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Yin Z, Zhang J, Shen Z, Qin JJ, Wan J, Wang M. Regulated vascular smooth muscle cell death in vascular diseases. Cell Prolif 2024:e13688. [PMID: 38873710 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is a complex process that involves several cell types and plays a crucial role in vascular diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant elements of the medial layer of blood vessels, and their regulated death contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. The types of regulated VSMC death include apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos, and autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD). In this review, we summarize the current evidence of regulated VSMC death pathways in major vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, aortic aneurysm and dissection, hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, neointimal hyperplasia, and inherited vascular diseases. All forms of RCD constitute a single, coordinated cell death system in which one pathway can compensate for another during disease progression. Pharmacologically targeting RCD pathways has potential for slowing and reversing disease progression, but challenges remain. A better understanding of the role of regulated VSMC death in vascular diseases and the underlying mechanisms may lead to novel pharmacological developments and help clinicians address the residual cardiovascular risk in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zican Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Healthy Aging, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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Tan RP, Hung JC, Chan AHP, Grant AJ, Moore MJ, Lam YT, Michael P, Wise SG. Highly reproducible rat arterial injury model of neointimal hyperplasia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290342. [PMID: 37590291 PMCID: PMC10434902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Models of arterial injury in rodents have been invaluable to our current understanding of vessel restenosis and play a continuing role in the development of endovascular interventions for cardiovascular disease. Mechanical distention of the vessel wall and denudation of the vessel endothelium are the two major modes of vessel injury observed in most clinical pathologies and are critical to the reproducible modelling of progressive neointimal hyperplasia. The current models which have dominated this research area are the mouse wire carotid or femoral injury and the rat carotid balloon injury. While these elicit simultaneous distension of the vessel wall and denudation of the luminal endothelium, each model carries limitations that need to be addressed using a complementary injury model. Wire injuries in mice are highly technical and procedurally challenging due to small vessel diameters, while rat balloon injuries require permanent blood vessel ligation and disruption of native blood flow. Complementary models of vascular injury with reproducibility, convenience, and increased physiological relevance to the pathophysiology of endovascular injury would allow for improved studies of neointimal hyperplasia in both basic and translational research. In this study, we developed a new surgical model that elicits vessel distention and endothelial denudation injury using sequential steps using microforceps and a standard needle catheter inserted via arteriotomy into a rat common carotid artery, without requiring permanent ligation of branching arteries. After 2 weeks post-injury this model elicits highly reproducible neointimal hyperplasia and rates of re-endothelialisation similar to current wire and balloon injury models. Furthermore, evaluation of the smooth muscle cell phenotype profile, inflammatory response and extracellular matrix within the developing neointima, showed that our model replicated the vessel remodelling outcomes critical to restenosis and those becoming increasingly focused upon in the development of new anti-restenosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Tan
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jui Chien Hung
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alex H. P. Chan
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angus J. Grant
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Moore
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuen Ting Lam
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Praveesuda Michael
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven G. Wise
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Willecke F, Rupprecht B, Gissler MC, Pfeiffer K, Anto-Michel N, Stachon P, Wolf D, Hilgendorf I, Hoppe N, Bode C, Zirlik A. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 5 Promotes Arterial Neointima Formation through Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:308-319. [PMID: 31437850 DOI: 10.1159/000501615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are cytoplasmic adaptor proteins of the TNF/interleukin (IL)-1/Toll-like receptor superfamily. Ligands of this family such as TNFα, CD40L, and IL-1β promote chronic inflammatory processes such as atherosclerosis and restenosis, the latter being a common adverse reaction after vascular interventions. We previously reported overexpression of TRAF5 in murine and human atheromata and TRAF5-dependent proinflammatory functions in vitro. However, the role of TRAF5 in restenosis remains unsettled. To evaluate whether TRAF5 affects neointima formation, TRAF5-/-LDLR-/- and TRAF5+/+LDLR-/- mice consuming a high cholesterol diet (HCD) received wire-induced injury of the carotid artery. After 28 days, TRAF5-deficient mice showed a 45% decrease in neointimal area formation compared with TRAF5-compentent mice. Furthermore, neointimal vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) and macrophages decreased whereas collagen increased in TRAF5-deficient mice. Mechanistically, the latter expressed lower transcript levels of the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, both instrumental in extracellular matrix degradation and vSMC mobilization. Additionally, TRAF5-specific siRNA interference rendered murine vSMC less proliferative upon CD40L stimulation. In accordance with these findings, fewer vSMC isolated from TRAF5-deficient aortas were in a proliferative state as assessed by Ki67 and cyclin B1 expression. In conclusion, TRAF5 deficiency mitigates neointima formation in mice, likely through a TRAF5-dependent decrease in vSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Willecke
