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Xiang Z, Wang H, Zhao P, Fa X, Wan J, Wang Y, Xu C, Yao S, Zhao W, Zhang H, Han M. Hard Magnetic Graphene Nanocomposite for Multimodal, Reconfigurable Soft Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308575. [PMID: 38153331 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Soft electronics provide effective means for continuous monitoring of a diverse set of biophysical and biochemical signals from the human body. However, the sensitivities, functions, spatial distributions, and many other features of such sensors remain fixed after deployment and cannot be adjusted on demand. Here, laser-induced porous graphene is exploited as the sensing material, and dope it with permanent magnetic particles to create hard magnetic graphene nanocomposite (HMGN) that can self-assemble onto a flexible carrying substrate through magnetic force, in a reversible and reconfigurable manner. A set of soft electronics in HMGN exhibits enhanced performances in the measurements of electrophysiological signals, temperature, and concentrations of metabolites. All these flexible HMGN sensors can adhere to a carrying substrate at any position and in any spatial arrangement, to allow for wearable sensing with customizable sensitivity, modality, and spatial coverage. The HMGN represents a promising material for constructing soft electronics that can be reconfigured for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haobin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinying Fa
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ji Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaozheng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Goyal JL, Gupta A, Gandhi P. Ocular manifestations in renal diseases. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:2938-2943. [PMID: 37530260 PMCID: PMC10538849 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3234_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The eyes and kidneys are the targets for end-organ damage in multiple pathologies. Both these organs develop during the same embryonic stage around the fourth to sixth week of gestation, thus sharing a strong correlation between both eye and kidney diseases. Both the eyes and kidneys can be the target of the systemic disease process; however, the eyes can also be affected as a consequence of renal disease or its treatment. Risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are commonly shared between kidney and eye diseases. Ocular manifestations can be predictive of renal disease, and/or patients with renal disease are at higher risk for developing ocular manifestations. Various congenital anomalies of the eyes and kidneys can also present as an oculorenal syndrome. This article summarizes the ocular pathology, which can be seen in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar Lal Goyal
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arushi Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pulkit Gandhi
- Rochester General Hospital, Centre for Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Rochester, New York, USA
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Liu W, Guo R, Huang D, Ji J, Gansevoort RT, Snieder H, Jansonius NM. Co-occurrence of chronic kidney disease and glaucoma: Epidemiology and etiological mechanisms. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:1-16. [PMID: 36088997 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As the histology, physiology, and pathophysiology of eyes and kidneys show substantial overlap, it has been suggested that eye and kidney diseases, such as glaucoma and chronic kidney disease (CKD), may be closely interlinked. We review the relationship between CKD and various subtypes of glaucoma, including primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle- closure glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, and several glaucoma endophenotypes. We also discuss the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and common risk factors for CKD and glaucoma, including atherosclerosis, the renin-angiotensin system, genes and genetic polymorphisms, vitamin D deficiency, and erythropoietin. The prevalence of glaucoma appears elevated in CKD patients, and vice versa, and the literature points to many intriguing associations; however, the associations are not always confirmed, and sometimes apparently opposite observations are reported. Glaucoma and CKD are complex diseases, and their mutual influence is only partially understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruru Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Association between chronic kidney disease and open-angle glaucoma in South Korea: a 12-year nationwide retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3423. [PMID: 35232992 PMCID: PMC8888748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Various non-intraocular pressure factors have been identified as possible risk factors for open-angle glaucoma (OAG). However, there is still controversy around the association between OAG and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we used a nationwide cohort to investigate the risk of OAG in the 12 years following a diagnosis of CKD. This retrospective cohort study included 1,103,302 subjects from the Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort database. The CKD group (n = 1318) included patients who were initially diagnosed with CKD between 2003 and 2008. The subjects in the comparison group were matched at a 1:5 ratio using propensity scores. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, a diagnosis of CKD was significantly associated with an increased incidence of OAG (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.546, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.363–1.754, p < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that the risk of OAG increased with the severity of CKD (mild to moderate CKD [CKD stage 1–3]: HR = 1.280, 95% CI 1.077–1.521, p = 0.005; advanced CKD [CKD stage 4–5]: HR = 1.861, 95% CI 1.589–2.180, p < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, female CKD patients had a greater risk of developing OAG than males, and subjects with CKD aged ≥ 40 years were more likely to develop OAG compared with those aged < 40 years. Our study demonstrates that CKD is a significant risk factor for OAG and that severe CKD is associated with an increased risk of developing OAG.
