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Cacciapuoti M, Bertoldi G, Caputo I, Driussi G, Carraro G, Calò LA. Oxidative stress and its role in Fabry disease. J Nephrol 2024; 37:1201-1207. [PMID: 38878155 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-024-01934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a rare X-linked disease characterized by deficient expression and activity of alpha-galactosidase A with consequent lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids, particularly globotriaosylceramide in various organs. Currently, enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant human α-galactosidase is the cornerstone of the treatment of Fabry patients, although in the long term enzyme replacement therapy fails to halt disease progression, in particular in case of late diagnosis. This suggests that the adverse outcomes cannot be justified by the lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids alone, and that additional therapies targeted at further pathophysiologic mechanisms might contribute to halting the progression of cardiac, cerebrovascular and kidney disease in Fabry patients. Recent evidence points toward the involvement of oxidative stress, oxidative stress signaling and inflammation in the pathophysiology of cardio cerebrovascular and kidney damage in Fabry patients. This review reports the current knowledge of the involvement of oxidative stress in Fabry disease, which clearly points toward the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the medium to long-term cardio-cerebrovascular-kidney damage of Fabry patients and summarizes the antioxidant therapeutic approaches currently available in the literature. This important role played by oxidative stress suggests potential novel additional therapeutic interventions by either pharmacologic or nutritional measures, on top of enzyme replacement therapy, aimed at improving/halting the progression of cardio-cerebrovascular disease and nephropathy that occur in Fabry patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cacciapuoti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoldi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caputo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Driussi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Calò
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
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Biochemical Mechanisms beyond Glycosphingolipid Accumulation in Fabry Disease: Might They Provide Additional Therapeutic Treatments? J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12052063. [PMID: 36902850 PMCID: PMC10004377 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12052063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a rare X-linked disease characterized by deficient expression and activity of alpha-galactosidase A (α-GalA) with consequent lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipid in various organs. Currently, enzyme replacement therapy is the cornerstone of the treatment of all Fabry patients, although in the long-term it fails to completely halt the disease's progression. This suggests on one hand that the adverse outcomes cannot be justified only by the lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids and on the other that additional therapies targeted at specific secondary mechanisms might contribute to halt the progression of cardiac, cerebrovascular, and renal disease that occur in Fabry patients. Several studies reported how secondary biochemical processes beyond Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 accumulation-such as oxidative stress, compromised energy metabolism, altered membrane lipid, disturbed cellular trafficking, and impaired autophagy-might exacerbate Fabry disease adverse outcomes. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of these pathogenetic intracellular mechanisms in Fabry disease, which might suggest novel additional strategies for its treatment.
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Atherosclerosis in Fabry Disease-A Contemporary Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194422. [PMID: 34640440 PMCID: PMC8509593 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterised by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A resulting in sphingolipid deposition which causes progressive cardiac, renal, and cerebral manifestations. The case illustrates a patient with FD who died suddenly, and medical examination demonstrated myocardial scarring and prior infarction. Angina is a frequent symptom in FD. Our own data are consistent with registry data indicating a high prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in FD that may accelerate conventional atherosclerosis. Patients with FD also have a higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/total cholesterol (T-Chol) ratio which may further accelerate atherosclerosis through expression of early atherosclerotic markers. Patients with FD may develop CAD both via classical atherosclerosis and through formation of thickened fibrocellular intima containing fibroblasts with storage of sphingolipids. Both mechanisms occurring together may accelerate coronary stenosis, as well as alter myocardial blood flow. Our data supports limited data that, although coronary flow may be reduced, the prevalence of epicardial coronary stenosis is low in FD. Microvascular dysfunction and arterial wall stress from sphingolipid deposition may form reactive oxygen species (ROS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), key atherosclerotic mediators. Reduced myocardial blood flow in FD has also been demonstrated using numerous imaging modalities suggesting perfusion mismatch. This review describes the above mechanisms in detail, highlighting the importance of modifying cardiovascular risk factors in FD patients who likely develop accelerated atherosclerosis compared to the general population.
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Vujkovac AC, Vujkovac B, Novaković S, Števanec M, Šabovič M. Characteristics of Vascular Phenotype in Fabry Patients. Angiology 2020; 72:426-433. [PMID: 33342225 DOI: 10.1177/0003319720981521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal disorder. Alpha-galactosidase A deficiency caused by mutation leads to accumulation of glycosphingolipids predominantly in endothelial cells, leading to impairment of vascular wall morphology and function. We assessed vascular wall hypertrophy (carotid artery intima-media thickness, cIMT), endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, FMD), presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries, and levels of endothelial adhesion and inflammatory biomarkers in 33 Fabry patients compared with 66 healthy matched controls. Fabry patients had thicker cIMT (0.07 ± 0.02 vs 0.06 ± 0.02 cm; P = .021), as well as dilated common carotid arteries (0.80 ± 0.12 vs 0.70 ± 0.06 cm; P < .001), and aortic annulus than controls (3.07 ± 0.48 vs 2.7 ± 0.48 cm; P = .001). Flow-mediated dilation was reduced (4.48 ± 8.80 vs 10.67 ± 8.72%; P = .001) and atherosclerotic plaques were less present in Fabry patients (9.10% vs 43.94%; P < .001). Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and high-sensitivity CRP were significantly higher and E-selectin lower in Fabry patients. Our results suggest that a complex vascular phenotype is present in Fabry patients. This represents a challenge for further research that could have important clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Cokan Vujkovac
- Department of Internal Medicine, 37672General Hospital Slovenj Gradec, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Vujkovac
- Department of Internal Medicine, 37672General Hospital Slovenj Gradec, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Srdjan Novaković
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, 68196Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Števanec
- Institute of Anatomy, 37664Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mišo Šabovič
- Department of Vascular Diseases, 37663University of Ljubljana Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Stepien KM, Roncaroli F, Turton N, Hendriksz CJ, Roberts M, Heaton RA, Hargreaves I. Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: A Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082596. [PMID: 32796538 PMCID: PMC7463786 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is emerging as an important contributory factor to the pathophysiology of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs appears to be multifactorial, although impaired mitophagy and oxidative stress appear to be common inhibitory mechanisms shared amongst these heterogeneous disorders. Once impaired, dysfunctional mitochondria may impact upon the function of the lysosome by the generation of reactive oxygen species as well as depriving the lysosome of ATP which is required by the V-ATPase proton pump to maintain the acidity of the lumen. Given the reported evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs together with the important symbiotic relationship between these two organelles, therapeutic strategies targeting both lysosome and mitochondrial dysfunction may be an important consideration in the treatment of LSDs. In this review we examine the putative mechanisms that may be responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction in reported LSDs which will be supplemented with morphological and clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Stepien
- Adult Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK;
| | - Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (R.A.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Christian J. Hendriksz
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Steve Biko Academic Unit, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa;
| | - Mark Roberts
- Neurology Department, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK;
| | - Robert A. Heaton
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (R.A.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (R.A.H.); (I.H.)