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,
| | - Benjamin Rupprecht
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Colin Gissler
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Pfeiffer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathaly Anto-Michel
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Stachon
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoppe
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Grootaert MOJ, Moulis M, Roth L, Martinet W, Vindis C, Bennett MR, De Meyer GRY. Vascular smooth muscle cell death, autophagy and senescence in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:622-634. [PMID: 29360955 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we describe the causes and consequences of loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) or their function in advanced atherosclerotic plaques and discuss possible mechanisms such as cell death or senescence, and induction of autophagy to promote cell survival. We also highlight the potential use of pharmacological modulators of these processes to limit plaque progression and/or improve plaque stability. VSMCs play a pivotal role in atherogenesis. Loss of VSMCs via initiation of cell death leads to fibrous cap thinning and promotes necrotic core formation and calcification. VSMC apoptosis is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidized low density lipoprotein, high levels of nitric oxide and mechanical injury. Apoptotic VSMCs are characterized by a thickened basal lamina surrounding the cytoplasmic remnants of the VSMC. Inefficient clearance of apoptotic VSMCs results in secondary necrosis and subsequent inflammation. A critical determinant in the VSMC stress response and phenotypic switching is autophagy, which is activated by various stimuli, including reactive oxygen and lipid species, cytokines, growth factors and metabolic stress. Successful autophagy stimulates VSMC survival, whereas reduced autophagy promotes age-related changes in the vasculature. Recently, an interesting link between autophagy and VSMC senescence has been uncovered. Defective VSMC autophagy accelerates not only the development of stress-induced premature senescence but also atherogenesis, albeit without worsening plaque stability. VSMC senescence in atherosclerosis is likely a result of replicative senescence and/or stress-induced premature senescence in response to DNA damaging and/or oxidative stress-inducing stimuli. The finding that VSMC senescence can promote atherosclerosis further illustrates that normal, adequate VSMC function is crucial in protecting the vessel wall against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy O J Grootaert
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Manon Moulis
- INSERM, UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University Paul Sabatier, F-31342 Toulouse, France
| | - Lynn Roth
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cécile Vindis
- INSERM, UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University Paul Sabatier, F-31342 Toulouse, France
| | - Martin R Bennett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Bio-Based Covered Stents: The Potential of Biologically Derived Membranes. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 25:135-151. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a silent chronic vascular pathology that is the cause of the majority of cardiovascular ischaemic events. The evolution of vascular disease involves a combination of endothelial dysfunction, extensive lipid deposition in the intima, exacerbated innate and adaptive immune responses, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and remodelling of the extracellular matrix, resulting in the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque. High-risk plaques have a large acellular lipid-rich necrotic core with an overlying thin fibrous cap infiltrated by inflammatory cells and diffuse calcification. The formation of new fragile and leaky vessels that invade the expanding intima contributes to enlarge the necrotic core increasing the vulnerability of the plaque. In addition, biomechanical, haemodynamic and physical factors contribute to plaque destabilization. Upon erosion or rupture, these high-risk lipid-rich vulnerable plaques expose vascular structures or necrotic core components to the circulation, which causes the activation of tissue factor and the subsequent formation of a fibrin monolayer (coagulation cascade) and, concomitantly, the recruitment of circulating platelets and inflammatory cells. The interaction between exposed atherosclerotic plaque components, platelet receptors and coagulation factors eventually leads to platelet activation, aggregation and the subsequent formation of a superimposed thrombus (i.e. atherothrombosis) which may compromise the arterial lumen leading to the presentation of acute ischaemic syndromes. In this review, we will describe the progression of the atherosclerotic lesion along with the main morphological characteristics that predispose to plaque rupture, and discuss the multifaceted mechanisms that drive platelet activation and subsequent thrombus formation. Finally, we will consider the current scientific challenges and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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Lee MJ, Han SH, Lee JE, Choi HY, Yoon CY, Kim EJ, Han JH, Han JS, Oh HJ, Park JT, Kang SW, Yoo TH. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events in peritoneal dialysis patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e73. [PMID: 25192486 PMCID: PMC4616272 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is implicated in increased cardiovascular risk in nondialyzed population. However, the prognostic impact of endothelial dysfunction on cardiovascular outcome has not been investigated in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We prospectively determined endothelial function by brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]) in 143 nondiabetic PD patients and 32 controls. Primary outcome was a major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE). Brachial FMD was significantly lower in PD patients than in controls (2.9% [1.3-4.7] vs 6.2% [5.4-8.3], P < 0.001). During a mean follow-up of 42 months, primary outcome was observed in 25 patients (17.5%). When patients were dichotomized by the median value of FMD (2.9%), incidence rates of MACCEs were significantly higher in the group with lower FMD compared with higher FMD (7.2 vs 3.0/100 person-years, P = 0.03). In multivariate Cox analysis, low FMD (≤2.9%) was a significant independent predictor of MACCEs (hazard ratio = 2.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-7.22, P = 0.04). Furthermore, multivariate fractional polynomial analysis showed that the risk of MACCE decreased steadily with higher FMD values. Impaired brachial FMD was a significant independent predictor of MACCEs in PD patients. Estimating endothelial dysfunction by brachial FMD could be useful for stratifying cardiovascular risk in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine (MJL, SHH, JEL, HYC, C-YY, EJK, JHH, JSH, HJO, JTP, S-WK, T-HY); and Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS (S-WK, T-HY), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Li J, Liu S, Li W, Hu S, Xiong J, Shu X, Hu Q, Zheng Q, Song Z. Vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis promotes transplant arteriosclerosis through inducing the production of SDF-1α. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:2029-43. [PMID: 22845908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transplant arteriosclerosis is a leading cause of late allograft loss. Medial smooth muscle cell (SMC) apoptosis is considered to be an important event in transplant arteriosclerosis. However, the precise contribution of medial SMC apoptosis to transplant arteriosclerosis and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We transferred wild-type p53 to induce apoptosis of cultured SMCs. We found that apoptosis induces the production of SDF-1α from apoptotic and neighboring viable cells, resulting in increased SDF-1α in the culture media. Conditioned media from Ltv-p53-transferred SMCs activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/Erk signaling in a SDF-1α-dependent manner and thereby promoted mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) migration and proliferation. In a rat aorta transplantation model, lentivirus-mediated BclxL transfer selectively inhibits medial SMC apoptosis in aortic allografts, resulting in a remarkable decrease of SDF-1α both in allograft media and in blood plasma, associated with diminished recruitment of CD90(+)CD105(+) double-positive cells and impaired neointimal formation. Systemic administration of rapamycin or PD98059 also attenuated MSC recruitment and neointimal formation in the aortic allografts. These results suggest that medial SMC apoptosis is critical for the development of transplant arteriosclerosis through inducing SDF-1α production and that MSC recruitment represents a major component of vascular remodeling, constituting a relevant target and mechanism for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Martinet W, Schrijvers DM, De Meyer GRY. Pharmacological modulation of cell death in atherosclerosis: a promising approach towards plaque stabilization? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1-13. [PMID: 21418184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances over the last 15 years in identifying vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, the incidence of death and disability caused by such lesions still remains the number one health threat in developed countries. Therefore, new systemic or focal therapies aimed at decreasing the overall burden of disease, and a change to a more benign phenotype, are needed. Because cell death is a prominent feature of advanced atherosclerotic plaques with a major impact on plaque destabilization, an increasing number of compounds targeting the apoptotic or autophagic machinery in atherosclerosis are being explored, predominantly at the preclinical level. This review will provide an overview of these compounds, with a focus on both inhibition and stimulation of cell death, to prevent acute coronary syndromes and sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Martinet