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Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications-Is There a Missing Link? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091913. [PMID: 34576810 PMCID: PMC8472650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is represented by the genome of all microorganisms (symbiotic, potential pathogens, or pathogens) residing in the intestine. These ecological communities are involved in almost all metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases are not excluded. Atherosclerosis, with a continuously increasing incidence in recent years, is the leading cause of coronary heart disease and stroke by plaque rupture and intraplaque hemorrhage. Vascular calcification, a process very much alike with osteogenesis, is considered to be a marker of advanced atherosclerosis. New evidence, suggesting the role of dietary intake influence on the diversity of the gut microbiome in the development of vascular calcifications, is highly debated. Gut microbiota can metabolize choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine and produce vasculotoxic metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a proatherogenic metabolite. This review article aims to discuss the latest research about how probiotics and the correction of diet is impacting the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the atherosclerotic process and vascular calcification. Further studies could create the premises for interventions in the microbiome as future primary tools in the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque and vascular calcifications.
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The regulation of Ero1-alpha in homocysteine-induced macrophage apoptosis and vulnerable plaque formation in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2021; 334:39-47. [PMID: 34478920 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability. Macrophage apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HHcy-aggravated atherosclerosis. Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1α (Ero1α) is critical for ER stress-induced apoptosis. We hypothesized that Ero1α may contribute to ER-stress induced macrophage apoptosis and plaque stability in advanced atherosclerotic lesions by HHcy. METHODS Apoe-/- mice were maintained on drinking water containing homocysteine (Hcy, 1.8 g/L) to establish HHcy atherosclerotic models. The role of Ero1α in atherosclerotic plaque stability, macrophage apoptosis and ER stress were monitored in the plaque of aortic roots in HHcy Apoe-/- mice with or without silence or overexpression of Ero1α through lentivirus. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were used to confirm the regulation of Ero1α on ER stress dependent apoptosis in the presence of HHcy. RESULTS Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and macrophage apoptosis were promoted in Apoe-/- mice by high Hcy diet, accompanied by the upregulation of Ero1α expression and ER stress. Inhibition of Ero1α prevented macrophage apoptosis and atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, and vice versa. Consistently, in mouse peritoneal macrophages, ER stress and apoptosis were attenuated by Ero1α deficiency, but enhanced by Ero1α overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Hcy, via upregulation of Ero1α expression, activates ER stress-dependent macrophage apoptosis to promote vulnerable plaque formation in atherosclerosis. Ero1α may be a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis induced by Hcy.