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Gao J, Bai P, Li Y, Li J, Jia C, Wang T, Zhao H, Si Y, Chen J. Metabolomic Profiling of the Synergistic Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 in Combination with Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in Ischemic Stroke Rats. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2676-2688. [PMID: 31968172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Bai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingzhong Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Caixia Jia
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China
| | - Yinchu Si
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Kang JJ, Treadwell TA, Bodary PF, Shayman JA. Voluntary wheel running activates Akt/AMPK/eNOS signaling cascades without improving profound endothelial dysfunction in mice deficient in α-galactosidase A. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217214. [PMID: 31120949 PMCID: PMC6533039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is caused by loss of activity of the lysosomal hydrolase α-galactosidase A (GLA). Premature life-threatening complications in Fabry patients arise from cardiovascular disease, including stroke and myocardial infarction. Exercise training has been shown to improve endothelial dysfunction in various settings including coronary artery disease. However, the effects of exercise training on endothelial dysfunction in Fabry disease have not been investigated. Gla knockout mice were single-housed in a cage equipped with a voluntary wheel (EX) or no wheel (SED) for 12 weeks. Exercised mice ran 10 km/day on average during the voluntary running intervention (VR) period. Despite significantly higher food intake in EX than SED, body weights of EX and SED remained stable during the VR period. After the completion of VR, citrate synthase activity in gastrocnemius muscle was significantly higher in EX than SED. VR resulted in greater phosphorylation of Akt (S473) and AMPK (T172) in the aorta of EX compared to SED measured by western blot. Furthermore, VR significantly enhanced eNOS protein expression and phosphorylation at S1177 by 20% and 50% in the aorta of EX when compared with SED. Similarly, plasma nitrate and nitrite levels were 77% higher in EX than SED. In contrast, measures of anti- and pro-oxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and p67phox subunit of NADPH oxidase) and overall oxidative stress (plasma oxidized glutathione) were not different between groups. Although the aortic endothelial relaxation to acetylcholine was slightly increased in EX, it did not reach statistical significance. This study provides the first evidence that VR improves Akt/AMPK/eNOS signaling cascades, but not endothelial function in the aorta of aged Gla deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Kang
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Taylour A. Treadwell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Bodary
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - James A. Shayman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Sphingolipids, including ceramides, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, have been recognized as important molecules that regulate critical cellular functions. Although originally studied in the context of lysosomal storage diseases, the roles of these compounds in more common disorders involving metabolism, vascular disease, and aberrant growth has been the focus of recent studies, including in disorders that affect the kidneys. These efforts have led to new insights into Fabry disease, a classic disorder of lysosomal function that results in renal failure as well as in more common renal diseases including diabetic nephropathy and polycystic kidney disease. Pathways for glycosphingolipid synthesis can be targeted with orally available small-molecule inhibitors, creating new opportunities for the treatment of both rare and common kidney diseases.
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Kaissarian N, Kang J, Shu L, Ferraz MJ, Aerts JM, Shayman JA. Dissociation of globotriaosylceramide and impaired endothelial function in α-galactosidase-A deficient EA.hy926 cells. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 125:338-344. [PMID: 30413389 PMCID: PMC6554739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease, a rare, X-linked lysosomal storage disease, arises from deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase, α-galactosidase A (GLA) which disrupts the catabolism of globo- series glycosphingolipids (GSLs). One potential link between GLA deficiency and vascular dysfunction may be changes in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function. GLA-deficient EA.hy926 cells were obtained by siRNA knockdown of GLA expression and by mutation of GLA with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to investigate the effects of GLA deficiency on eNOS. As previously observed with siRNA knockdown of GLA, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) accumulated in EA.hy926 cells. In contrast, Gb3 did not accumulate in CRISPR/Cas9 gene edited GLA-deficient cells, but instead, globotetraosylceramide (Gb4). However, in both the siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 models globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3) was elevated. As was previously observed with siRNA knockdown of GLA expression, CRISPR/Cas9 GLA-deficient cells had lower eNOS activity. Restoring GLA activity in GLA-deficient cells with exogenous GLA treatment improved eNOS activity. In contrast, treating cells with the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor, eliglustat, decreased NOS activity. These results suggest that eNOS uncoupling is due to GLA deficiency, and not necessarily due to elevated Gb3 per se. It was observed that lyso-Gb3 inhibits eNOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayiri Kaissarian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Justin Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liming Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria J Ferraz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johannes M Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Kang JJ, Kaissarian NM, Desch KC, Kelly RJ, Shu L, Bodary PF, Shayman JA. α-galactosidase A deficiency promotes von Willebrand factor secretion in models of Fabry disease. Kidney Int 2018; 95:149-159. [PMID: 30470436 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease results from loss of activity of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A (GLA), leading to the accumulation of globoseries glycosphingolipids in vascular endothelial cells. Thrombosis and stroke are life-threatening complications of Fabry disease; however, the mechanism of the vasculopathy remains unclear. We explored the relationship between GLA deficiency and endothelial cell von Willebrand factor (VWF) secretion in in vivo and in vitro models of Fabry disease. Plasma VWF was significantly higher at two months and increased with age in Gla-null compared to wild-type mice. Disruption of GLA in a human endothelial cell line by siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a 3-fold and 5-fold increase in VWF secretion, respectively. The increase in VWF levels was associated with decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity in both in vitro models. Pharmacological approaches that increase nitric oxide bioavailability or decrease reactive oxygen species completely normalized the elevated VWF secretion in GLA deficient cells. In contrast, the abnormality was not readily reversed by recombinant human GLA or by inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis with eliglustat. These results suggest that GLA deficiency promotes VWF secretion through eNOS dysregulation, which may contribute to the vasculopathy of Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Kang
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nayiri M Kaissarian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karl C Desch
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert J Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liming Shu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter F Bodary
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James A Shayman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular-Renal Damage in Fabry Disease: Is There Room for a Pathophysiological Involvement? J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7110409. [PMID: 30400144 PMCID: PMC6262438 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the GLA gene that lead to a reduction or an absence of the enzyme α-galactosidase A, resulting in the progressive and multisystemic accumulation of globotriaosylceramide. Clinical manifestation varies from mild to severe, depending on the phenotype. The main clinical manifestations are cutaneous (angiokeratomas), neurological (acroparesthesias), gastrointestinal (nausea, diarrhea abdominal pain), renal (proteinuria and kidney failure), cardiovascular (cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias), and cerebrovascular (stroke). A diagnosis of Fabry disease can be made with an enzymatic assay showing absent or reduced α-galactosidase A in male patients, while in heterozygous female patients, molecular genetic testing is needed. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human α-galactosidase is nowadays the most-used disease-specific therapeutic option. Despite ERT, cardiocerebrovascular-renal irreversible organ injury occurs, therefore additional knowledge and a deeper understanding of further pathophysiological mechanisms leading to end organ damage in Fabry disease are needed. Recent data point toward oxidative stress, oxidative stress signaling, and inflammation as some such mechanisms. In this short review, the current knowledge on the involvement of oxidative stress in cardiovascular-renal remodeling is summarized and related to the most recent evidence of oxidative stress activation in Fabry disease, and clearly points toward the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the medium- to long-term cardiovascular-renal damage of Fabry disease.
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Meng XL, Arning E, Wight-Carter M, Day TS, Jabbarzadeh-Tabrizi S, Chen S, Ziegler RJ, Bottiglieri T, Schneider JW, Cheng SH, Schiffmann R, Shen JS. Priapism in a Fabry disease mouse model is associated with upregulated penile nNOS and eNOS expression. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:231-238. [PMID: 29110178 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a glycosphingolipidosis caused by deficient activity of α-galactosidase A; it is one of a few diseases that are associated with priapism, an abnormal prolonged erection of the penis. The goal of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of Fabry disease-associated priapism in a mouse model of the disease. We found that Fabry mice develop late-onset priapism. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which was predominantly present as the 120-kDa N-terminus-truncated form, was significantly upregulated in the penis of 18-month-old Fabry mice compared to wild type controls (~fivefold). Endothelial NOS (eNOS) was also upregulated (~twofold). NO level in penile tissues of Fabry mice was significantly higher than wild type controls at 18 months. Gene transfer-mediated enzyme replacement therapy reversed abnormal nNOS expression in the Fabry mouse penis. The penile nNOS level was restored by antiandrogen treatment, suggesting that hyperactive androgen receptor signaling in Fabry mice may contribute to nNOS upregulation. However, the phosphodiesterase-5A expression level and the adenosine content in the penis, which are known to play roles in the development of priapism in other etiologies, were unchanged in Fabry mice. In conclusion, these data suggested that increased nNOS (and probably eNOS) content and the consequential elevated NO production and high arterial blood flow in the penis may be the underlying mechanism of priapism in Fabry mice. Furthermore, in combination with previous findings, this study suggested that regulation of NOS expression is susceptible to α-galactosidase A deficiency, and this may represent a general pathogenic mechanism of Fabry vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Li Meng
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Mary Wight-Carter
- Animal Resources Center Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Taniqua S Day
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | | | - Shuyuan Chen
- Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | | | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Jay W Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Seng H Cheng
- Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Jin-Song Shen
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA.
