1
|
Acharya A, Nemade H, Rajendra Prasad K, Khan K, Hescheler J, Blackburn N, Hemmersbach R, Papadopoulos S, Sachinidis A. Live-Cell Imaging of the Contractile Velocity and Transient Intracellular Ca 2+ Fluctuations in Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cells 2022; 11:1280. [PMID: 35455960 PMCID: PMC9031802 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-cell imaging techniques are essential for acquiring vital physiological and pathophysiological knowledge to understand and treat heart disease. For live-cell imaging of transient alterations of [Ca2+]i in human cardiomyocytes, we engineered human-induced pluripotent stem cells carrying a genetically-encoded Ca2+-indicator (GECI). To monitor sarcomere shortening and relaxation in cardiomyocytes in real-time, we generated a α-cardiac actinin (ACTN2)-copepod (cop) green fluorescent protein (GFP+)-human-induced pluripotent stem cell line by using the CRISPR-Cas9 and a homology directed recombination approach. The engineered human-induced pluripotent stem cells were differentiated in transgenic GECI-enhanced GFP+-cardiomyocytes and ACTN2-copGFP+-cardiomyocytes, allowing real-time imaging of [Ca2+]i transients and live recordings of the sarcomere shortening velocity of ACTN2-copGFP+-cardiomyocytes. We developed a video analysis software tool to quantify various parameters of sarcoplasmic Ca2+ fluctuations recorded during contraction of cardiomyocytes and to calculate the contraction velocity of cardiomyocytes in the presence and absence of different drugs affecting cardiac function. Our cellular and software tool not only proved the positive and negative inotropic and lusitropic effects of the tested cardioactive drugs but also quantified the expected effects precisely. Our platform will offer a human-relevant in vitro alternative for high-throughput drug screenings, as well as a model to explore the underlying mechanisms of cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviseka Acharya
- Working Group Sachinidis, Center for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, The University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.A.); (H.N.); (K.R.P.); (K.K.); (J.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Harshal Nemade
- Working Group Sachinidis, Center for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, The University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.A.); (H.N.); (K.R.P.); (K.K.); (J.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Krishna Rajendra Prasad
- Working Group Sachinidis, Center for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, The University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.A.); (H.N.); (K.R.P.); (K.K.); (J.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Khadija Khan
- Working Group Sachinidis, Center for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, The University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.A.); (H.N.); (K.R.P.); (K.K.); (J.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Working Group Sachinidis, Center for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, The University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.A.); (H.N.); (K.R.P.); (K.K.); (J.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Nick Blackburn
- Bioras Company, Kaarsbergsvej 2, 8400 Ebeltoft, Denmark;
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Symeon Papadopoulos
- Working Group Sachinidis, Center for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, The University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.A.); (H.N.); (K.R.P.); (K.K.); (J.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Working Group Sachinidis, Center for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, The University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.A.); (H.N.); (K.R.P.); (K.K.); (J.H.); (S.P.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dynamic Patterns of N6-Methyladenosine Profiles of Messenger RNA Correlated with the Cardiomyocyte Regenerability during the Early Heart Development in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5537804. [PMID: 34413927 PMCID: PMC8369182 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5537804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) plays important roles in regulating mRNA processing. Despite rapid progress in this field, little is known about the role and mechanism of m6A modification in myocardial development and cardiomyocyte regeneration. Existing studies have shown that the heart tissues of newborn mice have the capability of proliferation and regeneration, but its mechanism, particularly its relation to m6A methylation, remains unknown. Methods. To systematically profile the mRNA m6A modification pattern in the heart tissues of mice at different developmental stages, we jointly performed methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of heart tissues of mice, respectively, aged 1 day old, 7 days old, and 28 days old. Results. We identified the linkages and association between differentially expressed mRNA transcripts and hyper or hypomethylated m6A peaks in C57BL/6J mice at different heart developmental stages. Results showed that the amount of m6A peaks and the level of m6A modification were the lowest in the heart of mice at 1 day old. By contrast, heart tissues from 7-day-old mice tended to possess the most m6A peaks and the highest global m6A level. However, the m6A characteristics of myocardial tissue changed little after 7 days old as compared to that of 1 day old. Specifically, we found 1269 downmethylated genes of 1434 methylated genes in 7-day-old mouse heart tissues as compared to those in 1-day-old mice. Hypermethylation of some specific genes may correlate with the heart's strong proliferative and regenerative capability at the first day after birth. In terms of m6A density, the tendency shifted from coding sequences (CDS) to 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTR) and stop codon with the progression of heart development. In addition, some genes demonstrated remarkable changes both in methylation and expression, like kiss1, plekha6, and megf6, which may play important roles in proliferation. Furthermore, signaling pathways highly related to proliferation such as “Wnt signaling pathway,” “ECM-receptor interaction,” and “cardiac chamber formation” were significantly enriched in 1-day-old methylated genes. Conclusions. Our results reveal a pattern that different m6A modifications are distributed in C57BL/6J heart tissue at different developmental stages, which provides new insights into a novel function of m6A methylation of mRNA in myocardial development and regeneration.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu Y, You J, Wei W, Gu J, Xu C, Gu X. Downregulated lncRNA RCPCD promotes differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cardiac pacemaker-like cells by suppressing HCN4 promoter methylation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:667. [PMID: 34215719 PMCID: PMC8253811 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is receiving increasing attention in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) research. However, the roles of lncRNA in the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells are still unclear. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the roles and mechanisms of lncRNA in the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells. ESCs were cultured and induced differentiation to pacemaker-like cells. RNA sequencing was used to identify the differential expression lncRNAs during the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells. Cell morphology observation, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells. LncRNA and genes overexpression or knockdown through transfected adenovirus in the differentiation process. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detected the lncRNA location in the differentiated ESCs. Luciferase reporter gene assay, methylation-specific PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation assay were performed to reveal the mechanism of lncRNA-regulating HCN4 expression. Rescue experiments were used to confirm that lncRNA regulates the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells through HCN4. We cultured the ESCs and induced the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells successfully. The expression of lncRNA RCPCD was significantly decreased in the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells. Overexpression of RCPCD inhibited the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells. RCPCD inhibited the expression of HCN4 by increasing HCN4 methylation at the promoter region through DNMT1, DNMT2, and DNMT3. RCPCD inhibited the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells by inhibiting the expression of HCN4. Our results confirm the roles and mechanism of lncRNA RCPCD in the differentiation of ESCs into pacemaker-like cells, which could pave the path for the development of a cell-based biological pacemaker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhu
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Department of Cardiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Jia You
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Gu
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, US
| | - Xiang Gu
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Wang M, Liang Y, Wang C, Naruse K, Takahashi K. Treatment of Oxidative Stress with Exosomes in Myocardial Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041729. [PMID: 33572188 PMCID: PMC7915208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A thrombus in a coronary artery causes ischemia, which eventually leads to myocardial infarction (MI) if not removed. However, removal generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury that damages the tissue and exacerbates the resulting MI. The mechanism of I/R injury is currently extensively understood. However, supplementation of exogenous antioxidants is ineffective against oxidative stress (OS). Enhancing the ability of endogenous antioxidants may be a more effective way to treat OS, and exosomes may play a role as targeted carriers. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles wrapped in biofilms which contain various complex RNAs and proteins. They are important intermediate carriers of intercellular communication and material exchange. In recent years, diagnosis and treatment with exosomes in cardiovascular diseases have gained considerable attention. Herein, we review the new findings of exosomes in the regulation of OS in coronary heart disease, discuss the possibility of exosomes as carriers for the targeted regulation of endogenous ROS generation, and compare the advantages of exosome therapy with those of stem-cell therapy. Finally, we explore several miRNAs found in exosomes against OS.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cardiac Stem Cell-Loaded Delivery Systems: A New Challenge for Myocardial Tissue Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207701. [PMID: 33080988 PMCID: PMC7589970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in Western countries. Post-myocardial infarction heart failure can be considered a degenerative disease where myocyte loss outweighs any regenerative potential. In this scenario, regenerative biology and tissue engineering can provide effective solutions to repair the infarcted failing heart. The main strategies involve the use of stem and progenitor cells to regenerate/repair lost and dysfunctional tissue, administrated as a suspension or encapsulated in specific delivery systems. Several studies demonstrated that effectiveness of direct injection of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) is limited in humans by the hostile cardiac microenvironment and poor cell engraftment; therefore, the use of injectable hydrogel or pre-formed patches have been strongly advocated to obtain a better integration between delivered stem cells and host myocardial tissue. Several approaches were used to refine these types of constructs, trying to obtain an optimized functional scaffold. Despite the promising features of these stem cells’ delivery systems, few have reached the clinical practice. In this review, we summarize the advantages, and the novelty but also the current limitations of engineered patches and injectable hydrogels for tissue regenerative purposes, offering a perspective of how we believe tissue engineering should evolve to obtain the optimal delivery system applicable to the everyday clinical scenario.