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Stoeckius M, Erat A, Fujikawa T, Hiromura M, Koulova A, Otterbein L, Bianchi C, Tobiasch E, Dagon Y, Sellke FW, Usheva A. Essential roles of Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, YY1, and Ca2+ influx in growth arrest of human vascular smooth muscle cells by bilirubin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15418-26. [PMID: 22262839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.266510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological effects of bilirubin, still poorly understood, are concentration-dependent ranging from cell protection to toxicity. Here we present data that at high nontoxic physiological concentrations, bilirubin inhibits growth of proliferating human coronary artery smooth muscle cells by three events. It impairs the activation of Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway and the cellular Raf and cyclin D1 content that results in retinoblastoma protein hypophosphorylation on amino acids S608 and S780. These events impede the release of YY1 to the nuclei and its availability to regulate the expression of genes and to support cellular proliferation. Moreover, altered calcium influx and calpain II protease activation leads to proteolytical degradation of transcription factor YY1. We conclude that in the serum-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle primary cell cultures, bilirubin favors growth arrest, and we propose that this activity is regulated by its interaction with the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway, effect on cyclin D1 and Raf content, altered retinoblastoma protein profile of hypophosphorylation, calcium influx, and YY1 proteolysis. We propose that these activities together culminate in diminished 5 S and 45 S ribosomal RNA synthesis and cell growth arrest. The observations provide important mechanistic insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition of human vascular smooth muscle cells from proliferative to contractile phenotype and the role of bilirubin in this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Stoeckius
- Medicine, Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Song Z, Jin R, Yu S, Nanda A, Granger DN, Li G. Crucial role of CD40 signaling in vascular wall cells in neointimal formation and vascular remodeling after vascular interventions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:50-64. [PMID: 21998133 PMCID: PMC3241889 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.238329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been shown that CD40-TRAF6 axis in leukocytes plays a significant role in neointimal formation after carotid ligation. Because CD40 and TRAF6 are expressed not only in leukocytes but also in vascular cells, we examined the role of CD40 contributed by vascular wall cells in neointimal formation after carotid ligation in an atherogenic environment. METHODS AND RESULTS Both CD40 and TRAF6 in medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was upregulated significantly at 3 days and more prominently at 7 days after injury in wildtype mice, but the TRAF6 upregulation was abolished in CD40(-/-) mice. In vitro, TRAF6 expression was induced by cytokines (tumor necrosis factor -α, interleukin-1β) via a NF-κB-dependent manner in wildtype SMCs, but this induction was blocked in CD40-deficient SMCs. Bone marrow chimeras revealed a comparable reduction in neointimal formation and lumen stenosis in mice lacking either vascular wall- or bone marrow-associated CD40. Lacking vascular wall-associated CD40 resulted in a significant reduction in monocyte/macrophage accumulation, NF-κB activation, and multiple proinflammatory mediators (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1, MMP-9, tissue factor). In vitro data confirmed that CD40 deficiency or TRAF6 knockdown suppressed CD40L-induced proinflammatory phenotype of SMCs by inhibition of NF-κB activation. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro data showed that CD40 deficiency prevented injury-induced SMC apoptosis but did not affect SMC proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS CD40 signaling through TRAF6 in vascular SMCs seems to be centrally involved in neointimal formation in a NF-κB-dependent manner. Modulating CD40 signaling on local vascular wall may become a new therapeutic target against vascular restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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12
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Necrotic cell death in atherosclerosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:749-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schober
- From the Cardiology Unit, Medical Policlinic-City Center Campus, University of Munich, Germany
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Jagadeesha DK, Miller FJ, Bhalla RC. Inhibition of apoptotic signaling and neointimal hyperplasia by tempol and nitric oxide synthase following vascular injury. J Vasc Res 2008; 46:109-18. [PMID: 18714161 DOI: 10.1159/000151444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that redox-mediated apoptosis of medial smooth muscle cells (SMC) during the acute phase of vascular injury contributes to the pathophysiology of vascular disease. METHODS Apoptosis of medial SMC (1-14 days following balloon injury) was identified in rat carotid arteries by in situ DNA labeling. NADPH-derived superoxide and expression of Bcl-xL, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were assessed. The antioxidant tempol was administered in drinking water throughout the experimental period, and local adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of eNOS was performed prior to vascular injury. RESULTS Balloon injury increased NADPH-dependent superoxide production, medial SMC apoptosis, Bax-positive medial SMC index, Bax/Bcl-xL ratio, and caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression in the injured arteries. Treatment with tempol or eNOS gene transfer decreased superoxide levels and medial SMC apoptosis, with a concomitant increase in medial SMC density. Inhibition of superoxide was associated with a decreased Bax/Bcl-xL ratio, and caspase-3 and -9 expression. Tempol treatment and eNOS gene therapy significantly reduced neointima formation. CONCLUSION Vascular generation of reactive oxygen species participates in Bax activation and medial SMC apoptosis. These effects likely contribute to the shedding of cell-cell adhesion molecules and promote medial SMC migration and proliferation responsible for neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dammanahalli K Jagadeesha