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Serum Bilirubin Levels and Promoter Variations in HMOX1 and UGT1A1 Genes in Patients with Fabry Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9478946. [PMID: 28951772 PMCID: PMC5603749 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9478946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to assess the possible relationships among heme oxygenase (HMOX), bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT1A1) promoter gene variations, serum bilirubin levels, and Fabry disease (FD). The study included 56 patients with FD (M : F ratio = 0.65) and 185 healthy individuals. Complete standard laboratory and clinical work-up was performed on all subjects, together with the determination of total peroxyl radical-scavenging capacity. The (GT)n and (TA)n dinucleotide variations in the HMOX1 and UGT1A1 gene promoters, respectively, were determined by DNA fragment analysis. Compared to controls, patients with FD had substantially lower serum bilirubin levels (12.0 versus 8.85 μmol/L, p = 0.003) and also total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05), which showed a close positive relationship with serum bilirubin levels (p = 0.067) and the use of enzyme replacement therapy (p = 0.036). There was no association between HMOX1 gene promoter polymorphism and manifestation of FD. However, the presence of the TA7 allele UGT1A1 gene promoter, responsible for higher systemic bilirubin levels, was associated with a twofold lower risk of manifestation of FD (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.27-0.97, p = 0.038). Markedly lower serum bilirubin levels in FD patients seem to be due to bilirubin consumption during increased oxidative stress, although UGT1A1 promoter gene polymorphism may modify the manifestation of FD as well.
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Shen JS, Arning E, West ML, Day TS, Chen S, Meng XL, Forni S, McNeill N, Goker-Alpan O, Wang X, Ashcraft P, Moore DF, Cheng SH, Schiffmann R, Bottiglieri T. Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in the pathogenesis of Fabry disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1182-1192. [PMID: 28158561 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is caused by deficient activity of α-galactosidase A and subsequent accumulation of glycosphingolipids (mainly globotriaosylceramide, Gb3), leading to multisystem organ dysfunction. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) uncoupling are thought to contribute to Fabry cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that decreased tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) plays a role in the pathogenesis of Fabry disease. We found that BH4 was decreased in the heart and kidney but not in the liver and aorta of Fabry mice. BH4 was also decreased in the plasma of female Fabry patients, which was not corrected by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Gb3 levels were inversely correlated with BH4 levels in animal tissues and cultured patient cells. To investigate the role of BH4 deficiency in disease phenotypes, 12-month-old Fabry mice were treated with gene transfer-mediated ERT or substrate reduction therapy (SRT) for 6 months. In the Fabry mice receiving SRT but not ERT, BH4 deficiency was restored, concomitant with ameliorated cardiac and renal hypertrophy. Additionally, glutathione levels were decreased in Fabry mouse tissues in a sex-dependent manner. Renal BH4 levels were closely correlated with glutathione levels and inversely correlated with cardiac and kidney weight. In conclusion, this study showed that BH4 deficiency occurs in Fabry disease and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease through oxidative stress associated with a reduced antioxidant capacity of cells and NOS uncoupling. This study also suggested dissimilar efficacy of ERT and SRT in correcting pre-existing pathologies in Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Shen
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Michael L West
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Taniqua S Day
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | | | - Xing-Li Meng
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Sabrina Forni
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Nathan McNeill
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Ozlem Goker-Alpan
- Lysosomal and Rare Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paula Ashcraft
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - David F Moore
- Sanford Health and University of North Dakota, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabry disease, an X-linked disorder of glycosphingolipids, markedly increases the risk of systemic vasculopathy, ischemic stroke, small-fiber peripheral neuropathy, cardiac dysfunction, and chronic kidney disease. METHODS We performed an extensive PubMed search on the topic of Fabry disease and drew from our cumulative 43 years of experience. RESULTS Most of these complications are nonspecific in nature and clinically indistinguishable from similar abnormalities that occur in the context of more common disorders in the general population. This disease is caused by variants of the GLA gene, and its incidence may have been underestimated. However, one must also guard against overdiagnosis of Fabry disease and unjustified enzyme replacement therapy, because some of the gene variants are benign. Specific therapy for Fabry disease has been developed in the last few years, but its clinical effect has been modest. Novel therapeutic agents are being developed. Standard "nonspecific" medical and surgical therapy is necessary and effective in slowing deterioration or compensating for organ failure in patients with Fabry disease. CONCLUSIONS Fabry disease is a treatable and modifiable genetic risk factor for a myriad of clinical organ complications. Fabry disease may be frequently overlooked but on occasion overdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Markus Ries
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Rare Disorders, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Chimenti C, Scopelliti F, Vulpis E, Tafani M, Villanova L, Verardo R, De Paulis R, Russo MA, Frustaci A. Increased oxidative stress contributes to cardiomyocyte dysfunction and death in patients with Fabry disease cardiomyopathy. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1760-8. [PMID: 26362204 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction of Fabry disease (FD) has been associated with myofilament damage and cell death as result of α-galactosidase A deficiency and globotriaosylceramide accumulation. We sought to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in FD cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Myocardial tissue from 18 patients with FD was investigated for the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine by immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis for nitrotyrosine was also performed. Oxidative damage to DNA was investigated by immunostaining for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), whereas apoptosis was evaluated by in situ ligation with hairpin probes. iNOS and nitrotyrosine expression was increased in FD hearts compared with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and normal controls. Remarkably, immunostaining was homogeneously expressed in FD male cardiomyocytes, whereas it was only detected in the affected cardiomyocytes of FD females. Western blot analysis confirmed an increase in FD cardiomyocyte protein nitration compared with controls. 8-OHdG was expressed in 25% of cardiomyocyte nuclei from FD patients, whereas it was absent in controls. The intensity of immunostaining for iNOS/nitrotyrosine correlated with 8-OHdG expression in cardiomyocyte nuclei. Apoptosis of FD cardiomyocytes was 187-fold higher than in controls, and apoptotic nuclei were positive for 8-OHdG. Cardiac dysfunction of FD reflects increased myocardial nitric oxide production with oxidative damage of cardiomyocyte myofilaments and DNA, causing cell dysfunction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Chimenti
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences Department, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy 00166; IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy 00149
| | - Fernanda Scopelliti
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences Department, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy 00166
| | | | - Marco Tafani
- Experimental Medicine and Pathology Department, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy 00166
| | - Lidia Villanova
- Experimental Medicine and Pathology Department, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy 00166
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Frustaci
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences Department, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy 00166; IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy 00149.
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18
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A symptomatic Fabry disease mouse model generated by inducing globotriaosylceramide synthesis. Biochem J 2015; 456:373-83. [PMID: 24094090 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder in which neutral glycosphingolipids, predominantly Gb3 (globotriaosylceramide), accumulate due to deficient α-Gal A (α-galactosidase A) activity. The GLAko (α-Gal A-knockout) mouse has been used as a model for Fabry disease, but it does not have any symptomatic abnormalities. In the present study, we generated a symptomatic mouse model (G3Stg/GLAko) by cross-breeding GLAko mice with transgenic mice expressing human Gb3 synthase. G3Stg/GLAko mice had high Gb3 levels in major organs, and their serum Gb3 level at 5-25 weeks of age was 6-10-fold higher than that in GLAko mice of the same age. G3Stg/GLAko mice showed progressive renal impairment, with albuminuria at 3 weeks of age, decreased urine osmolality at 5 weeks, polyuria at 10 weeks and increased blood urea nitrogen at 15 weeks. The urine volume and urinary albumin concentration were significantly reduced in the G3Stg/GLAko mice when human recombinant α-Gal A was administered intravenously. These data suggest that Gb3 accumulation is a primary pathogenic factor in the symptomatic phenotype of G3Stg/GLAko mice, and that this mouse line is suitable for studying the pathogenesis of Fabry disease and for preclinical studies of candidate therapies.