Collapse
|
6
|
Non-coding RNAs: emerging players in cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac regeneration. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:52. [PMID: 32748089 PMCID: PMC7398957 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Soon after birth, the regenerative capacity of the mammalian heart is lost, cardiomyocytes withdraw from the cell cycle and demonstrate a minimal proliferation rate. Despite improved treatment and reperfusion strategies, the uncompensated cardiomyocyte loss during injury and disease results in cardiac remodeling and subsequent heart failure. The promising field of regenerative medicine aims to restore both the structure and function of damaged tissue through modulation of cellular processes and regulatory mechanisms involved in cardiac cell cycle arrest to boost cardiomyocyte proliferation. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are functional RNA molecules with no protein-coding function that have been reported to engage in cardiac regeneration and repair. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of both the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs involved in cardiomyocyte proliferation. Furthermore, we discuss their impact on the structure and contractile function of the heart in health and disease and their application for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang B, Yan L, Shamul JG, Hakun M, He X. Stem cell therapy of myocardial infarction: a promising opportunity in bioengineering. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900182. [PMID: 33665356 PMCID: PMC7928435 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening disease resulting from irreversible death of cardiomyocytes (CMs) and weakening of the heart blood-pumping function. Stem cell-based therapies have been studied for MI treatment over the last two decades with promising outcome. In this review, we critically summarize the past work in this field to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of treating MI using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) including both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult stem cells, and cardiac progenitor cells. The main advantage of the latter is their cytokine production capability to modulate immune responses and control the progression of healing. However, human adult stem cells have very limited (if not 'no') capacity to differentiate into functional CMs in vitro or in vivo. In contrast, PSCs can be differentiated into functional CMs although the protocols for the cardiac differentiation of PSCs are mainly for adherent cells under 2D culture. Derivation of PSC-CMs in 3D, allowing for large-scale production of CMs via modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway with defined chemicals and medium, may be desired for clinical translation. Furthermore, the technology of purification and maturation of the PSC-CMs may need further improvements to eliminate teratoma formation after in vivo implantation of the PSC-CMs for treating MI. In addition, in vitro derived PSC-CMs may have mechanical and electrical mismatch with the patient's cardiac tissue, which causes arrhythmia. This supports the use of PSC-derived cells committed to cardiac lineage without beating for implantation to treat MI. In this case, the PSC derived cells may utilize the mechanical, electrical, and chemical cues in the heart to further differentiate into mature/functional CMs in situ. Another major challenge facing stem cell therapy of MI is the low retention/survival of stem cells or their derivatives (e.g., PSC-CMs) in the heart for MI treatment after injection in vivo. This may be resolved by using biomaterials to engineer stem cells for reduced immunogenicity, immobilization of the cells in the heart, and increased integration with the host cardiac tissue. Biomaterials have also been applied in the derivation of CMs in vitro to increase the efficiency and maturation of differentiation. Collectively, a lot has been learned from the past failure of simply injecting intact stem cells or their derivatives in vivo for treating MI, and bioengineering stem cells with biomaterials is expected to be a valuable strategy for advancing stem cell therapy towards its widespread application for treating MI in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Li Yan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James G Shamul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Maxwell Hakun
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liang W, Han P, Kim EH, Mak J, Zhang R, Torrente AG, Goldhaber JI, Marbán E, Cho HC. Canonical Wnt signaling promotes pacemaker cell specification of cardiac mesodermal cells derived from mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2019; 38:352-368. [PMID: 31648393 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can give rise to de novo chamber cardiomyocytes and nodal pacemaker cells. Compared with our understanding of direct differentiation toward atrial and ventricular myocytes, the mechanisms for nodal pacemaker cell commitment are not well understood. Taking a cue from the prominence of canonical Wnt signaling during cardiac pacemaker tissue development in chick embryos, we asked if modulations of Wnt signaling influence cardiac progenitors to bifurcate to either chamber cardiomyocytes or pacemaker cells. Omitting an exogenous Wnt inhibitor, which is routinely added to maximize cardiac myocyte yield during differentiation of mouse and human ESCs, led to increased yield of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes with action potential properties similar to those of native sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. The pacemaker phenotype was accompanied by enhanced expression of genes and gene products that mark nodal pacemaker cells such as Hcn4, Tbx18, Tbx3, and Shox2. Addition of exogenous Wnt3a ligand, which activates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, increased the yield of pacemaker-like myocytes while reducing cTNT-positive pan-cardiac differentiation. Conversely, addition of inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling led to increased chamber myocyte lineage development at the expense of pacemaker cell specification. The positive impact of canonical Wnt signaling on nodal pacemaker cell differentiation was evidenced in direct differentiation of two human ESC lines and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Our data identify the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a critical determinant of cardiac myocyte subtype commitment during ESC differentiation: endogenous Wnt signaling favors the pacemaker lineage, whereas its suppression promotes the chamber cardiomyocyte lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liang
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pengcheng Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth H Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jordan Mak
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rui Zhang
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Hee Cheol Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang M, Zhao Q, Zhao H, Yang A, Wang F, Wang X, Tang Y, Huang C. Adipose‑derived stem cells overexpressing SK4 calcium‑activated potassium channel generate biological pacemakers. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:2103-2112. [PMID: 31638180 PMCID: PMC6844603 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa) agonists increase the proportion of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and promote the differentiation of pacemaker cells. In the present study, it was hypothesized that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can differentiate into pacemaker-like cells via over-expression of the SK4 gene. ADSCs were transduced with a recombinant adenovirus vector carrying the mouse SK4 gene, whereas the control group was transduced with GFP vector. ADSCs transduced with SK4 vector were implanted into the rat left ventricular free wall. Complete atrioventricular block (AVB) was established in isolated perfused rat hearts after 2 weeks. SK4 was successfully and stably expressed in ADSCs following transduction. The mRNA levels of the pluripotent markers Oct-4 and Sox-2 declined and that of the transcription factor Shox2 was upregulated following SK4 transduction. The expression of α-actinin and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 4 (HCN4) increased in the SK4 group. The hyperpolarizing activated pacemaker current If (8/20 cells) was detected in ADSCs transduced with SK4, but not in the GFP group. Furthermore, SK4 transduction induced the expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 MAPK. In the ex vivo experiments, the heart rate of the SK4 group following AVB establishment was significantly higher compared with that in the GFP group. Immunofluorescence revealed that the transduced ADSCs were successfully implanted and expressed HCN4 in the SK4 group. In conclusion, SK4 induced ADSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like and pacemaker-like cells via activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Therefore, ADSCs transduced with SK4 may be used to generate biological pacemakers in ex vivo rat hearts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hongyi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ankang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fengyuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ribeiro AJS, Guth BD, Engwall M, Eldridge S, Foley CM, Guo L, Gintant G, Koerner J, Parish ST, Pierson JB, Brock M, Chaudhary KW, Kanda Y, Berridge B. Considerations for an In Vitro, Cell-Based Testing Platform for Detection of Drug-Induced Inotropic Effects in Early Drug Development. Part 2: Designing and Fabricating Microsystems for Assaying Cardiac Contractility With Physiological Relevance Using Human iPSC-Cardiomyocytes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:934. [PMID: 31555128 PMCID: PMC6727630 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractility of the myocardium engines the pumping function of the heart and is enabled by the collective contractile activity of its muscle cells: cardiomyocytes. The effects of drugs on the contractility of human cardiomyocytes in vitro can provide mechanistic insight that can support the prediction of clinical cardiac drug effects early in drug development. Cardiomyocytes differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells have high potential for overcoming the current limitations of contractility assays because they attach easily to extracellular materials and last long in culture, while having human- and patient-specific properties. Under these conditions, contractility measurements can be non-destructive and minimally invasive, which allow assaying sub-chronic effects of drugs. For this purpose, the function of cardiomyocytes in vitro must reflect physiological settings, which is not observed in cultured cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells because of the fetal-like properties of their contractile machinery. Primary cardiomyocytes or tissues of human origin fully represent physiological cellular properties, but are not easily available, do not last long in culture, and do not attach easily to force sensors or mechanical actuators. Microengineered cellular systems with a more mature contractile function have been developed in the last 5 years to overcome this limitation of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, while simultaneously measuring contractile endpoints with integrated force sensors/actuators and image-based techniques. Known effects of engineered microenvironments on the maturity of cardiomyocyte contractility have also been discovered in the development of these systems. Based on these discoveries, we review here design criteria of microengineered platforms of cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells for measuring contractility with higher physiological relevance. These criteria involve the use of electromechanical, chemical and morphological cues, co-culture of different cell types, and three-dimensional cellular microenvironments. We further discuss the use and the current challenges for developing and improving these novel technologies for predicting clinical effects of drugs based on contractility measurements with cardiomyocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells. Future research should establish contexts of use in drug development for novel contractility assays with stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre J S Ribeiro
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translation Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Brian D Guth