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Min SK, Kenagy RD, Clowes AW. Induction of vascular atrophy as a novel approach to treating restenosis. A review. J Vasc Surg 2007; 47:662-70. [PMID: 17950562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of the type of arterial reconstruction, luminal narrowing (stenosis or restenosis) develops in approximately one third of the vessels. In the past, the focus of research has been on the mechanisms of stenosis (intimal hyperplasia, pathologic remodeling) and pharmacologic approaches to prevention. An alternative approach is to induce intimal atrophy after luminal narrowing has developed, thus limiting treatment to only those patients that develop a problem. This approach to treat established disease by reducing wall mass through induction of cell death and extracellular matrix removal would be particularly useful for treating stenosis in synthetic bypass grafts or stented vessels, in which intimal hyperplasia is the primary mechanism of stenosis. This approach may be applicable as well to other vascular proliferative disorders, such as pulmonary hypertension and chronic transplant arteriopathy. Proof of principle has been shown in experiments with antibodies to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors that cause neointimal regression in baboon polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts and with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that induce medial atrophy in hypertensive arteries. Possible molecular targets could include PDGF receptors, A20, and BMP4. Further studies are needed to determine the utility of such a therapeutic approach to vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kee Min
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Kadirvel R, Ding YH, Dai D, Lewis DA, Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF. Molecular Indices of Apoptosis Activation in Elastase-Induced Aneurysms After Embolization With Platinum Coils. Stroke 2007; 38:2787-94. [PMID: 17717314 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.486738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Even though endovascular coils have been widely used for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, the cellular and molecular responses of aneurysms to the coils after embolization remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to understand the mechanism of apoptosis in aneurysms embolized with platinum coils in the rabbit model of elastase-induced aneurysms. METHODS Elastase-induced saccular aneurysms were created at the origin of the right common carotid artery in 30 rabbits. Aneurysms were allowed to mature for 8 weeks, after which 20 aneurysms were embolized with platinum coils by endovascular means. After 2 (n=10) and 4 (n=10) weeks of implantation, aneurysm samples harboring coils were harvested for apoptotic studies. The remaining 10 uncoiled aneurysms were used as controls; additional controls included the left common carotid artery, which had not undergone any surgical procedure. Control samples were harvested at 12 weeks after aneurysm creation. RESULTS Expression of procaspases-3, -8, and -9 was elevated in coiled aneurysms embolized with platinum coils at both time points when compared with uncoiled aneurysms and the left common carotid artery. Cleaved caspases-3, -8, and -9 were found to be expressed only at 4 weeks after embolization. Cells within the aneurysm cavity were terminal dUTP nick end-labeling-positive at 4 weeks only. These apoptotic cells were identified as smooth muscle actin-positive cells. Expression of tumor necrosis-alpha was high in coiled aneurysms when compared with controls. There was no significant difference in the expression of Fas ligand among groups. Decreased expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and phospho-Bad, as well as increased expression of proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bid, was observed in coiled aneurysms at both time points. CONCLUSIONS Activation of apoptosis in aneurysms after embolization with platinum coils is induced by both tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated extrinsic and Bcl-2-mediated intrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Kadirvel
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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17