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19
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20
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El-Abassi R, Singhal D, England JD. Fabry's disease. J Neurol Sci 2014; 344:5-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Ferraz MJ, Kallemeijn WW, Mirzaian M, Herrera Moro D, Marques A, Wisse P, Boot RG, Willems LI, Overkleeft H, Aerts J. Gaucher disease and Fabry disease: New markers and insights in pathophysiology for two distinct glycosphingolipidoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:811-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Kang JJ, Shu L, Park JL, Shayman JA, Bodary PF. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and microvascular dysfunction in the mesentery of mice deficient in α-galactosidase A. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G140-6. [PMID: 24232002 PMCID: PMC3920075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00185.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A defect in the gene for the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A (Gla) results in globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) accumulation in Fabry disease and leads to premature death from cardiac and cerebrovascular events. However, gastrointestinal symptoms are often first observed during childhood in these patients and are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate an age-dependent microvasculopathy of the mesenteric artery (MA) in a murine model of Fabry disease (Gla-knockout mice) resulting from dysregulation of the vascular homeostatic enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The progressive accumulation of Gb3 in the MA was confirmed by thin-layer chromatographic analysis. A total absence of endothelium-dependent dilation was observed in MAs from mice at 8 mo of age, while suppression of ACh-mediated vasodilation was evident from 2 mo of age. Endothelium-independent dilation with sodium nitroprusside was normal compared with age-matched wild-type mice. The microvascular defect in MAs from Fabry mice was endothelium-dependent and associated with suppression of the active homodimer of eNOS. Phosphorylation of eNOS at the major activation site (Ser(1179)) was significantly downregulated, while phosphorylation at the major inhibitory site (Thr(495)) was remarkably enhanced in MAs from aged Fabry mice. These profound alterations in eNOS bioavailability at 8 mo of age were observed in parallel with high levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, suggesting increased reactive oxygen species along with eNOS uncoupling in this vascular bed. Overall, the mesenteric microvessels in the setting of Fabry disease were observed to have an early and profound endothelial dysfunction associated with elevated reactive nitrogen species and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Kang
- 1School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - Liming Shu
- 2Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - James L. Park
- 2Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and ,3DMT-USA, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James A. Shayman
- 2Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Peter F. Bodary
- 1School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
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23
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Establishing 3-nitrotyrosine as a biomarker for the vasculopathy of Fabry disease. Kidney Int 2014; 86:58-66. [PMID: 24402087 PMCID: PMC4077934 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial dysfunction of Fabry disease results from α-galactosidase A deficiency leading to the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide. Vasculopathy in the α-galactosidase A null mouse is manifested as oxidant-induced thrombosis, accelerated atherogenesis, and impaired arterial reactivity. To better understand the pathogenesis of Fabry disease in humans, we generated a human cell model by using RNA interference. Hybrid endothelial cells were transiently transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specifically directed against α-galactosidase A. Knockdown of α-galactosidase A was confirmed using immunoblotting and globotriaosylceramide accumulation. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity was correspondingly decreased by >60%. Levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), a specific marker for reactive nitrogen species and quantified using mass spectrometry, increased by 40- to 120-fold without corresponding changes in other oxidized amino acids, consistent with eNOS-derived reactive nitrogen species as the source of the reactive oxygen species. eNOS uncoupling was confirmed by the observed increase in free plasma and protein-bound aortic 3NT levels in the α-galactosidase A knockout mice. Finally, 3NT levels, assayed in biobanked plasma samples from patients with classical Fabry disease, were over sixfold elevated compared with age- and gender-matched controls. Thus, 3NT may serve as a biomarker for the vascular involvement in Fabry disease.
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24
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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25
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Amiya E, Watanabe M, Takeda N, Saito T, Shiga T, Hosoya Y, Nakao T, Imai Y, Manabe I, Nagai R, Komuro I, Maemura K. Angiotensin II impairs endothelial nitric-oxide synthase bioavailability under free cholesterol-enriched conditions via intracellular free cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14497-14509. [PMID: 23548909 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial function is impaired in hypercholesterolemia partly because of injury by modified LDL. In addition to modified LDL, free cholesterol (FC) is thought to play an important role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, although the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction induced by an FC-rich environment. Loading cultured human aortic endothelial cells with FC induced the formation of vesicular structures composed of FC-rich membranes. Raft proteins such as phospho-caveolin-1 (Tyr-14) and small GTPase Rac were accumulated toward FC-rich membranes around vesicular structures. In the presence of these vesicles, angiotensin II-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was considerably enhanced. This ROS shifted endothelial NOS (eNOS) toward vesicle membranes and vesicles with a FC-rich domain trafficked toward perinuclear late endosomes/lysosomes, which resulted in the deterioration of eNOS Ser-1177 phosphorylation and NO production. Angiotensin II-induced ROS decreased the bioavailability of eNOS under the FC-enriched condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Amiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masafumi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taro Shiga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hosoya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Maemura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan.
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26
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Chakraborty M, Lou C, Huan C, Kuo MS, Park TS, Cao G, Jiang XC. Myeloid cell-specific serine palmitoyltransferase subunit 2 haploinsufficiency reduces murine atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1784-97. [PMID: 23549085 DOI: 10.1172/jci60415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo biosynthetic pathway of sphingomyelin (SM). Both SPT and SM have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the development of which is driven by macrophages; however, the role of SPT in macrophage-mediated atherogenesis is unknown. To address this issue, we have analyzed macrophage inflammatory responses and reverse cholesterol transport, 2 key mediators of atherogenesis, in SPT subunit 2-haploinsufficient (Sptlc2(+/-)) macrophages. We found that Sptlc2(+/-) macrophages have significantly lower SM levels in plasma membrane and lipid rafts. This reduction not only impaired inflammatory responses triggered by TLR4 and its downstream NF-κB and MAPK pathways, but also enhanced reverse cholesterol transport mediated by ABC transporters. LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice transplanted with Sptlc2(+/-) bone marrow cells exhibited significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions after high-fat and high-cholesterol diet feeding. Additionally, Ldlr(-/-) mice with myeloid cell-specific Sptlc2 haploinsufficiency exhibited significantly less atherosclerosis than controls. These findings suggest that SPT could be a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahua Chakraborty
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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27
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Lee MH, Choi EN, Jeon YJ, Jung SC. Possible role of transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in Fabry disease nephropathy. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1275-80. [PMID: 23007467 PMCID: PMC4042857 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by deficiency of
α-galactosidase A (α-gal A), resulting in deposition of
globotriaosylceramide (Gb3; also known as ceramide trihexoside) in the vascular
endothelium of many organs. A gradual accumulation of Gb3 leads to cardiovascular,
cerebrovascular and renal dysfunction. Endothelial cell dysfunction leads to renal
complications, one of the main symptoms of Fabry disease. However, the pathological
mechanisms by which endothelial dysfunction occurs in Fabry disease are poorly
characterized. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the expression of
transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF) is associated with the renal pathogenesis of Fabry disease. We found that
the protein expression levels of renal thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), TGF-β1 and VEGF
were higher in the kidneys from Fabry mice compared to wild-type mice. The expression
levels of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and phospho-p38
(P-p38) were also higher in the kidneys from Fabry mice compared with wild-type mice.