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Jiang C, Huang H, Kang X, Yang L, Xi Z, Sun H, Pluth MD, Yi L. NBD-based synthetic probes for sensing small molecules and proteins: design, sensing mechanisms and biological applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7436-7495. [PMID: 34075930 PMCID: PMC8763210 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01096k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Compounds with a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) skeleton exhibit prominent useful properties including environmental sensitivity, high reactivity toward amines and biothiols (including H2S) accompanied by distinct colorimetric and fluorescent changes, fluorescence-quenching ability, and small size, all of which facilitate biomolecular sensing and self-assembly. Amines are important biological nucleophiles, and the unique activity of NBD ethers with amines has allowed for site-specific protein labelling and for the detection of enzyme activities. Both H2S and biothiols are involved in a wide range of physiological processes in mammals, and misregulation of these small molecules is associated with numerous diseases including cancers. In this review, we focus on NBD-based synthetic probes as advanced chemical tools for biomolecular sensing. Specifically, we discuss the sensing mechanisms and selectivity of the probes, the design strategies for multi-reactable multi-quenching probes, and the associated biological applications of these important constructs. We also highlight self-assembled NBD-based probes and outline future directions for NBD-based chemosensors. We hope that this comprehensive review will facilitate the development of future probes for investigating and understanding different biological processes and aid the development of potential theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xueying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. and Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
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Badri S, Vahdat S, Seirafian S, Pourfarzam M, Gholipur-Shahraki T, Ataei S. Homocysteine-Lowering Interventions in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Res Pharm Pract 2021; 10:114-124. [PMID: 35198504 PMCID: PMC8809459 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_75_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality is higher in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to the general population. Homocysteine (Hcy) appears to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in general populations and patients with CKD. Further, hyperhomocysteinemia can cause endothelial damage and increase the activity and production of coagulation factors, and its prevalence among patients with end-stage renal disease is approximately 85%-100%. Most treatments, which lower Hcy levels and have been considered in previous studies, include folic acid, B vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and N-acetylcysteine. However, the effect of therapies that can decrease Hcy levels and thus cardiovascular events in these patients is still unclear. The results are conflicting and require further investigation. To guide treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes, multiple databases were searched, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline to summarize the available evidence (i.e., clinical trial and meta-analyses) on Hcy-lowering interventions and cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirinsadat Badri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Vahdat
- Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Seirafian
- Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Morteza Pourfarzam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tahereh Gholipur-Shahraki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Ataei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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DNA Methylation Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070811. [PMID: 32708735 PMCID: PMC7397141 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal disease is the common denominator of a number of underlying disease conditions, whose prevalence has been dramatically increasing over the last two decades. Two aspects are particularly relevant to the subject of this review: (I) most cases are gathered under the umbrella of chronic kidney disease since they require—predictably for several lustrums—continuous clinical monitoring and treatment to slow down disease progression and prevent complications; (II) cardiovascular disease is a terrible burden in this population of patients, in that it claims many lives yearly, while only a scant minority reach the renal disease end stage. Why indeed a review on DNA methylation and renal disease? As we hope to convince you, the present evidence supports the role of the existence of various derangements of the epigenetic control of gene expression in renal disease, which hold the potential to improve our ability, in the future, to more effectively act toward disease progression, predict outcomes and offer novel therapeutic approaches.