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.,PreClinical Drug Development Platform (PCDDP), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michael Engwall
- Safety Pharmacology and Animal Research Center, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Sandy Eldridge
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - C Michael Foley
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Integrated Sciences and Technology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Liang Guo
- Laboratory of Investigative Toxicology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Gary Gintant
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Integrated Sciences and Technology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John Koerner
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translation Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Stanley T Parish
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jennifer B Pierson
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mathew Brock
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Khuram W Chaudhary
- Global Safety Pharmacology, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Brian Berridge
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okano S, Shiba Y. Therapeutic Potential of Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiac Repair after Myocardial Infarction. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:524-530. [PMID: 30930411 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction occurs as a result of acute arteriosclerotic plaque rupture in the coronary artery, triggering strong inflammatory responses. The necrotic cardiomyocytes are gradually replaced with noncontractile scar tissue that eventually manifests as heart failure. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) show great promise for widespread clinical applications, particularly for tissue regeneration, and are being actively studied around the world to help elucidate disease mechanisms and in the development of new drugs. Human induced PSCs also show potential for regeneration of the myocardial tissue in experiments with small animals and in in vitro studies. Although emerging evidence points to the effectiveness of these stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in cardiac regeneration, several challenges remain before clinical application can become a reality. Here, we provide an overview of the present state of PSC-based heart regeneration and highlight the remaining hurdles, with a particular focus on graft survival, immunogenicity, posttransplant arrhythmia, maintained function, and tumor formation. Rapid progress in this field along with advances in biotechnology are expected to resolve these issues, which will require international collaboration and standardization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Okano
- Department of Regenerative Science and Medicine, Shinshu University.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University
| | - Yuji Shiba
- Department of Regenerative Science and Medicine, Shinshu University.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Li D, Wang Y, Huang Z, Xu J, Yang T, Wang L, Tang Q, Cai CL, Huang H, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Nkx2-5 defines a subpopulation of pacemaker cells and is essential for the physiological function of the sinoatrial node in mice. Development 2019; 146:dev.178145. [PMID: 31320323 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN), the primary cardiac pacemaker, consists of a head domain and a junction/tail domain that exhibit different functional properties. However, the underlying molecular mechanism defining these two pacemaker domains remains elusive. Nkx2-5 is a key transcription factor essential for the formation of the working myocardium, but it was generally thought to be detrimental to SAN development. However, Nkx2-5 is expressed in the developing SAN junction, suggesting a role for Nkx2-5 in SAN junction development and function. In this study, we present unambiguous evidence that SAN junction cells exhibit unique action potential configurations intermediate to those manifested by the SAN head and the surrounding atrial cells, suggesting a specific role for the junction cells in impulse generation and in SAN-atrial exit conduction. Single-cell RNA-seq analyses support this concept. Although Nkx2-5 inactivation in the SAN junction did not cause a malformed SAN at birth, the mutant mice manifested sinus node dysfunction. Thus, Nkx2-5 defines a population of pacemaker cells in the transitional zone. Despite Nkx2-5 being dispensable for SAN morphogenesis during embryogenesis, its deletion hampers atrial activation by the pacemaker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350108, PR China.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Dainan Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Jue Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Tianfang Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Linyan Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Qinghuang Tang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Human iPS cell-derived engineered heart tissue does not affect ventricular arrhythmias in a guinea pig cryo-injury model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9831. [PMID: 31285568 PMCID: PMC6614415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human iPSC-derived engineered heart tissue (hEHT) has been used to remuscularize injured hearts in a guinea pig infarction model. While beneficial effects on cardiac remodeling have been demonstrated, the arrhythmogenic potential of hEHTs is a major concern. We investigated whether hiPSC-derived hEHTs increase the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. HEHTs were created from human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. Left-ventricular cryo-injury was induced in guinea pigs (n = 37) and telemetry sensors for continuous ECG monitoring were implanted. 7 days following the cryo-injury, hEHTs or cell-free constructs were transplanted into the surviving animals (n = 15 and n = 9). ECGs were recorded over the following 28 days. 10 hEHT animals and 8 control animals survived the observation period and were included in the final analysis. After implantation of hEHTs or cell-free constructs, ventricular arrhythmias (premature ventricular contractions, couplets, triplets and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia) were observed in animals of both groups. The fraction of animals with the respective arrhythmias as well as the rate of arrhythmic events did not differ between groups. Following hEHT implantation, no clinically relevant sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation was detected. Our telemetric data provides first evidence for the electrical safety of human iPSC-derived EHTs in this experimental model, thereby supporting further development of this approach.
Collapse
|
14
|
A comprehensive, multiscale framework for evaluation of arrhythmias arising from cell therapy in the whole post-myocardial infarcted heart. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9238. [PMID: 31239508 PMCID: PMC6592890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct remuscularization approaches to cell-based heart repair seek to restore ventricular contractility following myocardial infarction (MI) by introducing new cardiomyocytes (CMs) to replace lost or injured ones. However, despite promising improvements in cardiac function, high incidences of ventricular arrhythmias have been observed in animal models of MI injected with pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs). The mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis remain unclear. Here, we present a comprehensive framework for computational modeling of direct remuscularization approaches to cell therapy. Our multiscale 3D whole-heart modeling framework integrates realistic representations of cell delivery and transdifferentiation therapy modalities as well as representation of spatial distributions of engrafted cells, enabling simulation of clinical therapy and the prediction of emergent electrophysiological behavior and arrhythmogenensis. We employ this framework to explore how varying parameters of cell delivery and transdifferentiation could result in three mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis: focal ectopy, heart block, and reentry.
Collapse
|
15
|
Xie A, Zhou A, Liu H, Shi G, Liu M, Boheler KR, Dudley SC. Mitochondrial Ca2+ flux modulates spontaneous electrical activity in ventricular cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200448. [PMID: 30001390 PMCID: PMC6042741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is known to contribute to automaticity via the cytoplasmic Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). Mitochondria participate in Ca2+ cycling. We studied the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ flux in ventricular spontaneous electrical activity. Methods Spontaneously contracting mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC)-derived ventricular cardiomyocytes (CMs) were differentiated from wild type and ryanodine receptor type 2 (RYR2) knockout mouse ESCs and differentiated for 19–21 days. Automaticity was also observed in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived ventricular CMs differentiated for 30 days, and acute isolated adult mouse ventricular cells in ischemic simulated buffer. Action potentials (APs) were recorded by perforated whole cell current-clamp. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+ transients were determined by fluorescent imaging. Results In mouse ESC-derived ventricular CMs, spontaneous beating was dependent on the L-type Ca2+ channel, cytoplasmic NCX and mitochondrial NCX. Spontaneous beating was modulated by SR Ca2+ release from RYR2 or inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3R), the pacemaker current (If) and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU). In RYR2 knockout mouse ESC-derived ventricular CMs, mitochondrial Ca2+ flux influenced spontaneous beating independently of the SR Ca2+ release from RYR2, and the mitochondrial effect was dependent on IP3R SR Ca2+ release. Depolarization of mitochondria and preservation of ATP could terminate spontaneous beating. A contribution of mitochondrial Ca2+ flux to automaticity was confirmed in hiPSC-derived ventricular CMs and ischemic adult mouse ventricular CMs, confirming the findings across species and cell maturity levels. Conclusions Mitochondrial and sarcolemma NCX fluxes are required for ventricular automaticity. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake plays a modulatory role. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake through MCU is influenced by IP3R-dependent SR Ca2+ release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Xie
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Anyu Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Guangbin Shi
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Boheler
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Samuel C. Dudley
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu J, Lian W, Li L, Huang Z. Generation of induced cardiac progenitor cells via somatic reprogramming. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29442-29457. [PMID: 28199972 PMCID: PMC5438743 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) represent a more effective cell-based therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction. Unfortunately, their therapeutic application is limited by low yield of cell harvesting, declining quality and quantity during the ageing process, and the need for highly invasive heart biopsy. Therefore, there is an emerging interest in generating CPC-like stem cells from somatic cells via somatic reprogramming. This novel approach would provide an unlimited source of stem cells with cardiac differentiation potential. Here we would firstly discuss the different types of CPC and their importance in stem cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction; secondly, the necessity of generating induced CPC from somatic cells via somatic reprogramming; and finally the current progress of somatic reprogramming in cardiac cells, especially induced CPC generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Xu
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Lian