Activities of cysteine aspartic acid protease (caspase)-6 and caspase-9 were higher in
kidneys from Fabry than from the wild-type mice. These results suggest that overexpression
of TGF-β1 and VEGF in the Fabry mouse kidney might contribute to Fabry disease
nephropathy by inducing apoptosis. To test whether Gb3 accumulation can induce apoptosis,
we incubated bovine aortic endothelial cells with Gb3 and found increased expression of
TGF-β1, VEGFR2, VEGF, FGF-2 and P-p38. The combination of increased expression of
TGF-β1 and VEGF caused by Gb3 accumulation may allow upregulation of FGF-2, VEGFR2
and P-p38 expression, and these changes may be associated with Fabry disease nephropathy
by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
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Bersano A, Lanfranconi S, Valcarenghi C, Bresolin N, Micieli G, Baron P. Neurological features of Fabry disease: clinical, pathophysiological aspects and therapy. Acta Neurol Scand 2012; 126:77-97. [PMID: 22428782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a multisystem, X-linked, lysosomal storage disorder caused by a mutation in the GLA gene on chromosome Xq22 resulting in alpha-galactosidase A enzyme (α-Gal A) deficiency. Neurological manifestations other than cerebrovascular accidents include small fibre neuropathy and dysautonomic disorders, which may be the presenting clinical features in a proportion of patients. An atypical disease onset may be misdiagnosed until the emergence of a more typical clinical picture, characterized by chronic renal and cardiac failure. Thus, neurologists should consider Fabry disease in differential diagnosis and provide an appropriate diagnostic work up. This review focuses on central and peripheral nervous system involving available diagnostic tools and diagnostic work up in Fabry disease. It also covers the most recent evidence regarding enzyme replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bersano
- Department of Emergency Neurology; IRCCS C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation; Pavia; Italy
| | - S. Lanfranconi
- Department of Neurological Sciences; Dino Ferrari Centre; IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - C. Valcarenghi
- Department of Neurological Sciences; Dino Ferrari Centre; IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - N. Bresolin
- Department of Neurological Sciences; Dino Ferrari Centre; IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - G. Micieli
- Department of Emergency Neurology; IRCCS C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation; Pavia; Italy
| | - P. Baron
- Department of Neurological Sciences; Dino Ferrari Centre; IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
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29
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Mannose 6-phosphate receptor and sortilin mediated endocytosis of α-galactosidase A in kidney endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39975. [PMID: 22768187 PMCID: PMC3386966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent vasculopathy in Fabry disease patients is caused by excessive intracellular accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) throughout the vascular endothelial cells causing progressive cerebrovascular, cardiac and renal impairments. The vascular lesions lead to myocardial ischemia, atherogenesis, stroke, aneurysm, thrombosis, and nephropathy. Hence, injury to the endothelial cells in the kidney is a key mechanism in human glomerular disease and endothelial cell repair is an important therapeutic target. We investigated the mechanism of uptake of α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) in renal endothelial cells, in order to clarify if the recombinant enzyme is targeted to the lysosomes via the universal mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) and possibly other receptors. Immunohistochemical localization of infused recombinant α-Gal A in a renal biopsy from a classic Fabry disease patient showed that recombinant protein localize in the endothelial cells of the kidney. Affinity purification studies using α-Gal A resins identified M6PR and sortilin as α-Gal A receptors in cultured glomerular endothelial cells. Immunohistochemical analyses of normal human kidney with anti-sortilin and anti-M6PR showed that sortilin and M6PR were expressed in the endothelium of smaller and larger vessels. Uptake studies in cultured glomerular endothelial cells of α-Gal A labeled with fluorescence and 125I showed by inhibition with RAP and M6P that sortilin and M6PR mediated uptake of α-Gal A. Biacore studies revealed that α-Gal A binds to human M6PR with very high affinity, but M6PR also binds to sortilin in a way that prevents α-Gal A binding to sortilin. Taken together, our data provide evidence that sortilin is a new α-Gal A receptor expressed in renal endothelial cells and that this receptor together with the M6PR is able to internalize circulating α-Gal A during enzyme replacement therapy in patients with Fabry disease.
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Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Escoubet B, Agrapart V, Griol-Charhbili V, Schoeb T, Feng W, Jaimes E, Warnock DG, Jaisser F. Cardiomyopathy and response to enzyme replacement therapy in a male mouse model for Fabry disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33743. [PMID: 22574107 PMCID: PMC3344819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism that results in progressive accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids, (predominately globotriaosylceramide; GL-3) in lysosomes, as well as other cellular compartments and the extracellular space. Our aim was to characterize the cardiac phenotype of male knock-out mice that are deficient in alpha-galactosidase A activity, as a model for Fabry disease and test the efficacy of Enzyme Replacement Therapy with agalsidase-beta. Male mice (3–4 months of age) were characterized with awake blood pressure and heart rate measurements, cardiac echocardiography and electrocardiography measurements under light anesthesia, histological studies and molecular studies with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The Fabry knock-out mouse has bradycardia and lower blood pressure than control wild type (CB7BL/6J) mice. In Fabry knock-out mice, the cardiomyopathy associated mild hypertrophy at echography with normal systolic LV function and mild diastolic dysfunction. Premature atrial contractions were more frequent in without conduction defect. Heart weight normalized to tibial length was increased in Fabry knock-out mice. Ascending aorta dilatation was observed. Molecular studies were consistent with early stages of cardiac remodeling. A single dose of agalsidase-beta (3 mg/kg) did not affect the LV hypertrophy, function or heart rate, but did improve the mRNA signals of early cardiac remodeling. In conclusion, the alpha-galactosidase A deficient mice at 3 to 4 months of age have cardiac and vascular alterations similar to that described in early clinical stage of Fabry disease in children and adolescents. Enzyme replacement therapy affects cardiac molecular remodeling after a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brigitte Escoubet
- Inserm U872 Team 1, Paris, France
- AP-HP Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- Centre d’Explorations Fonctionnelles-Imagerie, Bichat Federative Research Institute 02, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Agrapart
- Inserm U872 Team 1, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Trenton Schoeb
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Wenguang Feng
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Edgar Jaimes
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David G. Warnock
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- Inserm U872 Team 1, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Globotriaosylsphingosine accumulation and not alpha-galactosidase-A deficiency causes endothelial dysfunction in Fabry disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36373. [PMID: 22558451 PMCID: PMC3340376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fabry disease (FD) is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) resulting in the accumulation of globotriaosylsphingosine (Gb3) in a variety of tissues. While GLA deficiency was always considered as the fulcrum of the disease, recent attention shifted towards studying the mechanisms through which Gb3 accumulation in vascular cells leads to endothelial dysfunction and eventually multiorgan failure. In addition to the well-described macrovascular disease, FD is also characterized by abnormalities of microvascular function, which have been demonstrated by measurements of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve. To date, the relative importance of Gb3 accumulation versus GLA deficiency in causing endothelial dysfunction is not fully understood; furthermore, its differential effects on cardiac micro- and macrovascular endothelial cells are not known. Methods and Results In order to assess the effects of Gb3 accumulation versus GLA deficiency, human macro- and microvascular cardiac endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with Gb3 or silenced by siRNA to GLA. Gb3 loading caused deregulation of several key endothelial pathways such as eNOS, iNOS, COX-1 and COX-2, while GLA silencing showed no effects. Cardiac microvascular ECs showed a greater susceptibility to Gb3 loading as compared to macrovascular ECs. Conclusions Deregulation of key endothelial pathways as observed in FD vasculopathy is likely caused by intracellular Gb3 accumulation rather than deficiency of GLA. Human microvascular ECs, as opposed to macrovascular ECs, seem to be affected earlier and more severely by Gb3 accumulation and this notion may prove fundamental for future progresses in early diagnosis and management of FD patients.