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Johnson DW, Kay TD, Vesey DA, Isbel N, Campbell SB, Hawley CM. Peritoneal Homocysteine Clearance is Inefficient in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080002000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo investigate the degree and the determinants of peritoneal homocysteine (Hcy) clearance and to compare measured Hcy clearance with the Hcy clearance predicted based on molecular weight (MW).DesignCross-sectional observational analysis.SettingTertiary care institutional dialysis center.PatientsSixty-five stable peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.Outcome MeasuresFasting blood and 24-hour pooled dialysate effluents were collected for determination of peritoneal clearances of Hcy (CpHcy), urea (CpUr), and creatinine (CpCr). The dialysate-to-plasma creatinine ratio at 4 hours (D/P Cr 4 h) and levels of red cell folate, B12, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured concurrently. Observed CpHcy was compared with predicted clearance, based on Hcy plasma protein binding and the relative molecular weights of Hcy, urea, and creatinine.ResultsPlasma concentrations of Hcy averaged 24.6 ± 1.1 μmol/L and were elevated above the upper limit of normal in 59 (91%) patients. The mean dialysate concentration of Hcy was 2.9 ± 0.3 μmol/L, equating to a daily peritoneal elimination of 34.6 ± 3.6 μmol. Observed CpHcy was closely approximated by predicted CpHcy (8.7 ± 0.6 L/week/1.73 m2vs 9.0 ± 0.3 L/week/1.73 m2respectively, p = 0.55). Patients maintained on automated PD ( n = 5) had a CpHcy similar to that of patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (8.9 ± 1.0 L/week/1.73 m2vs 8.7 ± 0.6 L/week/1.73 m2, p = 0.92). The CpHcy was significantly correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP), D/P creatinine, CpUr, CpCr, and peritoneal protein loss, but not with plasma Hcy, albumin, B12, ferritin, age, dialysis duration, peritonitis episodes, or daily dialysate effluent volume. By multivariate analysis, the only variables that remained significant independent predictors of CpHcy were CRP and D/P Cr 4 h. High and high-average transporters had a higher CpHcy than low and low-average transporters (9.7 ± 0.8 L/week/1.73 m2vs 7.0 ± 0.7 L/week/1.73 m2, p < 0.05), despite comparably elevated plasma Hcy concentrations [25.2 ± 1.5 μmol/L vs 23.4 ± 1.6 μmol/L, p = nonsignificant (NS)].ConclusionsElevated plasma concentrations of Hcy are not efficiently reduced by PD. The relatively low peritoneal clearance of Hcy is largely accounted for by a high degree of plasma protein binding and is significantly influenced by peritoneal membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Johnson
- Department of Renal Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Troy D. Kay
- Department of Renal Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Department of Renal Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicole Isbel
- Department of Renal Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott B. Campbell
- Department of Renal Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carmel M. Hawley
- Department of Renal Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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De Vecchi AF, Bamonti–Catena F, Finazzi S, Campolo J, Taioli E, Novembrino C, Colucci P, Accinni R, De Franceschi M, Fasano MA, Maiolo AT. Homocysteine, Vitamin B12, and Serum and Erythrocyte Folate in Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis Patients. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080002000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. High levels of plasma Hcy have been observed in end-stage renal disease patients. Few studies have compared peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients and few data are available on erythrocyte folate (ery-F) levels in dialysis patients. Objectives To evaluate plasma Hcy concentrations, vitamin B12 (B12), and folate status in dialysis patients; to analyze the possible causes of high Hcy levels; to follow up changes in folate and B12 concentrations after 6 months. Design A cross-sectional observational study. Setting Nephrology division and laboratory of hematology in a university and clinical research hospital. Patients The study included 82 patients treated with PD for 37 ± 37 months and 70 patients treated with HD for 136 ± 95 months. Laboratory Methods Plasma Hcy was measured by the immunoenzymatic IMx Hcy FPIA method (Abbott Laboratories, Diagnostic Division, Abbott Park, IL, U.S.A.), serum folate (s-F) and ery-F by the Stratus folate fluorometric enzyme-linked assay, and B12 by the Stratus vitamin B12 fluorometric enzyme-linked assay (DADE-Behring, Newark, DE, U.S.A.). Results Ninety-six percent of PD and 97% of HD patients had Hcy levels above the cutoff (13.5 μmol/L). Homocysteine level was higher in HD than in PD patients, while the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was similar with the two techniques. Erythrocyte folate was significantly higher in PD (1333 ± 519 pmol/L) than in HD (1049 ± 511 pmol/L, p < 0.01). Statistically significant correlations were observed between Hcy and B12, s-F, ery-F, and dialysis duration. Multivariate analysis showed a strong correlation between s-F and Hcy. After 6 months there were no differences in Hcy, B12, s-F, and ery-F levels. Conclusions Plasma Hcy levels were high in more than 95% of our dialysis patients, with no relation to the type of dialysis. Vitamin B12 and folate were normal in the majority of our patients. However, serum folate was the major determinant of Hcy levels. Such a relation between Hcy and folate suggests that levels of folate within the reference interval are inadequate for dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Finazzi