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu M, Shi G, Zhou A, Rupert CE, Coulombe KLK, Dudley SC. Activation of the unfolded protein response downregulates cardiac ion channels in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 117:62-71. [PMID: 29474817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Heart failure is characterized by electrical remodeling that contributes to arrhythmic risk. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is active in heart failure and can decrease protein levels by increasing mRNA decay, accelerating protein degradation, and inhibiting protein translation. OBJECTIVE Therefore, we investigated whether the UPR downregulated cardiac ion channels that may contribute to arrhythmogenic electrical remodeling. METHODS Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were used to study cardiac ion channels. Action potentials (APs) and ion channel currents were measured by patch clamp recording. The mRNA and protein levels of channels and the UPR effectors were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Tunicamycin (TM, 50 ng/mL and 5 μg/mL), GSK2606414 (GSK, 300 nmol/L), and 4μ8C (5 μmol/L) were utilized to activate the UPR, inhibit protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring protein-1 (IRE1), respectively. RESULTS TM-induced activation of the UPR caused significant prolongation of the AP duration (APD) and a reduction of the maximum upstroke velocity (dV/dtmax) of the AP phase 0 in both acute (20-24 h) and chronic treatment (6 days). These changes were explained by reductions in the sodium, L-type calcium, the transient outward and rapidly/slowly activating delayed rectifier potassium currents. Nav1.5, Cav1.2, Kv4.3, and KvLQT1 channels showed concomitant reductions in mRNA and protein levels under activated UPR. Inhibition of PERK or IRE1 shortened the APD and reinstated dV/dtmax. The PERK branch regulated Nav1.5, Kv4.3, hERG, and KvLQT1. The IRE1 branch regulated Nav1.5, hERG, KvLQT1, and Cav1.2. CONCLUSIONS Activated UPR downregulates all major cardiac ion currents and results in electrical remodeling in hiPSC-CMs. Both PERK and IRE1 branches downregulate Nav1.5, hERG, and KvLQT1. The PERK branch specifically downregulates Kv4.3, while the IRE1 branch downregulates Cav1.2. Therefore, the UPR contributed to electrical remodeling, and targeting the UPR might be anti-arrhythmic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Dept. of Medicine, the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Guangbin Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Dept. of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University; Lifespan Cardiovascular Research Center, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Anyu Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Dept. of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University; Lifespan Cardiovascular Research Center, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Cassady E Rupert
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kareen L K Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Samuel C Dudley
- Division of Cardiology, Dept. of Medicine, the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mittal R, Jhaveri VM, McMurry HS, Kay SIS, Sutherland KJ, Nicole L, Mittal J, Jayant RD. Recent treatment modalities for cardiovascular diseases with a focus on stem cells, aptamers, exosomes and nanomedicine. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:831-840. [PMID: 29447002 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1436555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the significant impact of CVD on humans, there is a need to develop novel treatment modalities tailored to major classes of cardiac diseases including hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias, valvular disease and inflammatory diseases. In this article, we discuss recent advancements regarding development of therapeutic strategies based on stem cells, aptamers, exosomes, drug-eluting and dissolvable stents, immunotherapy and nanomedicine for the treatment of CVD. We summarize current research and clinical advances in cardiovascular therapeutics, with a focus on therapies that move beyond current oral- or sublingual-based regimens. This review article provides insight into current research and future treatment strategies that hold a great relevance for future clinical practice in pursuit of improving quality of life of patients suffering from CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- a Department of Otolaryngology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Vasanti M Jhaveri
- a Department of Otolaryngology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Hannah S McMurry
- a Department of Otolaryngology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Sae-In Samantha Kay
- b Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine , Nova Southeastern University , Fort Lauderdale , FL , USA
| | - Kyle J Sutherland
- a Department of Otolaryngology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Lin Nicole
- a Department of Otolaryngology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- a Department of Otolaryngology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- c Department of Immunology , Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Park M, Yoon YS. Cardiac Regeneration with Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Korean Circ J 2018; 48:974-988. [PMID: 30334384 PMCID: PMC6196153 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are collectively called pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), have emerged as a promising source for regenerative medicine. Particularly, human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) have shown robust potential for regenerating injured heart. Over the past two decades, protocols to differentiate hPSCs into CMs at high efficiency have been developed, opening the door for clinical application. Studies further demonstrated therapeutic effects of hPSC-CMs in small and large animal models and the underlying mechanisms of cardiac repair. However, gaps remain in explanations of the therapeutic effects of engrafted hPSC-CMs. In addition, bioengineering technologies improved survival and therapeutic effects of hPSC-CMs in vivo. While most of the original concerns associated with the use of hPSCs have been addressed, several issues remain to be resolved such as immaturity of transplanted cells, lack of electrical integration leading to arrhythmogenic risk, and tumorigenicity. Cell therapy with hPSC-CMs has shown great potential for biological therapy of injured heart; however, more studies are needed to ensure the therapeutic effects, underlying mechanisms, and safety, before this technology can be applied clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misun Park
- Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sup Yoon
- Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Galiñanes M, Loubani M, Davies J, Chin D, Pasi J, Bell PR. Autotransplantation of Unmanipulated Bone Marrow into Scarred Myocardium is Safe and Enhances Cardiac Function in Humans. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:7-13. [PMID: 15040600 DOI: 10.3727/000000004772664842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplants into damaged myocardium may have the potential to improve cardiac function. We investigated the safety of transplanting unmanipulated autologous bone marrow into infarcted myocardium of patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery and assessed its efficacy to improve cardiac function. Fourteen patients with one or more areas of transmural myocardial infarction were studied. Autologous bone marrow was obtained by sternal bone aspirate at the time of surgery, diluted in autologous serum at a ratio of 1:2, and then injected 1 cm apart into the mid-depth of the left ventricular scar. There were no deaths, no perioperative myocardial infarctions, and no significant ventricular arrhythmias. Dobutamine stress echocardiography demonstrated overall improvement in the global and regional left ventricular function 6 weeks and 10 months after surgery. Of 34 infarcted left ventricular segments, 11 were injected with bone marrow alone, 13 were revascularized with a bypass graft alone, and 10 received bone marrow transplantation and a bypass graft in combination. Only the left ventricle segmental wall motion score of the areas injected with bone marrow and receiving a bypass graft in combination improved at low dose and at peak dobutamine stress. These findings suggest that transplantation of unmanipulated autologous bone marrow into scar tissue of the human heart is safe and enhances cardiac function only when used in combination with myocardial revascularization. This benefit can be seen after 6 weeks of the bone marrow transplant and is maintained after 10 months of follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Galiñanes
- Department of Integrative Human Cardiovascular Physiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Larbig R, Reda S, Paar V, Trost A, Leitner J, Weichselbaumer S, Motloch KA, Wernly B, Arrer A, Strauss B, Lichtenauer M, Reitsamer HA, Eckardt L, Seebohm G, Hoppe UC, Motloch LJ. Through modulation of cardiac Ca2+handling, UCP2 affects cardiac electrophysiology and influences the susceptibility for Ca2+-mediated arrhythmias. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:650-662. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Larbig
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; University Hospital Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Sara Reda
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | - Vera Paar
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | - Johannes Leitner
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Karolina A. Motloch
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | - Bernhard Wernly
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | - Andreas Arrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | - Benjamin Strauss
- Cardiovascular Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | - Herbert A. Reitsamer
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | - Lars Eckardt
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; University Hospital Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IFGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; University Hospital Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Uta C. Hoppe
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| | - Lukas J. Motloch
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Paracelsus Medical University/SALK; Salzburg Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zigdon-Giladi H, Elimelech R, Michaeli-Geller G, Rudich U, Machtei EE. Safety profile and long-term engraftment of human CD31 + blood progenitors in bone tissue engineering. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:895-908. [PMID: 28495397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) participate in angiogenesis and induce favorable micro-environments for tissue regeneration. The efficacy of EPCs in regenerative medicine is extensively studied; however, their safety profile remains unknown. Therefore, our aims were to evaluate the safety profile of human peripheral blood-derived EPCs (hEPCs) and to assess the long-term efficacy of hEPCs in bone tissue engineering. METHODS hEPCs were isolated from peripheral blood, cultured and characterized. β tricalcium phosphate scaffold (βTCP, control) or 106 hEPCs loaded onto βTCP were transplanted in a nude rat calvaria model. New bone formation and blood vessel density were analyzed using histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography (CT). Safety of hEPCs using karyotype analysis, tumorigenecity and biodistribution to target organs was evaluated. RESULTS On the cellular level, hEPCs retained their karyotype during cell expansion (seven passages). Five months following local hEPC transplantation, on the tissue and organ level, no inflammatory reaction or dysplastic change was evident at the transplanted site or in distant organs. Direct engraftment was evident as CD31 human antigens were detected lining vessel walls in the transplanted site. In distant organs human antigens were absent, negating biodistribution. Bone area fraction and bone height were doubled by hEPC transplantation without affecting mineral density and bone architecture. Additionally, local transplantation of hEPCs increased blood vessel density by nine-fold. CONCLUSIONS Local transplantation of hEPCs showed a positive safety profile. Furthermore, enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis without mineral density change was found. These results bring us one step closer to first-in-human trials using hEPCs for bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Zigdon-Giladi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Graduate Dentistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Research Institute for Bone Repair, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Rina Elimelech