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Sedding DG, Homann M, Seay U, Tillmanns H, Preissner KT, Braun-Dullaeus RC. Calpain counteracts mechanosensitive apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 2007; 22:579-89. [PMID: 17846083 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8853com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces contribute to vascular remodeling processes. Elevated mechanical stress causes apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) within the media. This study examined the role of the cystein protease calpain in force-induced vascular cell apoptosis and its effect on injury-induced vascular remodeling processes. VSMCs were exposed to cyclic tensile force in vitro, which resulted in increased p53 protein expression and transcriptional activity as well as a significant increase of apoptotic VSMCs. Apoptosis was prevented by the p53 inhibitor pifithrin and by p53 antisense oligonucleotides, indicating dependency of force-induced apoptosis on p53. Simultaneously, calpain activity increased by mechanical stress. Prevention of calpain activation by calpeptin or antisense oligonucleotides augmented strain-induced p53 expression and transcriptional activity, resulting in a further increase of apoptotic rate. p53 protein was directly disintegrated by activated calpain. The in vivo relevance of the findings was tested: pharmacologic inhibition of initial calpain activation augmented early apoptosis of medial VSMCs 24 h after balloon injury in a p53-dependent manner but resulted in a marked increase in late neointima formation. We conclude that calpain counteracts mechanically induced excessive VSMC apoptosis through its p53-degrading properties, which identifies calpain as a key regulator of mechanosensitive remodeling processes of the vascular wall.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Calpain/pharmacology
- Carotid Arteries/cytology
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme Activation
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Sedding
- Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 76, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Abstract
The long term outcome of stent implantation is affected by a process called in stent restenosis (ISR). Multiple contributory factors have been identified, but clear understanding of the overall underlying mechanism remains an enigma. ISR progresses through several different phases and involves numerous cellular and molecular constituents. Platelets and macrophages play a central role via vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation in the intima to produce neointimal hyperplasia, which is pathognomic of ISR. Increased extracellular matrix formation appears to form the bulk of the neointimal hyperplasia tissue. Emerging evidence of the role of inflammatory cytokines and suppressors of cytokine signalling make this an exciting and novel field of antirestenosis research. Activation of Akt pathway triggered by mechanical stretch may also be a contributory factor to ISR formation. Prevention of ISR appears to be a multipronged attack as no therapeutic "magic bullet" exists to block all the processes in one go.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Mitra
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Medicine, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Hasegawa H, Takano H, Ohtsuka M, Ueda K, Niitsuma Y, Qin Y, Tadokoro H, Shiomi M, Komuro I. G-CSF prevents the progression of atherosclerosis and neointimal formation in rabbits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:370-6. [PMID: 16600176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) prevents left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction, but its effect on atherosclerosis is unknown. We examined two kinds of rabbit atherosclerosis models. Myocardial infarction-prone Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL-MI) rabbits were treated with G-CSF or saline for 7 days from 14 months old. The vascular injury models were created by inflating angioplasty balloon in the iliac artery of rabbits and were divided into G-CSF and saline group. G-CSF significantly reduced the stenosis score of coronary artery and lipid plaque area of thoracic aorta in WHHL-MI rabbits at 4 weeks after the treatment. In the vascular injury model, G-CSF significantly prevented an increase in neointima/media ratio at 4 weeks after the treatment. G-CSF accelerated the reendothelialization of denuded arteries, and the pretreatment with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor significantly inhibited it. These results suggest that G-CSF has a therapeutic potential for the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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20
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Urao N, Okigaki M, Yamada H, Aadachi Y, Matsuno K, Matsui A, Matsunaga S, Tateishi K, Nomura T, Takahashi T, Tatsumi T, Matsubara H. Erythropoietin-mobilized endothelial progenitors enhance reendothelialization via Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and prevent neointimal hyperplasia. Circ Res 2006; 98:1405-13. [PMID: 16645141 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000224117.59417.f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by exogenous erythropoietin (Epo) promotes the repair of injured endothelium. Recombinant human Epo was injected (1000 IU/kg for the initial 3 days) after wire injury of the femoral artery of mice. Neointimal formation was inhibited by Epo to 48% of the control (P<0.05) in an NO-dependent manner. Epo induced a 1.4-fold increase in reendothelialized area of day 14 denuded vessels, 55% of which was derived from bone marrow (BM) cells. Epo increased the circulating Sca-1(+)/Flk-1(+) EPCs (2.0-fold, P<0.05) with endothelial properties NO dependently. BM replacement by GFP- or beta-galactosidase-overexpressing cells showed that Epo stimulated both differentiation of BM-derived EPCs and proliferation of resident ECs. BM-derived ECs increased 2.2- to 2.7-fold (P<0.05) in the Epo-induced neoendothelium, where the expression of Epo receptor was upregulated. Epo induced Akt/eNOS phosphorylation and NO synthesis on EPCs and exerted an antiapoptotic action on wire-injured arteries. In conclusion, Epo treatment inhibits the neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury in an NO-dependent manner by acting on the injured vessels and mobilizing EPCs to the neo-endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Urao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Joshi MB, Philippova M, Ivanov