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Abstract
We have previously demonstrated an association between the accumulation of the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and the loss of high molecular weight oligomers in the aortas of α-galactosidase A-knockout mice, a model of Fabry disease. In the present study the molecular basis for the association between glycosphingolipids and caveolin-1 oligomerization was further investigated. Cellular glycosphingolipids were selectively depleted by treatment with a series of sphingolipid synthesis inhibitors, including D-threo-ethylenedioxyphenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-pyrrolidino-propanol, fumonisin B1 and myriocin. The depletion of glycosphingolipids resulted in the loss of high molecular mass oligomers of caveolin-1 in plasma membranes of cultured ECV-304 cells as well as in the caveolar fractions of Hela cells as measured by immunoblotting. The disruption of caveolin-1 high molecular weight oligomer formation caused by changes of composition of glycosphingolipids may be directly involved in the interruption of cellular functions including caveolar stabilization, membrane trafficking and signal transduction. These results suggest a specific role for glycosphingolipidsin the caveolar co-localization and oligomerization of caveolin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Shu
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Biancini GB, Vanzin CS, Rodrigues DB, Deon M, Ribas GS, Barschak AG, Manfredini V, Netto CBO, Jardim LB, Giugliani R, Vargas CR. Globotriaosylceramide is correlated with oxidative stress and inflammation in Fabry patients treated with enzyme replacement therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:226-32. [PMID: 22085605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism due to deficient activity of α-galactosidase A that leads to accumulation of the enzyme substrates, mainly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in body fluids and lysosomes of many cell types. Some pathophysiology hypotheses are intimately linked to reactive species production and inflammation, but until this moment there is no in vivo study about it. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate oxidative stress parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines and Gb3 levels in Fabry patients under treatment with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and finally to establish a possible relation between them. We analyzed urine and blood samples of patients under ERT (n=14) and healthy age-matched controls (n=14). Patients presented decreased levels of antioxidant defenses, assessed by reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and increased superoxide dismutase/catalase (SOD/CAT) ratio in erythrocytes. Concerning to the damage to biomolecules (lipids and proteins), we found that plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl groups and di-tyrosine (di-Tyr) in urine were increased in patients. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were also increased in patients. Urinary Gb3 levels were positively correlated with the plasma levels of IL-6, carbonyl groups and MDA. IL-6 levels were directly correlated with di-Tyr and inversely correlated with GPx activity. This data suggest that pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant states occur, are correlated and seem to be induced by Gb3 in Fabry patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana B Biancini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Wu G, Liu L, Huang J, Pang S, Wei G, Cui Y, Yan B. Alterations of autophagic-lysosomal system in the peripheral leukocytes of patients with myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1567-71. [PMID: 21575615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common and multifactorial disease. To date, causal genes and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Autophagic-lysosomal system, a highly conserved degradative process in cells, has been implicated in lipid metabolism. In this study, we explored the alterations of the autophagic-lysosomal system in patients with acute MI. METHODS Gene expression of lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2), a lysosomal marker gene, and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), an autophagy marker gene, in the peripheral leukocytes of MI patients were examined at transcription and protein levels by RT-PCR assay and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n=146), levels of LC3 gene expression and LC3-II protein, a cleaved form of LC3 protein, were significantly decreased in MI patients (n=81). LAMP-2 gene expression and protein levels were significantly increased. Decreased LC3 gene expression (OR, 2.150, 95%CI, 1.050-4.405, P=0.036) or increased LAMP-2 gene expression (OR, 3.317, 95%CI, 1.588-6.931, P<0.001) levels were associated with MI. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that in the peripheral leukocytes of MI patients, autophagy activity is reduced and lysosomal accumulation is increased, which may contribute to the MI pathogenesis. Further genetic analyses of autophagic-lysosomal genes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, PR China
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Wu G, Huang J, Wei G, Liu L, Pang S, Yan B. LAMP-2 gene expression in peripheral leukocytes is increased in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 2011; 34:239-43. [PMID: 21462217 PMCID: PMC6652621 DOI: 10.1002/clc.20870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common complex disease that is caused by interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Accumulating evidence indicates that foam cells in the atherosclerotic plaques exhibit the characteristics of lysosomal storage diseases, namely lysosomal accumulation of indigested materials. In patients with lysosomal storage diseases, lysosomal accumulation of lipids and cholesterols in atherosclerotic plaque cells has been observed. However, the roles of lysosomal hydrolases and proteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and CAD remain unclear. HYPOTHESIS Lysosomal hydrolases and proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and CAD by affecting lipid and cholesterol metabolism. METHODS Expression levels of LAMP-2, a lysosomal membrane marker gene, in the peripheral leukocytes of CAD patients (n = 134) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 80) were examined at transcription and protein levels with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses, respectively. The results were compared between CAD patients and healthy controls. RESULTS LAMP-2 gene expression and LAMP-2 protein levels were significantly increased in the peripheral leukocytes of CAD patients, compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that CAD is significantly associated with LAMP-2 gene expression levels (odds ratio [OR] 8.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.15-36.40, P = 0.003) or LAMP-2 protein levels (OR 2.03, 95% CI: 1.15-3.59, P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS In CAD patients, LAMP-2 gene expression in the peripheral leukocytes was significantly increased than were controls, which indicates lysosomal accumulation. These data suggest that insufficient lysosomal hydrolases and proteins may lead to abnormal lipid and cholesterol metabolism, which cause initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Division of Cardiac Surgery
| | - Jian Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
| | - Guanghe Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Jining Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Jining Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Shuchao Pang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
| | - Bo Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
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Rombach SM, Twickler TB, Aerts JMFG, Linthorst GE, Wijburg FA, Hollak CEM. Vasculopathy in patients with Fabry disease: current controversies and research directions. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 99:99-108. [PMID: 19900828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder due to deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A. The principal clinical manifestations of Fabry disease consist of cardiovascular complications including cerebrovascular, renal and cardiac disease but the pathophysiology of this specific vasculopathy is unclear. With the development of targeted treatment for Fabry disease, i.e. enzyme replacement therapy, it has become apparent that the removal of stored glycosphingolipid from the endothelial cells does not prevent progression of vascular disease in many patients. The aim of this study is to review the current available literature on vascular function tests, imaging and pathology studies and propose a hypothesis on the evolution of arterial complications in Fabry disease. Clearly, although premature atherosclerosis is suggested to occur, most studies describe absence of characteristic plaque formation. Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, is probably the earliest feature of a complex vasculopathy, as in females and atypical cardiac variants, who have residual enzyme activity, no endothelial storage of significance is found. Subsequently, processes occur as observed in neo intima formation however with formation of more fibrotic structures. In the presence of a hyperdynamic circulation in combination with a less compliant vascular wall, it is hypothesized that upregulation of local renin angiotensine systems may occur. Angiotensin II is known to increase adhesion molecules, cytokines and chemokines and exerts a pro-inflammatory effect on leucocytes, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. This enhances release of pro-thrombotic factors and opposes actions mediated through angiotensin 2 (AT2) receptor, including the release of nitric oxide (NO). A combination of reduced vascular compliance and activation of pro-thrombotic factors can lead to vascular complications in Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rombach
