dependent and -independent mechanism. Mast cell chymase and tryptase are capable of activating matrix metalloproteinases types 1 and 3, causing degradation of the extracellular matrix component, collagen, necessary for the stability of the plaque. Activated mast cells also secrete matrix metalloproteinases types 1 and 9 themselves. Furthermore, chymase induces SMC apoptosis by degrading fibronectin, a pericellular matrix component necessary for SMC adhesion and survival, with the subsequent disruption of focal adhesions and loss of outside-in survival signaling. By secreting chymase and tumour necrosis factor alpha, activated mast cells also induce endothelial cell apoptosis. SUMMARY Locally activated mast cells may participate in the weakening of atherosclerotic plaques by secreting heparin proteoglycans, chymase, and cytokines, which affect the growth, function and death of arterial endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, thereby predisposing to plaque erosion or rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken A Lindstedt
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, FIN-00140 Helsinki, Finland.
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Ho LH, Ruffin RE, Murgia C, Li L, Krilis SA, Zalewski PD. Labile Zinc and Zinc Transporter ZnT4in Mast Cell Granules: Role in Regulation of Caspase Activation and NF-κB Translocation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7750-60. [PMID: 15187159 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The granules of mast cells and other inflammatory cells are known to be rich in zinc (Zn), a potent caspase inhibitor. The functions of granular Zn, its mechanism of uptake, and its relationship to caspase activation in apoptosis are unclear. The granules of a variety of mast cell types fluoresced intensely with the Zn-specific fluorophore Zinquin, and fluorescence was quenched by functional depletion of Zn using a membrane-permeable Zn chelator N, N, N', N'-tetrakis (2-pyridyl-methyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN). Zn levels were also depleted by various mast cell activators, including IgE/anti-IgE, and Zn was rapidly replenished during subsequent culture, suggesting an active uptake mechanism. In support of the latter, mast cells contained high levels of the vesicular Zn transporter ZnT(4), especially in the more apical granules. Immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling studies revealed significant pools of procaspase-3 and -4 in mast cell granules and their release during degranulation. Functional depletion of Zn by chelation with TPEN, but not by degranulation, resulted in greatly increased susceptibility of mast cells to toxin-induced caspase activation, as detected using a fluorogenic substrate assay. Release of caspases during degranulation was accompanied by a decreased susceptibility to toxins. Zn depletion by chelation, but not by degranulation, also resulted in nuclear translocation of the antiapoptotic, proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB. These findings implicate a role for ZnT(4) in mast cell Zn homeostasis and suggest that granule pools of Zn may be distinct from those regulating activation of procaspase-3 and NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien H Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011
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Affiliation(s)
- Ö Özdemir
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA;
| | - S Savaşan
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA;
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Leskinen MJ, Kovanen PT, Lindstedt KA. Regulation of smooth muscle cell growth, function and death in vitro by activated mast cells--a potential mechanism for the weakening and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1493-8. [PMID: 14555226 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibrous cap of a lipid-containing atherosclerotic plaque consists of collagen produced by arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of synthetic phenotype. A thick cap protects the lipid-rich core, whereas a thin cap predisposes it to rupture, with ensuing acute clinical complications, such as myocardial infarction. Among the pathological mechanisms leading to plaque weakening and rupture, one possibility is loss of the matrix-synthesizing SMCs. Indeed, caps of ruptured coronary plaques contain a reduced number of SMCs. In contrast, in such lesions, the number of activated inflammatory cells, such as mast cells, is increased, suggesting that they may regulate the SMC number. We have shown that heparin proteoglycans secreted by activated mast cells can efficiently inhibit proliferation of SMCs in vitro and reduce their ability to produce collagen. Chymase, a neutral serine protease secreted by activated mast cells, can also inhibit SMC-mediated collagen synthesis by a transforming growth factor-beta-dependent and -independent mechanism, and moreover, cause degradation of the collagen matrix by activating latent interstitial collagenase (MMP-1). Furthermore, chymase can induce SMC apoptosis by degrading the extracellular matrix component fibronectin necessary for SMC adhesion, with subsequent disruption of focal adhesions and loss of outside-in survival signaling. Thus, activated mast cells may participate in the weakening and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques by secreting mediators, such as heparin proteoglycans and chymase, which affect the growth, function and death of arterial SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Leskinen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, FIN-00140 Helsinki, Finland