- Divisione di Nefrologia e Dialisi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore
| | - Jonica Campolo
- CNR Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Sezione di Milano, Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Università degli Studi e Laboratorio di Epidemiologia, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore
| | | | | | - Roberto Accinni
- CNR Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Sezione di Milano, Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Milano, Italy
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Zareie M, van Lambalgen AA, Ter Wee PM, Hekking LH, Keuning ED, Schadee–Eestermans IL, Faict D, Degréve B, Tangelder GJ, Beelen RH, van den Born J. Better Preservation of the Peritoneum in Rats Exposed to Amino Acid-Based Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080502500112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose-containing peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDF) show impaired biocompatibility, which is related partly to their high glucose content, presence of glucose degradation products, low pH, and lactate buffer, or a combination of these factors. In a rat chronic peritoneal exposure model, we compared effects of an amino acid-based PDF (AA-PDF) with a glucose-containing PDF on the peritoneal microcirculation and morphology. Method Two groups of rats received 10 mL of either fluid daily for 5 weeks via peritoneal catheters connected to implanted subcutaneous mini vascular access ports. Leukocyte–endothelium interactions in the mesenteric venules were investigated by intravital microscopy. Quantification of angiogenesis and fibrosis and inspection of the mesothelial cell layer were performed by light and electron microscopy. Results Daily exposure to glucose-containing PDF resulted in a significant increase in the number of rolling leukocytes in mesenteric venules, whereas instillation of AA-PDF did not change the level of leukocyte rolling. Glucose-containing PDF evoked a significantly higher number of milky spots in the omentum, whereas this response was significantly reduced in animals exposed to the AA-PDF ( p < 0.02). Chronic instillation of glucose-containing PDF induced angiogenesis in various peritoneal tissues, accompanied by fibrosis in the mesentery and parietal peritoneum. Quantitative morphometric evaluation of omentum and mesentery showed a clear trend toward less angiogenesis after treatment with the AA-PDF compared to the glucose-containing PDF, which reached statistical significance in the parietal peritoneum ( p < 0.04). Instillation of AA-PDF resulted in approximately 50% reduction of fibrosis in the mesentery ( p < 0.04) and approximately 25% reduction in the parietal peritoneum ( p < 0.009) compared to glucose-containing PDF. Glucose-containing PDF damaged the mesothelial cell layer, whereas the mesothelium was intact after AA-PDF treatment, as evidenced by electron microscopy. Conclusion Our data in a rat chronic peritoneal exposure model clearly demonstrate reduced immune activation (evidenced by decreased number of rolling leukocytes and decreased induction of omental milky spots) and reduced neoangiogenesis, fibrosis, and mesothelial damage of the peritoneal membrane after treatment with AA-PDF compared to glucose-containing PDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zareie
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Piet M. Ter Wee
- Department of Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth H.P. Hekking
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco D. Keuning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Geert-Jan Tangelder
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H.J. Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Urquhart BL, House AA. Assessing Plasma Total Homocysteine in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080702700502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, in light of several recent randomized trials, the issue of causality has been cast into doubt. Patients with end-stage renal disease are particularly interesting as they consistently have elevated tHcy and their leading causes of morbidity and mortality are related to cardiovascular disease. In the present article, we review the early evidence for the homocysteine theory of atherosclerosis, homocysteine metabolism, mechanisms of toxicity, and pertinent available clinical investigations. Where appropriate, the sparse evidence of homocysteine in peritoneal dialysis is reviewed. We conclude by addressing the difficulties associated with lowering plasma tHcy in patients with end-stage renal disease and suggest some novel methods for lowering tHcy in this resistant population. Finally, to address the issue of causality, we recommend that clinicians and scientists await the results of the FAVORIT trial before abandoning homocysteine as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, as this study has recruited patients from a population with consistently elevated plasma tHcy who are known to respond to vitamin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L. Urquhart