- Department of Periodontology, School of Graduate Dentistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Research Institute for Bone Repair, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gal Michaeli-Geller
- Research Institute for Bone Repair, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Utai Rudich
- Orthopedic Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eli E Machtei
- Department of Periodontology, School of Graduate Dentistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Research Institute for Bone Repair, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Calcium dynamics in cardiac excitatory and non-excitatory cells and the role of gap junction. Math Biosci 2017; 289:51-68. [PMID: 28457965 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions aid in the generation of action potential in myocytes and are responsible for the excitation-contraction coupling of heart. The heart muscle has specialized patches of cells, called excitatory cells (EC) such as the Sino-atrial node cells capable of auto-generation of action potential and cells which receive signals from the excitatory cells, called non-excitatory cells (NEC) such as cells of the ventricular and auricular walls. In order to understand cardiac calcium homeostasis, it is, therefore, important to study the calcium dynamics taking into account both types of cardiac cells. Here we have developed a model to capture the calcium dynamics in excitatory and non-excitatory cells taking into consideration the gap junction mediated calcium ion transfer from excitatory cell to non-excitatory cell. Our study revealed that the gap junctional coupling between excitatory and non-excitatory cells plays important role in the calcium dynamics. It is observed that any reduction in the functioning of gap junction may result in abnormal calcium oscillations in NEC, even when the calcium dynamics is normal in EC cell. Sensitivity of gap junction is observed to be independent of the pacing rate and hence a careful monitoring is required to maintain normal cardiomyocyte condition. It also highlights that sarcoplasmic reticulum may not be always able to control the amount of cytoplasmic calcium under the condition of calcium overload.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tucker NR, Mahida S, Ye J, Abraham EJ, Mina JA, Parsons VA, McLellan MA, Shea MA, Hanley A, Benjamin EJ, Milan DJ, Lin H, Ellinor PT. Gain-of-function mutations in GATA6 lead to atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14:284-291. [PMID: 27756709 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis of atrial fibrillation (AF) and congenital heart disease remains incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the causative mutation in a family with AF, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects. METHODS We evaluated a pedigree with 16 family members, 1 with an atrial septal defect, 1 with a ventricular septal defect, and 3 with AF; we performed whole exome sequencing in 3 affected family members. Given that early-onset AF was prominent in the family, we then screened individuals with early-onset AF, defined as an age of onset <66 years, for mutations in GATA6. Variants were functionally characterized using reporter assays in a mammalian cell line. RESULTS Exome sequencing in 3 affected individuals identified a conserved mutation, R585L, in the transcription factor gene GATA6. In the Massachusetts General Hospital Atrial Fibrillation (MGH AF) Study, the mean age of AF onset was 47.1 ± 10.9 years; 79% of the participants were men; and there was no evidence of structural heart disease. We identified 3 GATA6 variants (P91S, A177T, and A543G). Using wild-type and mutant GATA6 constructs driving atrial natriuretic peptide promoter reporter, we found that 3 of the 4 variants had a marked upregulation of luciferase activity (R585L: 4.1-fold, P < .0001; P91S: 2.5-fold, P = .0002; A177T; 1.7-fold, P = .03). In addition, when co-overexpressed with GATA4 and MEF2C, GATA6 variants exhibited upregulation of the alpha myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic peptide reporter activity. CONCLUSION Overall, we found gain-of-function mutations in GATA6 in both a family with early-onset AF and atrioventricular septal defects as well as in a family with sporadic, early-onset AF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marisa A Shea
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Emelia J Benjamin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts; Preventive Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine; Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine
| | - David J Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center and; Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Computational Biomedicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Research Center and; Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sugai K, Fukuzawa R, Shofuda T, Fukusumi H, Kawabata S, Nishiyama Y, Higuchi Y, Kawai K, Isoda M, Kanematsu D, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Kohyama J, Iwanami A, Suemizu H, Ikeda E, Matsumoto M, Kanemura Y, Nakamura M, Okano H. Pathological classification of human iPSC-derived neural stem/progenitor cells towards safety assessment of transplantation therapy for CNS diseases. Mol Brain 2016; 9:85. [PMID: 27642008 PMCID: PMC5027634 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of tumorigenicity is a hurdle for regenerative medicine using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although teratoma formation is readily distinguishable, the malignant transformation of iPSC derivatives has not been clearly defined due to insufficient analysis of histology and phenotype. In the present study, we evaluated the histology of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) generated from integration-free human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived iPSCs (iPSC-NSPCs) following transplantation into central nervous system (CNS) of immunodeficient mice. We found that transplanted iPSC-NSPCs produced differentiation patterns resembling those in embryonic CNS development, and that the microenvironment of the final site of migration affected their maturational stage. Genomic instability of iPSCs correlated with increased proliferation of transplants, although no carcinogenesis was evident. The histological classifications presented here may provide cues for addressing potential safety issues confronting regenerative medicine involving iPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sugai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuji Fukuzawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8561, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Hayato Fukusumi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Soya Kawabata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Miho Isoda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Office, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanematsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | | | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Eiji Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kharaziha M, Memic A, Akbari M, Brafman DA, Nikkhah M. Nano-Enabled Approaches for Stem Cell-Based Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1533-53. [PMID: 27199266 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac diseases are the most prevalent causes of mortality in the world, putting a major economic burden on global healthcare system. Tissue engineering strategies aim at developing efficient therapeutic approaches to overcome the current challenges in prolonging patients survival upon cardiac diseases. The integration of advanced biomaterials and stem cells has offered enormous promises for regeneration of damaged myocardium. Natural or synthetic biomaterials have been extensively used to deliver cells or bioactive molecules to the site of injury in heart. Additionally, nano-enabled approaches (e.g., nanomaterials, nanofeatured surfaces) have been instrumental in developing suitable scaffolding biomaterials and regulating stem cells microenvironment to achieve functional therapeutic outcomes. This review article explores tissue engineering strategies, which have emphasized on the use of nano-enabled approaches in combination with stem cells for regeneration and repair of injured myocardium upon myocardial infarction (MI). Primarily a wide range of biomaterials, along with different types of stem cells, which have utilized in cardiac tissue engineering will be presented. Then integration of nanomaterials and surface nanotopographies with biomaterials and stem cells for myocardial regeneration will be presented. The advantages and challenges of these approaches will be reviewed and future perspective will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Kharaziha
- Biomaterials Research Group; Department of Materials Engineering; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 8415683111 Iran
| | - Adnan Memic
- Center of Nanotechnology; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
| | - David A. Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE) Harington; Bioengineering Program; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE) Harington; Bioengineering Program; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ross SB, Fraser ST, Semsarian C. Induced pluripotent stem cells in the inherited cardiomyopathies: From disease mechanisms to novel therapies. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 26:663-672. [PMID: 27296521 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies lead to diverse clinical outcomes including heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death. Mutations in over 100 genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of genetic heart diseases, including the main inherited cardiomyopathies, such as hypertrophic, dilated, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathies. Understanding how these gene mutations lead to clinical disease and the various secondary genetic and environmental factors, which may modify the clinical phenotype, are key areas of research ultimately influencing diagnosis and management of patients. The emergence of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can be differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes (CMs) in vitro, may provide an exciting new approach to understand disease mechanisms underpinning inherited heart diseases. This review will focus specifically on the key role of iPSC-based studies in the inherited cardiomyopathies, both in their potential utility as well as the significant challenges they present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Barratt Ross
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart T Fraser
- Disciplines of Physiology, Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kamps JAAM, Krenning G. Micromanaging cardiac regeneration: Targeted delivery of microRNAs for cardiac repair and regeneration. World J Cardiol 2016; 8:163-179. [PMID: 26981212 PMCID: PMC4766267 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of cardiomyocytes during injury and disease can result in heart failure and sudden death, while the adult heart has a limited capacity for endogenous regeneration and repair. Current stem cell-based regenerative medicine approaches modestly improve cardiomyocyte survival, but offer neglectable cardiomyogenesis. This has prompted the need for methodological developments that crease de novo cardiomyocytes. Current insights in cardiac development on the processes and regulatory mechanisms in embryonic cardiomyocyte differentiation provide a basis to therapeutically induce these pathways to generate new cardiomyocytes. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on embryonic cardiomyocyte differentiation and the implementation of this knowledge in state-of-the-art protocols to the direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into de novo cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo with an emphasis on microRNA-mediated reprogramming. Additionally, we discuss current advances on state-of-the-art targeted drug delivery systems that can be employed to deliver these microRNAs to the damaged cardiac tissue. Together, the advances in our understanding of cardiac development, recent advances in microRNA-based therapeutics, and innovative drug delivery systems, highlight exciting opportunities for effective therapies for myocardial infarction and heart failure.