D, Allenspach R, Erne P, Resink TJ. T-cadherin protects endothelial cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. FASEB J 2005; 19:1737-9. [PMID: 16099944 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-3834fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In vascular tissue, T-cadherin (T-cad) is up-regulated in vivo under disease conditions associated with oxidative stress and concomitant cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis/survival. Using cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), we examined whether there is a functional relationship between oxidative stress, T-cad expression, and cell survival status. Culture of HUVEC under conditions of oxidative stress (e.g., serum deprivation, inclusion of H2O2) resulted in increased T-cad expression. Oxidative stress-induced increases in T-cad were inhibited by the free radical-scavenging antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, and the flavin-containing oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium. Thus reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to stress-induced elevation of T-cad in HUVEC. Compared with control cells, HUVEC overexpressing T-cad (T-cad+-HUVEC) had higher phosphorylation levels for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) target Akt and mTOR target p70(S6K) (survival pathway regulators), but lower levels for p38MAPK (death pathway regulator). T-cad+-HUVEC exposed to stress (serum-deprivation, TNF-alpha, actinomycin D, staurosporine) exhibited reduced caspase activation together with increased cell survival. Protection against stress-induced apoptosis in T-cad+-HUVEC was abrogated by either PI3K-inhibitor wortmannin or mTOR-inhibitor rapamycin. We conclude that T-cad overexpression in HUVEC protects against stress-induced apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR survival signal pathway and concomitant suppression of the p38 MAPK proapoptotic pathway. ROS-induced changes in T-cad expression may play an important role in controlling tissue cellularity during vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Research, Cardiovascular Laboratories, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Ollinger R, Bilban M, Erat A, Froio A, McDaid J, Tyagi S, Csizmadia E, Graça-Souza AV, Liloia A, Soares MP, Otterbein LE, Usheva A, Yamashita K, Bach FH. Bilirubin: a natural inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circulation 2005; 112:1030-9. [PMID: 16087796 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.528802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilirubin, a natural product of heme catabolism by heme oxygenases, was considered a toxic waste product until 1987, when its antioxidant potential was recognized. On the basis of observations that oxidative stress is a potent trigger in vascular proliferative responses, that heme oxygenase-1 is antiatherogenic, and that several studies now show that individuals with high-normal or supranormal levels of plasma bilirubin have a lesser incidence of atherosclerosis-related diseases, we hypothesized that bilirubin would have salutary effects on preventing intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We found less balloon injury-induced neointima formation in hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats and in wild-type rats treated with biliverdin, the precursor of bilirubin, than in controls. In vitro, bilirubin and biliverdin inhibited serum-driven smooth muscle cell cycle progression at the G1 phase via inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways and inhibition of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. CONCLUSIONS Bilirubin and biliverdin might be potential therapeutics in vascular proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ollinger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Zernecke A, Schober A, Bot I, von Hundelshausen P, Liehn EA, Möpps B, Mericskay M, Gierschik P, Biessen EA, Weber C. SDF-1α/CXCR4 Axis Is Instrumental in Neointimal Hyperplasia and Recruitment of Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells. Circ Res 2005; 96:784-91. [PMID: 15761195 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000162100.52009.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence infers a contribution of smooth muscle cell (SMC) progenitors and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha to neointima formation after arterial injury. Inhibition of plaque area and SMC content in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice repopulated with LacZ+ or CXCR4-/- BM or lentiviral transfer of an antagonist reveals a crucial involvement of local SDF-1alpha and its receptor CXCR4 in neointimal hyperplasia via recruitment of BM-derived SMC progenitors. After arterial injury, SDF-1alpha expression in medial SMCs is preceded by apoptosis and inhibited by blocking caspase-dependent apoptosis. SDF-1alpha binds to platelets at the site of injury, triggers CXCR4- and P-selectin-dependent arrest of progenitor cells on injured arteries or matrix-adherent platelets, preferentially mobilizes and recruits c-kit-/platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-beta+/lineage-/sca-1+ progenitors for neointimal SMCs without being required for their differentiation. Hence, the SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 axis is pivotal for vascular remodeling by recruiting a subset of SMC progenitors in response to apoptosis and in concert with platelets, epitomizing its importance for tissue repair and identifying a prime target to limit lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Zernecke
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