- Departments of Medicine The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology/Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew A. House
- Departments of Medicine The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Zhang YM, Zhou XJ, Shi SF, Liu LJ, Lyu JC, Zhang H. Homocysteine and IgA nephropathy: observational and Mendelian randomization analyses. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:277-284. [PMID: 31929371 PMCID: PMC7004620 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of plasma homocysteine occur almost uniformly in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis and a common cause of ESRD in young adults. Here, we aimed to detect whether homocysteine was elevated and associated with clinical-pathologic manifestations of IgAN patients and tested its causal effects using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS For observational analysis, 108 IgAN patients, 30 lupus nephritis (LN) patients, 50 minimal change disease (MCD) patients, and 206 healthy controls were recruited from April 2014 to April 2015. Their plasma homocysteine was measured and clinical-pathologic manifestations were collected from medical records. For MR analysis, we further included 1686 IgAN patients. The missense variant methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (rs1801133) was selected as an instrument, which was genotyped by TaqMan allele discrimination assays. RESULTS Majority of IgAN patients (93.52%, 101/108) showed elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (>10 μmol/L). Plasma homocysteine in IgAN patients was significantly higher than that in MCD patients (median: 18.32 vs. 11.15 μmol/L, Z = -5.29, P < 0.01) and in healthy controls (median: 18.32 vs. 10.00 μmol/L, Z = -8.76, P < 0.01), but comparable with those in LN patients (median: 18.32 L vs. 14.50 μmol/L, Z = -1.32, P = 0.19). Significant differences were observed in sub-groups of IgAN patients according to quartiles of plasma homocysteine for male ratio (22.22% vs. 51.85% vs. 70.37% vs. 70.37%, χ = 14.29, P < 0.01), serum creatinine (median: 77.00 vs. 100.00 vs. 129.00 vs. 150.00 μmol/L, χ = 34.06, P < 0.01), estimated glomerular filtration rate (median: 100.52 vs. 74.23 vs. 52.68 vs. 42.67 mL·min·1.73 m, χ = 21.75, P < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (median: 120.00 vs. 120.00 vs. 125.00 vs. 130.00 mmHg, χ = 2.97, P = 0.05), diastolic blood pressure (median 80.00 vs. 75.00 vs. 80.00 vs. 81.00 mmHg, χ = 11.47, P < 0.01), and pathologic tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis (T) (T0/T1/T2: 62.96%/33.33%/3.70% vs. 29.63%/40.74%/29.63% vs. 24.00%/48.00%/28.00% vs. 14.81%/37.04%/48.15%, χ = 17.66, P < 0.01). The coefficient of each rs1801133-T allele on homocysteine levels after controlling age and sex was 7.12 (P < 0.01). MR estimates showed causal positive effects of homocysteine on serum creatine (β = 0.76, P = 0.02), systolic blood pressure (β = 0.26, P = 0.02), diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.20, P = 0.01), and pathologic T lesion (β = 0.01, P = 0.01) in IgAN. CONCLUSIONS By observational and MR analyses, consistent results were observed for associations of plasma homocysteine with serum creatinine, blood pressures, and pathologic T lesion in IgAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Miao Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, China
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15
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Ren JL, Hou YL, Ni XQ, Zhu Q, Chen Y, Zhang LS, Liu X, Xue CD, Wu N, Yu YR, Tang CS, Ning ZP, Chai SB, Qi YF. Intermedin1-53 Ameliorates Homocysteine-Promoted Atherosclerotic Calcification by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2019; 25:251-264. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248419885633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Vascular calcification (VC) is thought to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Intermedin1-53 (IMD) is a cardiovascular protective peptide and can inhibit vascular medial calcification in rats. In this study, we investigated the effect of IMD on atherosclerotic calcification induced by a high-fat diet plus homocysteine (Hcy) and the potential mechanisms. Methods: ApoE−/− mice were fed a high-fat diet with Hcy in drinking water to induce atherosclerotic calcification. Results: As compared to the high-fat diet alone, Hcy treatment significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion areas and the number of calcified nodules in aortic roots and was reduced by IMD infusion or 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) treatment. In vitro, as compared to calcifying medium alone, Hcy treatment further increased alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, and calcium nodule number in human aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs), all blocked by IMD or PBA pretreatment. Mechanistically, IMD or PBA significantly alleviated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation compared with Hcy treatment. In parallel, IMD or PBA attenuated the messenger RNA levels of osteogenic markers and inflammatory cytokines in aortas and their protein levels in lesions of aortic roots. In vitro, Hcy treatment significantly increased the protein levels of osteoblast-like cell markers in primary rat VSMCs and inflammation markers in mouse peritoneal macrophages, all decreased with IMD or PBA pretreatment. Intermedin1-53 pretreatment also markedly reduced the protein levels of ERS markers in rat VSMCs and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Conclusions: Intermedin1-53 protects against Hcy-promoted atherosclerotic calcification in ApoE−/− mice by inhibiting ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ling Ren