Collapse
|
29
|
Subramani B, Subbannagounder S, Palanivel S, Ramanathanpullai C, Sivalingam S, Yakub A, SadanandaRao M, Seenichamy A, Pandurangan AK, Tan JJ, Ramasamy R. Generation and characterization of human cardiac resident and non-resident mesenchymal stem cell. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2061-73. [PMID: 26820972 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the surgical and other insertional interventions, the complete recuperation of myocardial disorders is still elusive due to the insufficiency of functioning myocardiocytes. Thus, the use of stem cells to regenerate the affected region of heart becomes a prime important. In line with this human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have gained considerable interest due to their potential use for mesodermal cell based replacement therapy and tissue engineering. Since MSCs are harvested from various organs and anatomical locations of same organism, thus the cardiac regenerative potential of human cardiac-derived MSCs (hC-MSCs) and human umbilical cord Wharton's Jelly derived MSC (hUC-MSCs) were tested concurrently. At in vitro culture, both hUC-MSCs and hC-MSCs assumed spindle shape morphology with expression of typical MSC markers namely CD105, CD73, CD90 and CD44. Although, hUC-MSCs and hC-MSCs are identical in term of morphology and immunophenotype, yet hUC-MSCs harbored a higher cell growth as compared to the hC-MSCs. The inherent cardiac regenerative potential of both cells were further investigated with mRNA expression of ion channels. The RT-PCR results demonstrated that both MSCs were expressing a notable level of delayed rectifier-like K(+) current (I KDR ) ion channel, yet the relative expression level was considerably varied between hUC-MSCs and hC-MSCs that Kv1.1(39 ± 0.6 vs 31 ± 0.8), Kv2.1 (6 ± 0.2 vs 21 ± 0.12), Kv1.5 (7.4 ± 0.1 vs 6.8 ± 0.06) and Kv7.3 (27 ± 0.8 vs 13.8 ± 0.6). Similarly, the Ca2(+)-activated K(+) current (I KCa ) channel encoding gene, transient outward K(+) current (I to ) and TTX-sensitive transient inward sodium current (I Na.TTX ) encoding gene (Kv4.2, Kv4.3 and hNE-Na) expressions were detected in both groups as well. Despite the morphological and phenotypical similarity, the present study also confirms the existence of multiple functional ion channel currents IKDR, IKCa, Ito, and INa.TTX in undifferentiated hUC-MSCs as of hC-MSCs. Thus, the hUC-MSCs can be exploited as a potential candidate for future cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baskar Subramani
- Nichi-Asia Life Sdn Bhd., 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sekar Palanivel
- Departments of Zoology, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sivakumar Sivalingam
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, National Heart Institute, 50400, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azhari Yakub
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, National Heart Institute, 50400, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Arivudainambi Seenichamy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jun Jie Tan
- Regeneration Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medicine and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rajesh Ramasamy
- Stem Cell and Immunity Group, Immunology Laboratory Unit, Department Of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hartman ME, Dai DF, Laflamme MA. Human pluripotent stem cells: Prospects and challenges as a source of cardiomyocytes for in vitro modeling and cell-based cardiac repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:3-17. [PMID: 25980938 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represent an attractive source of cardiomyocytes with potential applications including disease modeling, drug discovery and safety screening, and novel cell-based cardiac therapies. Insights from embryology have contributed to the development of efficient, reliable methods capable of generating large quantities of human PSC-cardiomyocytes with cardiac purities ranging up to 90%. However, for human PSCs to meet their full potential, the field must identify methods to generate cardiomyocyte populations that are uniform in subtype (e.g. homogeneous ventricular cardiomyocytes) and have more mature structural and functional properties. For in vivo applications, cardiomyocyte production must be highly scalable and clinical grade, and we will need to overcome challenges including graft cell death, immune rejection, arrhythmogenesis, and tumorigenic potential. Here we discuss the types of human PSCs, commonly used methods to guide their differentiation into cardiomyocytes, the phenotype of the resultant cardiomyocytes, and the remaining obstacles to their successful translation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Regenerative medicine with stem cells holds great hope for the treatment of degenerative disease. The medical potential of embryonic stem cells remains relatively untapped at this point, and significant scientific hurdles remain to be overcome before these cells might be considered safe and effective for uses in patients. Meanwhile, adult stem cells have begun to show significant capabilities of their own in repair of damaged tissues, in both animal models and early patient trials.
Collapse
|
32
|
Spontaneous inward currents reflecting oscillatory activation of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:609-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
33
|
Back and forth in time: Directing age in iPSC-derived lineages. Brain Res 2015; 1656:14-26. [PMID: 26592774 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has transformed the classic approach of studying human disease, providing in vitro access to disease-relevant cells from patients for the study of disease pathogenesis and for drug screening. However, in spite of the broad repertoire of iPSC-based disease models developed in recent years, increasing evidence suggests that this technology might not be fully suitable for the study of conditions of old age, such as neurodegeneration. The difficulty in recapitulating late-stage features of disease in cells of pluripotent origin is believed to be a discrepancy between the fetal-like nature of iPSC-progeny and the advanced age of onset of neurodegenerative syndromes. In parallel to the issue of functional immaturity known to affect derivatives of pluripotent cells, latest findings suggest that reprogramming also subjects cells to a process of "rejuvenation", giving rise to cells that are too "young" to manifest phenotypes of age-related diseases. Thus, following the significant progress in manipulating cellular fate, the stem cell field will now have to face the new challenge of controlling cellular age, in order to fully harness the potential of iPSC-technology to advance the research and cure of diseases of the aging brain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
Collapse
|
34
|
Padda J, Sequiera GL, Sareen N, Dhingra S. Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration: hits and misses. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:835-41. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac injury and loss of cardiomyocytes is a causative as well as a resultant condition of cardiovascular disorders, which are the leading cause of death throughout the world. This loss of cardiomyocytes cannot be completely addressed through the currently available drugs being administered, which mainly function only in relieving the symptoms. There is a huge potential being investigated for regenerative and cell replacement therapies through recruiting stem cells of various origins namely embryonic, reprogramming/induction, and adult tissue. These sources are being actively studied for translation to clinical scenarios. In this review, we attempt to discuss some of these promising scenarios, including the clinical trials and the obstacles that need to be overcome, and hope to address the direction in which stem cell therapy is heading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagjit Padda
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, R 3028-2, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, R 3028-2, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Glen Lester Sequiera
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, R 3028-2, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, R 3028-2, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Niketa Sareen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, R 3028-2, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, R 3028-2, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Sanjiv Dhingra
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, R 3028-2, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, R 3028-2, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kane C, Couch L, Terracciano CMN. Excitation-contraction coupling of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:59. [PMID: 26484342 PMCID: PMC4586503 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) hold enormous potential in many fields of cardiovascular research. Overcoming many of the limitations of their embryonic counterparts, the application of iPSC-CMs ranges from facilitating investigation of familial cardiac disease and pharmacological toxicity screening to personalized medicine and autologous cardiac cell therapies. The main factor preventing the full realization of this potential is the limited maturity of iPSC-CMs, which display a number of substantial differences in comparison to adult cardiomyocytes. Excitation–contraction (EC) coupling, a fundamental property of cardiomyocytes, is often described in iPSC-CMs as being more analogous to neonatal than adult cardiomyocytes. With Ca2+ handling linked, directly or indirectly, to almost all other properties of cardiomyocytes, a solid understanding of this process will be crucial to fully realizing the potential of this technology. Here, we discuss the implications of differences in EC coupling when considering the potential applications of human iPSC-CMs in a number of areas as well as detailing the current understanding of this fundamental process in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kane
- Laboratory of Cell Electrophysiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Liam Couch
- Laboratory of Cell Electrophysiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Cesare M N Terracciano
- Laboratory of Cell Electrophysiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cardiac Regenerative Therapy: Optimization of Cell Differentiation Strategy. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:524756. [PMID: 26339251 PMCID: PMC4539177 DOI: 10.1155/2015/524756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the high mortality rate, coronary heart disease (CHD) has currently become a major life-threatening disease. The main pathological change of myocardial infarction (MI) is the induction of myocardial necrosis in infarction area which finally causes heart failure. Conventional treatments cannot regenerate the functional cell efficiently. Recent researches suggest that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into multiple lineages, including cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro and in vivo, and they have been used for the treatment of MI to repair the injured myocardium and improve cardiac function. In this review, we will focus on the recent progress on MSCs derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac regeneration after MI.