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48
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apoptosis is a critical regulator of homeostasis in many tissues, including the vasculature. Apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions is triggered by inflammatory processes, both via cell-cell contact and by cytokines and oxidized lipids. Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and macrophages may promote plaque growth and pro-coagulation and may induce rupture, the major consequence of atherosclerosis in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Studies over the past year have clearly demonstrated the significance of cell death in atherosclerosis. Some of the key cellular, cytokine and molecular regulators that contribute to the apoptosis of cells within the atherosclerotic lesion have been identified and their mechanism of action elucidated. Other studies have shed some light on the identity of cells whose loss by apoptosis contributes to plaque instability. SUMMARY The identification of which cell types undergo apoptosis within the atherosclerotic lesion, the extracellular factors that impinge on these cells, and the intracellular mechanisms that govern their demise have begun to be elucidated. This information is critical in the design of further in-vivo experiments such as the exploitation of animal models, and ultimately, in applying this knowledge to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Littlewood
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Lätti S, Leskinen M, Shiota N, Wang Y, Kovanen PT, Lindstedt KA. Mast cell-mediated apoptosis of endothelial cells in vitro: a paracrine mechanism involving TNF-alpha-mediated down-regulation of bcl-2 expression. J Cell Physiol 2003; 195:130-8. [PMID: 12599216 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Degranulated mast cells are present in the subendothelial space of eroded (de-endothelialized) coronary atheromas. Upon degranulation, mast cells secrete into the surrounding tissue an array of preformed and newly synthesized mediators, including proapoptotic molecules, such as chymase and TNF-alpha. In a co-culture system involving rat serosal mast cells and rat cardiac (microvascular) endothelial cells, we could show, by means of competitive RT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, annexin staining, flow cytometry, and DNA-laddering, that stimulation of mast cells with ensuing degranulation rapidly (within 30 min) down-regulated the expression of both bcl-2 mRNA and protein, with subsequent induction of apoptosis in the endothelial cells. The major effect of bcl-2 down-regulation resided in the exocytosed granule remnants, a minor effect also being present in the granule remnant-free supernatant. No significant changes were observed in the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic protein, bax. The mast cell-mediated apoptotic effect was partially (70%) dependent on the presence of TNF-alpha and involved the translocation of cytochrome C from mitochondria into cytoplasm. These results are the first to show that one of the cell types present in the atherosclerotic plaques, namely the mast cell, by releasing both granule-remnant-bound and soluble TNF-alpha, may contribute to the erosion of atherosclerotic plaques by inducing apoptosis in adjacent endothelial cells. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soili Lätti
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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50
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Lazaar AL, Plotnick MI, Kucich U, Crichton I, Lotfi S, Das SKP, Kane S, Rosenbloom J, Panettieri RA, Schechter NM, Puré E. Mast cell chymase modifies cell-matrix interactions and inhibits mitogen-induced proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:1014-20. [PMID: 12097409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of chronic, severe asthma include prominent airway inflammation and airway smooth muscle (ASM) hypertrophy and hyperplasia. One of the factors that contribute to the injury and repair process within the airway is activation of proteases and turnover of extracellular matrix components. Mast cells, which are present in increased numbers in the asthmatic airway, are a rich source of the neutral protease chymase, which can degrade several basement membrane components. Recent data suggest that proteases also play a critical role in regulating the expression of CD44, the primary receptor for the matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan. In this study we investigated the effects of chymase treatment on human ASM cell function. We found that chymase degraded the smooth muscle cell pericellular matrix. This was accompanied by an increased release of fibronectin and soluble CD44, but not soluble ICAM-1 or soluble hyaluronan, into the conditioned medium. In addition, chymase inhibited T cell adhesion to ASM and dramatically reduced epidermal growth factor-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation. These data suggest that the local release of mast cell chymase may have profound effects on ASM cell function and airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili L Lazaar
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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