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Jagadeesha DK, Lindley TE, Deleon J, Sharma RV, Miller F, Bhalla RC. Tempol therapy attenuates medial smooth muscle cell apoptosis and neointima formation after balloon catheter injury in carotid artery of diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H1047-53. [PMID: 15833798 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01071.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the vascular complications observed in diabetes. However, the mechanisms of ROS-mediated vascular complications in diabetes are not clear. We tested the hypothesis that ROS-mediated increase in proapoptotic factor Bax expression leads to medial smooth muscle cell (SMC) apoptosis that is associated with neointima formation. We used a fructose-rich diet for 4 wk to model Type 2 diabetes in rats. SOD mimetic membrane-permeable 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (Tempol, 1 mM) was administered in drinking water to scavenge superoxide starting 1 day before surgery and continued during the duration of the experiment. Vascular injury resulted in a significant increase in medial SMC apoptosis that was associated with neointima formation. The number of medial SMC positive for Bax immunostaining significantly increased in injured arteries compared with uninjured arteries. Superoxide scavenging by Tempol treatment inhibited both the Bax-positive index as well as the apoptotic index of medial SMC in response to vascular injury. Tempol treatment inhibited apoptotic loss of medial SMC, thus increasing their density in the injured arteries. These alterations in the media were associated with a marked decrease in neointima formation in injured arteries. We conclude that Bax expression may play an important role in vascular SMC apoptosis and, finally, that this regulatory mechanism is redox sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Jagadeesha
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Turunen P, Puhakka H, Rutanen J, Hiltunen MO, Heikura T, Gruchala M, Ylä-Herttuala S. Intravascular adenovirus-mediated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 gene transfer reduces neointima formation in balloon-denuded rabbit aorta. Atherosclerosis 2005; 179:27-33. [PMID: 15721006 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Postangioplasty restenosis is a multifactorial process and involves mechanisms such as inflammation and stimulation of the expression of growth factors. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) can modify inflammatory responses by hydrolyzing phospholipids with shortened and/or oxidized sn-2 residues. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that adenovirus-mediated Lp-PLA(2) gene transfer can reduce restenosis in rabbits. Aortas of cholesterol-fed NZW rabbits were balloon-denuded and intra-arterial gene transfer was performed using Dispatch catheter with Lp-PLA(2) or LacZ adenoviruses (1.15 x 10(10)pfu). Intima/media ratio (I/M), histology and cell proliferation were analyzed. Two weeks after the gene transfer I/M in the LacZ-transduced control group was 0.45+/-0.05 but Lp-PLA(2) gene transfer reduced I/M to 0.25+/-0.03. At four weeks time point I/M in the Lp-PLA(2) group (0.34+/-0.05) was also lower than in the LacZ group (0.53+/-0.06). Plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity was increased in the Lp-PLA(2) group (48.2+/-4.2) as compared to the LacZ group (33.6+/-3.51) at two weeks time point. Transgene expression was detected in the arterial wall two and four weeks after the procedure. Apoptosis was higher in the control vessels than in the Lp-PLA(2) group at two weeks time point. In conclusion, local adenovirus-mediated Lp-PLA(2) gene transfer resulted in a significant reduction in neointima formation in balloon-denuded rabbit aorta and may be useful for the prevention of restenosis after arterial manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Turunen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Stoneman VEA, Bennett MR. Role of apoptosis in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic implications. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107:343-54. [PMID: 15230690 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques develop as a consequence of the accumulation of circulating lipid and the subsequent migration of inflammatory cells (macrophages and T-lymphocytes) and VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells). Advanced plaques consist of a lipid-rich core, separated from the lumen by a fibrous cap composed of VSMCs, collagen and extracellular matrix. Plaque enlargement ultimately narrows the lumen (stenosis) causing angina. However, recent studies have emphasized that acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina/myocardial infarction) are caused by lesion erosion/rupture with superimposed thrombus formation on often small non-stenotic plaques. Thus current therapies work predominantly on stabilization of plaques rather than plaque regression. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is increasingly observed as plaques develop, although the exact mechanisms and consequences of apoptosis in the development and progression of atherosclerosis are still controversial. Increased endothelial cell apoptosis may initiate atherosclerosis, whereas apoptosis of VSMCs and macrophages localizes in ‘vulnerable’ lesions, i.e. those most likely to rupture, and at sites of rupture. This review will focus on the regulation of apoptosis of cells within the vasculature, concentrating on the relevance of apoptosis to plaque progression and clinical consequences of vascular cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E A Stoneman
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Level 6, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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