Collapse
|
37
|
Cutts J, Nikkhah M, Brafman DA. Biomaterial Approaches for Stem Cell-Based Myocardial Tissue Engineering. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:77-90. [PMID: 26052226 PMCID: PMC4451817 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult and pluripotent stem cells represent a ready supply of cellular raw materials that can be used to generate the functionally mature cells needed to replace damaged or diseased heart tissue. However, the use of stem cells for cardiac regenerative therapies is limited by the low efficiency by which stem cells are differentiated in vitro to cardiac lineages as well as the inability to effectively deliver stem cells and their derivatives to regions of damaged myocardium. In this review, we discuss the various biomaterial-based approaches that are being implemented to direct stem cell fate both in vitro and in vivo. First, we discuss the stem cell types available for cardiac repair and the engineering of naturally and synthetically derived biomaterials to direct their in vitro differentiation to the cell types that comprise heart tissue. Next, we describe biomaterial-based approaches that are being implemented to enhance the in vivo integration and differentiation of stem cells delivered to areas of cardiac damage. Finally, we present emerging trends of using stem cell-based biomaterial approaches to deliver pro-survival factors and fully vascularized tissue to the damaged and diseased cardiac tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Cutts
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
SHOX2 overexpression favors differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cardiac pacemaker cells, improving biological pacing ability. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 4:129-142. [PMID: 25533636 PMCID: PMC4297875 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
When pluripotency factors are removed, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) undergo spontaneous differentiation, which, among other lineages, also gives rise to cardiac sublineages, including chamber cardiomyocytes and pacemaker cells. Such heterogeneity complicates the use of ESC-derived heart cells in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. We sought to direct ESCs to differentiate specifically into cardiac pacemaker cells by overexpressing a transcription factor critical for embryonic patterning of the native cardiac pacemaker (the sinoatrial node). Overexpression of SHOX2 during ESC differentiation upregulated the pacemaker gene program, resulting in enhanced automaticity in vitro and induced biological pacing upon transplantation in vivo. The accentuated automaticity is accompanied by temporally evolving changes in the effectors and regulators of Wnt signaling. Our findings provide a strategy for enriching the cardiac pacemaker cell population from ESCs. SHOX2 accentuates the molecular profile of pacemaker cells in differentiating ESCs SHOX2 increases the frequency and rate of spontaneously active cardiac derivatives SHOX2-overexpressing EBs function as biopacemakers when transplanted in vivo Wnt signaling underlies SHOX2-mediated pacemaker cell specification
Collapse
|
39
|
Sun C, Yu D, Ye W, Liu C, Gu S, Sinsheimer NR, Song Z, Li X, Chen C, Song Y, Wang S, Schrader L, Chen Y. The short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2)-bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway regulates dorsal mesenchymal protrusion development and its temporary function as a pacemaker during cardiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2007-23. [PMID: 25488669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The atrioventricular (AV) junction plays a critical role in chamber septation and transmission of cardiac conduction pulses. It consists of structures that develop from embryonic dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP) and the embryonic AV canal. Despite extensive studies on AV junction development, the genetic regulation of DMP development remains poorly understood. In this study we present evidence that Shox2 is expressed in the developing DMP. Intriguingly, this Shox2-expressing domain possesses a pacemaker-specific genetic profile including Hcn4 and Tbx3. This genetic profile leads to nodal-like electrophysiological properties, which is gradually silenced as the AV node becomes matured. Phenotypic analyses of Shox2(-/-) mice revealed a hypoplastic and defectively differentiated DMP, likely attributed to increased apoptosis, accompanied by dramatically reduced expression of Bmp4 and Hcn4, ectopic activation of Cx40, and an aberrant pattern of action potentials. Interestingly, conditional deletion of Bmp4 or inhibition of BMP signaling by overexpression of Noggin using a Shox2-Cre allele led to a similar DMP hypoplasia and down-regulation of Hcn4, whereas activation of a transgenic Bmp4 allele in Shox2(-/-) background attenuated DMP defects. Moreover, the lack of Hcn4 expression in the DMP of mice carrying Smad4 conditional deletion and direct binding of pSmad1/5/8 to the Hcn4 regulatory region further confirm the Shox2-BMP genetic cascade in the regulation of DMP development. Our results reveal that Shox2 regulates DMP fate and development by controlling BMP signaling through the Smad-dependent pathway to drive tissue growth and to induce Hcn4 expression and suggest a temporal pacemaking function for the DMP during early cardiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Diankun Yu
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Wenduo Ye
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Chao Liu
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Shuping Gu
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Nathan R Sinsheimer
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Zhongchen Song
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Xihai Li
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Chun Chen
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Yingnan Song
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Shusheng Wang
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Laura Schrader
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - YiPing Chen
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Iglesias-García O, Baumgartner S, Macrí-Pellizzeri L, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Abizanda G, Guruceaga E, Albiasu E, Corbacho D, Benavides-Vallve C, Soriano-Navarro M, González-Granero S, Gavira JJ, Krausgrill B, Rodriguez-Mañero M, García-Verdugo JM, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C, Halbach M, Hescheler J, Pelacho B, Prósper F. Neuregulin-1β induces mature ventricular cardiac differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells contributing to cardiac tissue repair. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:484-96. [PMID: 25329043 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) are often electrophysiologically immature and heterogeneous, which represents a major barrier to their in vitro and in vivo application. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether Neuregulin-1β (NRG-1β) treatment could enhance in vitro generation of mature "working-type" CMs from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and assess the regenerative effects of these CMs on cardiac tissue after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). With that purpose, adult mouse fibroblast-derived iPS from α-MHC-GFP mice were derived and differentiated into CMs through NRG-1β and/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. Cardiac specification and maturation of the iPS was analyzed by gene expression array, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and patch-clamp techniques. In vivo, the iPS-derived CMs or culture medium control were injected into the peri-infarct region of hearts after coronary artery ligation, and functional and histology changes were assessed from 1 to 8 weeks post-transplantation. On differentiation, the iPS displayed early and robust in vitro cardiogenesis, expressing cardiac-specific genes and proteins. More importantly, electrophysiological studies demonstrated that a more mature ventricular-like cardiac phenotype was achieved when cells were treated with NRG-1β and DMSO compared with DMSO alone. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrated that iPS-derived CMs were able to engraft and electromechanically couple to heart tissue, ultimately preserving cardiac function and inducing adequate heart tissue remodeling. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that combined treatment with NRG-1β and DMSO leads to efficient differentiation of iPS into ventricular-like cardiac cells with a higher degree of maturation, which are capable of preserving cardiac function and tissue viability when transplanted into a mouse model of AMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Iglesias-García
- 1 Area of Cell Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shiba Y, Filice D, Fernandes S, Minami E, Dupras SK, Biber BV, Trinh P, Hirota Y, Gold JD, Viswanathan M, Laflamme MA. Electrical Integration of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes in a Guinea Pig Chronic Infarct Model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19:368-381. [PMID: 24516260 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413520344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) were recently shown to be capable of electromechanical integration following direct injection into intact or recently injured guinea pig hearts, and hESC-CM transplantation in recently injured hearts correlated with improvements in contractile function and a reduction in the incidence of arrhythmias. The present study was aimed at determining the ability of hESC-CMs to integrate and modulate electrical stability following transplantation in a chronic model of cardiac injury. METHODS AND RESULTS At 28 days following cardiac cryoinjury, guinea pigs underwent intracardiac injection of hESC-CMs, noncardiac hESC derivatives (non-CMs), or vehicle. Histology confirmed partial remuscularization of the infarct zone in hESC-CM recipients while non-CM recipients showed heterogeneous xenografts. The 3 experimental groups showed no significant difference in the left ventricular dimensions or fractional shortening by echocardiography or in the incidence of spontaneous arrhythmias by telemetric monitoring. Although recipients of hESC-CMs and vehicle showed a similar incidence of arrhythmias induced by programmed electrical stimulation at 4 weeks posttransplantation, non-CM recipients proved to be highly inducible, with a ∼3-fold greater incidence of induced arrhythmias. In parallel studies, we investigated the ability of hESC-CMs to couple with host myocardium in chronically injured hearts by the intravital imaging of hESC-CM grafts that stably expressed a fluorescent reporter of graft activation, the genetically encoded calcium sensor GCaMP3. In this work, we found that only ∼38% (5 of 13) of recipients of GCaMP3+ hESC-CMs showed fluorescent transients that were coupled to the host electrocardiogram. CONCLUSIONS Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes engraft in chronically injured hearts without increasing the incidence of arrhythmias, but their electromechanical integration is more limited than previously reported following their transplantation in a subacute injury model. Moreover, non-CM grafts may promote arrhythmias under certain conditions, a finding that underscores the need for input preparations of high cardiac purity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shiba
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Dominic Filice
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Bioengineering, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Fernandes
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Gilead Sciences, Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Elina Minami
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah K Dupras
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin Van Biber
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Trinh
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yusuke Hirota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Joseph D Gold
- Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, CA, USA Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohan Viswanathan
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael A Laflamme
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nanjundappa A, Raza JA, Dieter RS, Mandapaka S, Cascio WE. Cell transplantation for treatment of left-ventricular dysfunction due to ischemic heart failure: from bench to bedside. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 5:125-31. [PMID: 17187464 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.1.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is an innovative technology that involves the implantation of a variety of myogenic and angiogenic cell types. The transplanted cells proliferate and augment left ventricular performance and therein ameliorate the heart failure symptoms. The concept of cell transplantation has followed the footsteps of angiogenesis starting as bench side research. The latter half of the decade saw the transformation of this potential mechanism to a promising therapy for ischemic heart failure. More than 150 patients have been treated with cellular transplantation worldwide. This novel application has the potential to revolutionize alternative therapeutic approaches to management of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aravinda Nanjundappa