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Long Hou
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Qiang Ni
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Ding Xue
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Rong Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Shu Tang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Ning
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - San-Bao Chai
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Fen Qi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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16
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Zhang Q, Conley SM, Li G, Yuan X, Li PL. Rac1 GTPase Inhibition Blocked Podocyte Injury and Glomerular Sclerosis during Hyperhomocysteinemia via Suppression of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptor Containing Pyrin Domain 3 Inflammasome Activation. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:513-532. [PMID: 31266025 PMCID: PMC6800118 DOI: 10.1159/000500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been shown to activate nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome leading to podocyte dysfunction and glomerular injury. However, it remains unclear how this inflammasome activation in podocytes is a therapeutic target for reversal of glomerular injury and ultimate sclerosis. The present study tested whether inhibition of Rac1 GTPase activity suppresses NLRP3 inflammation activation and thereby blocks podocyte injury induced by elevated Hcy. In cultured podocytes, we found that L-Hcy (the active Hcy form) stimulated the NLRP3 inflammasome formation, as shown by increased colocalization of NLRP3 with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) or caspase-1, which was accompanied by increased interleukin-1β production and caspase-1 activity, indicating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Rac1 activator, uridine triphosphate (UTP), mimicked L-Hcy-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 blocked it. This Rac1 inhibition also prevented L-Hcy-induced podocyte dysfunction. All these effects were shown to be mediated via lipid raft redox signaling platforms with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunits and consequent O2− production. In animal studies, hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) induced by folate-free diet was shown to induce NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation in glomeruli, which was also mimicked by UTP and inhibited by NSC23766 to a comparable level seen in Nlrp3 gene knockout mice. These results together suggest that Rac1 inhibition protects the kidney from hHcy-induced podocyte injury and glomerular sclerosis due to its action to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sabena M Conley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Guangbi Li
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xinxu Yuan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA,
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17
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Dysregulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Expression in the Pathologies of Hyperhomocysteinemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133140. [PMID: 31252610 PMCID: PMC6651274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) exerts a wide range of biological effects and is associated with a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, neural tube defects, and cancer. Although mechanisms of HHcy toxicity are not fully uncovered, there has been a significant progress in their understanding. The picture emerging from the studies of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and pathophysiology is a complex one, as Hcy and its metabolites affect biomolecules and processes in a tissue- and sex-specific manner. Because of their connection to one carbon metabolism and editing mechanisms in protein biosynthesis, Hcy and its metabolites impair epigenetic control of gene expression mediated by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA, which underlies the pathology of human disease. In this review we summarize the recent evidence showing that epigenetic dysregulation of gene expression, mediated by changes in DNA methylation and histone N-homocysteinylation, is a pathogenic consequence of HHcy in many human diseases. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of human disease induced by Hcy and its metabolites, and suggest therapeutic targets for the prevention and/or treatment.