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shu L, Park JL, Byun J, Pennathur S, Kollmeyer J, Shayman JA. Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability in a mouse model of Fabry disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1975-85. [PMID: 19628671 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008111190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder that results in an accumulation of globotriaosylceramide in vascular tissue secondary to a deficiency in alpha-galactosidase A. The glycolipid-associated vasculopathy results in strokes and cardiac disease, but the basis for these complications is poorly understood. Recent studies in the alpha-galactosidase A-knockout mouse suggested that a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability may play a role in the abnormal thrombosis, atherogenesis, and vasorelaxation that are characteristic of these mice. To understand better the association between impaired NO bioavailability and glycolipid accumulation, we studied alpha-galactosidase A-knockout mice or primary cultures of their aortic endothelial cells. Treatment of knockout mice with a potent inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase reversed accumulation of globotriaosylceramide but failed to normalize the defect in vasorelaxation. Basal and insulin-stimulated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activities in endothelial cells derived from knockout mice were lower than those observed from wild-type mice; normalization of glycolipid only partially reversed this reduction in eNOS activity. The loss of eNOS activity associated with a decrease in high molecular weight caveolin oligomers in endothelial cells and isolated caveolae, suggesting a role for glycolipids in caveolin assembly. Finally, concentrations of ortho-tyrosine and nitrotyrosine in knockout endothelial cells were markedly elevated compared with wild-type endothelial cells. These findings are consistent with a loss of NO bioavailability, associated with eNOS uncoupling, in the alpha-galactosidase A-knockout mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Shu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Vedder AC, Biró E, Aerts JMFG, Nieuwland R, Sturk G, Hollak CEM. Plasma markers of coagulation and endothelial activation in Fabry disease: impact of renal impairment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:3074-81. [PMID: 19515805 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Fabry disease, storage of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in arterial walls is one of the main pathogenetic factors that are thought to underlie the clinical manifestations of the disease. Abnormalities of the vessel wall, haemodynamics and pro- and anticoagulant factors may play a role, though the exact pathophysiology is incompletely understood. In this study, we try to clarify inconsistencies regarding coagulation activation, fibrinolysis, platelet activation and endothelial activation in 36 patients with Fabry disease. METHODS Cell-derived microparticles, markers for coagulation activation (F(1+2), TAT, sTF, sEPCR), fibrinolysis (D-dimer, tPA, alpha(2)-AP), platelet activation (beta-TG, PF4), endothelial activation (vWF) and acute phase response (IL-6, CRP) were studied in relation to renal function and severity of the disease and compared to data from 36 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (17 males). RESULTS Markers for endothelial activation and fibrinolysis were normal. Male patients had elevated levels of sTF and beta-TG, with an association between sTF and renal function and severity of the disease. In female patients, levels of TAT, beta-TG, PF4, CD63-positive platelet-derived microparticles and IL-6 were somewhat increased, with no correlation with renal function or disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Only minimal abnormalities in markers for platelet, endothelial activation and coagulation activation and fibrinolysis could be established in a large cohort of Fabry disease patients. The existing laboratory abnormalities are more likely related to renal insufficiency rather than to Fabry disease itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C Vedder
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pastores GM, Hughes DA. To see a world in a grain of sand: elucidating the pathophysiology of Anderson-Fabry disease through investigations of a cellular model. Kidney Int 2009; 75:351-3. [PMID: 19180148 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thomaidis and colleagues have created a cellular model of Anderson-Fabry disease by 'silencing' alpha-galactosidase A (AGAL) activity in human tubular epithelial cells. Increased membrane globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77) expression was observed; it is suggested that this finding may be potentially useful as a surrogate marker of disease severity. Decreased membrane Gb3/CD77 expression was observed following agalsidase-alpha treatment, providing evidence of changes in cellular phenotype in response to enzyme therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Pastores
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Abstract
Fabry disease, an X-linked disorder of glycosphingolipids that is caused by the deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A, is associated with dysfunction of many cell types and includes a systemic vasculopathy. As a result, patients have a markedly increased risk of developing small-fiber peripheral neuropathy, stroke, myriad cardiac manifestations and chronic renal disease. Virtually all complications of Fabry disease are non-specific in nature and clinically indistinguishable from similar abnormalities that occur in the context of more common disorders in the general population. Although Fabry disease was originally thought to be very rare, recent studies have found a much higher incidence of mutations of the GLA gene, suggesting that this disorder is under-diagnosed. Although the etiology of Fabry disease has been known for many years, the mechanism by which the accumulating alpha-D-galactosyl moieties cause this multi-organ disorder has only recently been studied and is yet to be completely elucidated. Specific therapy for Fabry disease has been developed in the last few years but its role in the management of the disorder is still being investigated. Fortunately, standard 'non-specific' medical and surgical therapy is effective in slowing deterioration or compensating for organ failure in patients with Fabry disease. All these aspects are discussed in detail in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX 75226, USA.
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Park JL, Shu L, Shayman JA. Differential involvement of COX1 and COX2 in the vasculopathy associated with the alpha-galactosidase A-knockout mouse. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1133-40. [PMID: 19202000 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00929.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal storage disorder Fabry disease is characterized by excessive globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) accumulation in major organs such as the heart and kidney. Defective lysosomal alpha-galactosidase A (Gla) is responsible for excessive Gb3 accumulation, and one cell sensitive to the effects of Gb3 accumulation is vascular endothelium. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with Fabry disease and excessive cellular Gb3. We previously demonstrated that excessive vascular Gb3 in a mouse model of Fabry disease, the Gla-knockout (Gla(-/0)) mouse, results in abnormal vascular function, which includes abnormal endothelium-dependent contractions, a vascular phenomenon known to involve cyclooxygenase (COX). Therefore, we hypothesized that the vasculopathy in the Gla knockout mouse may be due to a vasoactive COX-derived product. To test this hypothesis, vascular reactivity experiments were performed in aortic rings from wild-type (Gla(+/0)) and Gla(-/0) mice in the presence and absence of specific and nonspecific COX inhibitors. Specific inhibition of COX1 or COX2 in endothelium-intact rings from Gla(-/0) mice decreased overall phenylephrine contractility compared with untreated Gla(-/0) rings, whereas COX inhibitors had no effect on contractility in endothelium-denuded rings. Nonspecific inhibition of COX with indomethacin (10 micromol/l) or COX1 inhibition with valeryl salicylate (3 mmol/l) improved endothelial function in rings from Gla(-/0) mice, but COX2 inhibition with NS-398 (1 micromol/l) further increased endothelial dysfunction in rings from Gla(-/0) mice. These results suggest that, in the Gla(-/0) mice, COX1 and COX2 activity are increased and localized in the endothelium, producing vasopressor and vasorelaxant products, which contribute to the Fabry-related vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Park
- Univ. of Michigan, 1560 MSRB2, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5676, USA.
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Li Z, Park TS, Li Y, Pan X, Iqbal J, Lu D, Tang W, Yu L, Goldberg IJ, Hussain MM, Jiang XC. Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) deficient mice absorb less cholesterol. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:297-306. [PMID: 19416652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) is the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of sphingolipids. It has been reported that oral administration of myriocin (an SPT inhibitor) decreases plasma sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol levels, and reduces atherosclerosis in apoE knockout (KO) mice. We studied cholesterol absorption in myriocin-treated WT or apoE KO animals and found that, after myriocin treatment, the mice absorbed significantly less cholesterol than controls, with no observable pathological changes in the small intestine. More importantly, we found that heterozygous Sptlc1 (a subunit of SPT) KO mice also absorbed significantly less cholesterol than controls. To understand the mechanism, we measured protein levels of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), ABCG5, and ABCA1, three key factors involved in intestinal cholesterol absorption. We found that NPC1L1 and ABCA1 were decreased, whereas ABCG5 was increased in the SPT deficient small intestine. SM levels on the apical membrane were also measured and they were significantly decreased in SPT deficient mice, compared with controls. In conclusion, SPT deficiency might reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption by altering NPC1L1 and ABCG5 protein levels in the apical membranes of enterocytes through lowering apical membrane SM levels. This may be also true for ABCA1 which locates on basal membrane of enterocytes. Manipulation of SPT activity could thus provide a novel alternative treatment for dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, USA
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Shen JS, Meng XL, Moore DF, Quirk JM, Shayman JA, Schiffmann R, Kaneski CR. Globotriaosylceramide induces oxidative stress and up-regulates cell adhesion molecule expression in Fabry disease endothelial cells. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 95:163-8. [PMID: 18707907 PMCID: PMC2593623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease, an X-linked systemic vasculopathy, is caused by a deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A resulting in globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3)) storage in cells. The pathogenic role of Gb(3) in the disease is not known. Based on previous work, we tested the hypothesis that accumulation of Gb(3) in the vascular endothelium of Fabry disease is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased expression of cell adhesion molecules. Gb(3)-loading resulted in increased intracellular ROS production in cultured vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Increased Gb(3) also induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin. Reduction of endogenous Gb(3) by treatment of the cells with an inhibitor of glycosphingolipid synthase or alpha-galactosidase A led to decreased expression of adhesion molecules. Plasma from Fabry patients significantly increased ROS generation in endothelial cells when compared with plasma from non-Fabry controls. This effect was not influenced by reduction of intracellular Gb(3). This study provided direct evidence that excess intracellular Gb(3) induces oxidative stress and up-regulates the expression of cellular adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells. In addition, other factors in patient's plasma may also contribute to oxidative stress in Fabry vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Shen