- East Carolina University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, 600 Moye Blvd, TA 378, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis offers promise as a novel treatment for ischemic heart disease, particularly for patients who are not candidates for current methods of revascularization. The goal of treatment is both relief of symptoms of coronary artery disease and improvement of cardiac function by increasing perfusion to the ischemic region. Protein-based therapy with cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor demonstrated functionally significant angiogenesis in several animal models. However, clinical trials have yielded largely disappointing results. The attenuated angiogenic response seen in clinical trials of patients with coronary artery disease may be due to multiple factors including endothelial dysfunction, particularly in the context of advanced atherosclerotic disease and associated comorbid conditions, regimens of single agents, as well as inefficiencies of current delivery methods. Gene therapy has several advantages over protein therapy and recent advances in gene transfer techniques have improved the feasibility of this approach. The safety and tolerability of therapeutic angiogenesis by gene transfer has been demonstrated in phase I clinical trials. The utility of therapeutic angiogenesis by gene transfer as a treatment option for ischemic cardiovascular disease will be determined by adequately powered, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II and III clinical trials. Cell-based therapies offer yet another approach to therapeutic angiogenesis. Although it is a promising therapeutic strategy, additional preclinical studies are warranted to determine the optimal cell type to be administered, as well as the optimal delivery method. It is likely the optimal treatment will involve multiple agents as angiogenesis is a complex process involving a large cascade of cytokines, as well as cells and extracellular matrix, and administration of a single factor may be insufficient. The promise of therapeutic angiogenesis as a novel treatment for no-option patients should be approached with cautious optimism as the field progresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Rosinberg
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street, Suite 2A, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zheng SX, Weng YL, Zhou CQ, Wen ZZ, Huang H, Wu W, Wang JF, Wang T. Comparison of cardiac stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on the cardiac electrophysiology in rats with myocardial infarction. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:339-49. [PMID: 22544360 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whether transplanted cardiac stem cells (CSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improved ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) similarly is still unclear. We sought to compare the effects of the CSC and MSC transplantation on the electrophysiological characteristics and VFT in rats with myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS MI was induced in 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two weeks later, animals were randomized to receive 5 × 10(6) CSCs labeled with PKH26 in PBS or 5 × 10(6) MSCs labeled with PKH26 in phosphate buffer solution(PBS) or PBS alone injection into the infarcted anterior ventricular free wall. Six weeks after the injection, electrophysiological characteristics and VFT were measured. Labeled CSCs and MSCs were observed in 5 μm cryostat sections from each heart. RESULTS Malignant ventricular arrhythmias were significantly (P = 0.0055) less inducible in the CSC group than the MSC group. The VFTs were improved in the CSC group compared with the MSC group. Labeled CSCs and MSCs were identified in the infarct zone and infarct marginal zone. Labeled CSCs expressed Connexin-43, von Willebrand factor, α-smooth muscle actin and α-sarcomeric actin,while the Labeled MSCs expressed von Willebrand factor, α-smooth muscle actin and α-sarcomeric actin in vivo. CONCLUSIONS After 6 weeks of cell transplantation, CSCs are superior to MSCs in modulating the electrophysiological abnormality and improving the VFT in rats with MI. CSCs and MSCs express markers that suggest muscle, endothelium and vascular smooth muscle phenotypes in vivo, but MSCs rarely express Connexin-43.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Xin Zheng
- Cardiovascular Medicine, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 107 Yanjiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Xie X, Liu Y, Gao S, Wu B, Hu X, Chen J. Possible Involvement of Fibrocytes in Atrial Fibrosis in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation. Circ J 2014; 78:338-44. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Shilong Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University
| | - Bifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University
| | - Xiaosheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University
| | - Junzhu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liao SY, Tse HF. Multipotent (adult) and pluripotent stem cells for heart regeneration: what are the pros and cons? Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:151. [PMID: 24476362 PMCID: PMC4056686 DOI: 10.1186/scrt381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure after myocardial infarction is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Existing medical and interventional therapies can only reduce the loss of cardiomyocytes during myocardial infarction but are unable to replenish the permanent loss of cardiomyocytes after the insult, which contributes to progressive pathological left ventricular remodeling and progressive heart failure. As a result, cell-based therapies using multipotent (adult) stem cells and pluripotent stem cells (embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells) have been explored as potential therapeutic approaches to restore cardiac function in heart failure. Nevertheless, the optimal cell type with the best therapeutic efficacy and safety for heart regeneration is still unknown. In this review, the potential pros and cons of different types of multipotent (adult) stem cells and pluripotent stem cells that have been investigated in preclinical and clinical studies are reviewed, and the future perspective of stem cell-based therapy for heart regeneration is discussed.
Collapse
|
47
|
Differentiation of reprogrammed mouse cardiac fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 66:309-18. [PMID: 23212180 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts can be reprogrammed by ectopic expression of reprogramming factors to yield induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that are capable of transdifferentiating into diverse types of somatic cell lines. In this study, we examined if functional cardiomyocytes (CMs) can be produced from mouse cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), using iPS cell factor-based reprogramming. CFs were isolated from Oct4-GFP-C57 mice and infected with a retrovirus expressing the Yamanaka reprogramming factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc to reprogram the CFs into a CF-iPS cell line. Primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) were used as a control. We found that the dedifferentiated CF-iPS cells showed similar biological characteristics (morphology, pluripotent factor expression, and methylation level) as embryonic stem cells (ESs) and MEF-iPS cells. We used the classical embryoid bodies (EBs)-based method and a transwell CM co-culture system to simulate the myocardial paracrine microenvironment for performing CF-iPS cell cardiogenic differentiation. Under this simulated myocardial microenvironment, CF-iPS cells formed spontaneously beating EBs. The transdifferentiated self-beating cells expressed cardiac-specific transcription and structural factors and also displayed typical myocardial morphology and electrophysiological characteristics. CFs can be dedifferentiated into iPS cells and further transdifferentiated into CMs. CFs hold great promise for CM regeneration as an autologous cell source for functional CM in situ without the need for exogenous cell transplantation in ischemic heart disease.
Collapse
|
48
|
Sarić T, Halbach M, Khalil M, Er F. Induced pluripotent stem cells as cardiac arrhythmic in vitro models and the impact for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 9:55-76. [PMID: 24294840 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.863275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of new antiarrhythmic agents is challenging and is hampered by high attrition rate of novel drug candidates. One of the reasons for this is limited predictability of existing preclinical models for drug assessment. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) represent a novel in vitro cellular model of cardiac arrhythmias with an unprecedented potential for generating new mechanistic insight into disease pathophysiology and improving the process of drug development. AREAS COVERED This review outlines recent studies demonstrating the suitability and limitations of iPSC-derived CMs (iPS-CMs) for in vitro modeling inherited arrhythmias and drug testing. The authors focus on channelopathies and outline the properties of iPS-CMs, highlighting their utility and limitations for investigating the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias and drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION The iPS-CMs represent a valuable addition to the already existing armamentarium of cardiac arrhythmic models. However, the superiority of iPS-CMs over other arrhythmia models has not yet been rigorously established and the limitations of the model must be overcome before its full potential for antiarrhythmic drug discovery can be realized. Nevertheless, iPS cell-based platforms hold a great potential for increasing our knowledge about cellular arrhythmia mechanisms and improving the drug discovery process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Sarić
- University of Cologne, Institute for Neurophysiology, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Center , Robert Koch Str. 39, 50931 Cologne , Germany +49 221 478 86686 ; +49 221 478-3834 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Turner NJ, Keane TJ, Badylak SF. Lessons from developmental biology for regenerative medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 99:149-59. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neill J. Turner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy J. Keane
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ma N, Ding F, Zhang J, Bao C, Zhong H, Mei J. Myocardial structural protein expression in umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells after myogenic induction. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:899-904. [PMID: 23505133 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effects of three methods of inducing myogenic cells differentiation, umbilical blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) from nearly full-term pregnancy mongrel dogs were purified and cultured. Fourth-passage UCMSCs were used to detect surface antigens, including CD11a, CD11b, CD29, CD34 and CD71. The cells were induced by 5-azacytidine (5-aza), myocardial lysates and myocardial induced fluid. Positive expression of Nkx2.5, α-actin, desmin, β-MHC and troponin-I (TN I) were detected after 3 weeks. The immunohistochemical results were CD11a (-), CD11b (-), CD34 (-), CD29 (+) and CD71 (+). Nkx2.5 was detected in 5-aza group, myocardial lysates group and myocardial induced fluid group. Semi-quantitative analysis showed Nkx2.5 expression significantly higher in myocardial lysates group than in the 5-aza group or myocardial-induced fluid group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the 5-aza and myocardial-induced fluid groups for Nkx2.5 expression (P > 0.05). MSCs did not express myocardial structural proteins before differentiation, but α-actin, desmin, β-MHC and troponin-I were present after differentiation. The positive expression of four proteins differed with the differentiation conditions. The UCMSCs can be differentiated into myogenic cells by three methods, but the degrees of differentiation are inconsistent. Our results show that the effects of 5-aza and myocardial lysates are better than that of myocardial induced fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|