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH
- Department of Gene Therapy, Institute of DNA Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xing-Li Meng
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH
- Department of Gene Therapy, Institute of DNA Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David F. Moore
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington D.C
| | - Jane M. Quirk
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH
| | - James A. Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH
| | - Christine R. Kaneski
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH
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Park JL, Whitesall SE, D'Alecy LG, Shu L, Shayman JA. Vascular dysfunction in the alpha-galactosidase A-knockout mouse is an endothelial cell-, plasma membrane-based defect. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:1156-63. [PMID: 18565198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease results from an X-linked mutation in the lysosomal alpha-galactosidase A (Gla) gene. Defective Gla results in multi-organ accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids (GSLs), especially in the vascular endothelium, with the major GSL accumulated being globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Excessive endothelial Gb3 accumulation is associated with increased thrombosis, atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. However, the mechanism(s) by which endothelial dysfunction occurs is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to further characterize the vasculopathy associated with a murine model of Fabry disease. Vascular reactivity was performed in vessels from wild-type (Gla(+/0)) and Gla-knockout (Gla(-/0)) mice. Conscious blood pressure and heart rate were measured in Gla(+/0) and Gla(-/0) mice by telemetry. The present study demonstrates that vascular smooth muscle (VSM) contractions to phenylephrine and serotonin, but not to U46619, were blunted in Gla(-/0) mice. Endothelium-dependent contraction and receptor-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine were significantly attenuated in vessels from Gla(-/0) mice. However, receptor-independent endothelium-dependent relaxation to the calcium ionophore ionomycin remained intact in vessels from Gla(-/0) mice. Furthermore, VSM reactivity was normal in aortas from Gla(-/0) mice in the absence of endothelium. These changes in vascular function were observed without changes in whole-animal blood pressure or heart rate. These results suggest that the vasculopathy associated with Fabry disease is localized to the endothelium, despite the accumulation of GSLs throughout the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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The sub-cellular localization globotriaosylceramide in Fabry disease. Virchows Arch 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Glaros EN, Kim WS, Rye KA, Shayman JA, Garner B. Reduction of plasma glycosphingolipid levels has no impact on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1677-81. [PMID: 18467744 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e800005-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) have been implicated as potential atherogenic lipids. Studies in apolipoprotein E-null (apoE(-/-)) mice indicate that exacerbated tissue GSL accumulation resulting from alpha-galactosidase deficiency promotes atherosclerosis, whereas the serine palmitoyl transferase inhibitor myriocin (which reduces plasma and tissue levels of several sphingolipids, including sphingomyelin, ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and GSLs) inhibits atherosclerosis. It is not clear whether GSL synthesis inhibition per se has an impact on atherosclerosis. To address this issue, apoE(-/-) mice maintained on a high-fat diet were treated with a potent glucosylceramide synthesis inhibitor, d-threo-1-ethylendioxyphenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-pyrrolidino-propanol (EtDO-P4), 10 mg/kg/day for 94 days, and lesion development was compared in mice that were treated with vehicle only. EtDO-P4 reduced plasma GSL concentration by approximately 50% but did not affect cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Assessment of atherosclerotic lesions at four different sites indicated that EtDO-P4 had no significant impact on lesion area. Thus, despite the previously observed positive correlations between plasma and aortic GSL concentrations and the development of atherosclerosis, and the in vitro evidence implying that GSLs may be pro-atherogenic, our current data indicate that inhibition of GSL synthesis does not inhibit atherosclerosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias N Glaros
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Askari H, Kaneski CR, Semino-Mora C, Desai P, Ang A, Kleiner DE, Perlee LT, Quezado M, Spollen LE, Wustman BA, Schiffmann R. Cellular and tissue localization of globotriaosylceramide in Fabry disease. Virchows Arch 2007; 451:823-34. [PMID: 17674039 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Fabry disease is poorly understood. We used a variety of immunohistological techniques to localize globotriaosylceramide, the main glycolipid that accumulates in Fabry disease. Globotriaosylceramide immunoreactivity in a heterogenous pattern was present in all organs examined of a patient on long-term enzyme replacement therapy. In the brain, immmunopositivity was found only in the parahippocampal region. Globotriaosylceramide immunostaining was present in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of endothelial cells, even in the absence of lysosomal inclusions. In kidney tissue, globotriaosylceramide colocalized with lysosomal, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear markers. Pre- and postembedding immunogold electron microscopy of skin biopsies and untreated patient cultured skin fibroblasts confirmed the presence of globotriaosylceramide in the cell membrane, in various cytoplasmic structures, and in the nucleus. Control organ tissues and cultured fibroblasts from five unaffected subjects were uniformly negative for globotriaosylceramide by immunohistochemistry and immunogold electron microscopy. We conclude that a substantial amount of lysosomal and extralysosomal globotriaosylceramide immunoreactivity remains in cells and tissues even after years of enzyme replacement therapy in Fabry disease. These findings are crucial for the understanding of the disease mechanism and suggest the usefulness of immunostaining for globotriaosylceramide as a means to assess response to novel, specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Askari
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 3D03, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-1260, USA
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Shu L, Shayman JA. Caveolin-associated Accumulation of Globotriaosylceramide in the Vascular Endothelium of α-Galactosidase A Null Mice. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20960-7. [PMID: 17535804 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702436200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications, including stroke and myocardial infarction, result in premature mortality in patients with Fabry disease, an X-linked deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A). The enzymatic defect results in the deposition of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in the vascular endothelium. To better understand the underlying pathogenesis of Fabry disease, the caveolar lipid content of primary cultured mouse aortic endothelial cells isolated from alpha-Gal A null mice was measured. Lipid mass analysis revealed that the excessive Gb3 in cultured alpha-Gal A-deficient mouse aortic endothelial cells accumulated in endothelial plasma membrane caveolar fractions. The levels of glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide increased in parallel with Gb3 levels in an age-dependent manner, whereas globotetraosylceramide (Gb4) levels reached maximal levels by 6 months of age and then rapidly decreased at older ages. The levels of cholesterol enriched in caveolar membranes declined in parallel with the progressive deposition of Gb3. Depleting Gb3 with recombinant human alpha-Gal A protein or d-threo-ethylenedioxyphenyl-P4, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, restored cholesterol in cultured alpha-Gal A-deficient mouse aortic endothelial cell caveolae. By contrast, recombinant human alpha-Gal A was less effective in normalizing the cholesterol content. These results demonstrate the caveolar accumulation of glycosphingolipids in an in vitro model of a lysosomal storage disease and raise the possibility that dynamic changes in the composition of plasma membrane lipid microdomains may mediate the endothelial dysfunction seen in Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Shu
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder affecting both males and females. It is associated with an increased risk of stroke in up to 4% of patients below 55 years of age in the general population. The cerebral vasculopathy consists of ischemic strokes involving large and small vessels. The neuronal accumulation of glycosphingolipids appears to have no clinical effect on the natural history of Fabry disease with the possible exception of some reported mild cognitive abnormalities. The pathogenesis of Fabry vasculopathy remains poorly understood but is associated with abnormal functional control of the vessel secondary to endothelial dysfunction, cerebral hyper-perfusion and a prothrombotic state with likely increased production of reactive oxygen species. These abnormalities are further modified by genetic and possibly other vascular risk factors. This vasculopathy illustrates the role of glycolipids in this and possibly other types of cerebral vasculopathies. Therapy is preventive relying on standard medical care and in particular on anti-platelet agents such as clopidogrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Moore
- Section of Neurology, University of Manitoba, Room GF543, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3C 4J5
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Bodary PF, Shayman JA, Eitzman DT. α-Galactosidase A in Vascular Disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 17:129-33. [PMID: 17482095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) (Fabry disease) leads to the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in the vasculature leading to multiorgan pathology. In addition to well-described microvascular disease, deficiency of GLA is also characterized by premature macrovascular events such as stroke and possibly myocardial infarction. The mechanisms by which GLA may influence macrovascular disease are unclear. A mouse model of GLA deficiency has facilitated the study of glycosphingolipid metabolism abnormalities on macrovascular end points. This review addresses some of the potential pathways by which GLA deficiency may contribute to vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Bodary
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit MI 48202, USA
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