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18
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Nusinovici S, Sabanayagam C, Teo BW, Tan GSW, Wong TY. Vision Impairment in CKD Patients: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, Differential Diagnoses, and Prevention. Am J Kidney Dis 2019; 73:846-857. [PMID: 30929852 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eyes and kidneys have numerous structural, developmental, physiologic, and pathogenic pathways in common, suggesting that many kidney and eye diseases may be interlinked. Studies suggest that the prevalence of eye diseases and vision impairment are higher among persons with end-stage kidney disease and earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) than in those without. Ocular morbidity in persons with CKD and end-stage kidney disease may be due to the following risk factors: (1) underlying conditions and risk factors for CKD such as diabetes or hypertension, (2) metabolic disorders associated with CKD, (3) uremia and anemia, and (4) CKD treatment. Among the chief eye diseases, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration are most consistently associated with CKD. Further research for eye diseases such as glaucoma and cataract is needed to determine their relationships with CKD. Despite the high prevalence and burden of vision impairment among persons with CKD, eye screening in patients with CKD is not currently recommended as standard practice. This review suggests that patients with CKD should be encouraged to undergo a complete eye examination. Furthermore, physicians should be aware that patients undergoing dialysis may develop acute eye problems such as acute glaucoma, and appropriate referral to ophthalmologists should be considered in those with a history of glaucoma or recent ocular surgery. Interdisciplinary collaboration between nephrologists and ophthalmologists will ensure enhanced and appropriate management of patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nusinovici
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Boon Wee Teo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gavin Siew Wei Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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19
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Capelli I, Cianciolo G, Gasperoni L, Zappulo F, Tondolo F, Cappuccilli M, La Manna G. Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Administration in CKD, Why Not? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020383. [PMID: 30781775 PMCID: PMC6413093 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) experience a huge cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular events represent the leading causes of death. Since traditional risk factors cannot fully explain such increased cardiovascular risk, interest in non-traditional risk factors, such as hyperhomocysteinemia and folic acid and vitamin B12 metabolism impairment, is growing. Although elevated homocysteine blood levels are often seen in patients with CKD and ESRD, whether hyperhomocysteinemia represents a reliable cardiovascular and mortality risk marker or a therapeutic target in this population is still unclear. In addition, folic acid and vitamin B12 could not only be mere cofactors in the homocysteine metabolism; they may have a direct action in determining tissue damage and cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this review was to highlight homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 metabolism impairment in CKD and ESRD and to summarize available evidences on hyperhomocysteinemia, folic acid and vitamin B12 as cardiovascular risk markers, therapeutic target and risk factors for CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Capelli
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cianciolo
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Gasperoni
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fulvia Zappulo
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tondolo
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Cappuccilli
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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20
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de Meer K, van den Akker JT, Smulders Y, Stam F, Stehouwer CD, Finglas P. In Vivo Stable Isotope Measurements of Methyl Metabolism: Applications in Pathophysiology and Interventions. Food Nutr Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/15648265020233s122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
With intravenous infusion of doubly-labeled [2H3C-1-13C-] methionine and stable isotope enrichments in plasma free methionine and carbon dioxide in breath air, whole body transmethylation, transsulfuration, and remethylation rates can be calculated. This technique demonstrated impaired recycling as the major disturbance to explain hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with end-stage renal failure, and can be used to optimize interventions with folate, B6, and B12 supplementation in this patient group. Intravenous infusion of [2,3,3-2H3] serine has also been applied to demonstrate the appearance of [2H2]- as well as [2H1]-methionine in plasma and protein, suggesting transfer of a one-carbon group from serine via 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate in human hepatocyte cytosol and mitochondria, respectively. In sheep, tissue free methionine enrichments after infusion of universally labeled [U-13C] methionine showed the highest remethylation activity in postmortem investigation of jejunum, liver, and kidney tissue samples, but no such activity in muscle and brain samples. Methods to quantitate one-carbon acceptor metabolism pathways and folate metabolism have recently become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees de Meer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICar-VU), Vrije Universiteit Medical Center in Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johana T. van den Akker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICar-VU), Vrije Universiteit Medical Center in Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvo Smulders
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICar-VU), Vrije Universiteit Medical Center in Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Stam
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICar-VU), Vrije Universiteit Medical Center in Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Coen D.A. Stehouwer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICar-VU), Vrije Universiteit Medical Center in Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Finglas
- Nutrition & Consumer Science Division, Institute of Food Research in Norwich, United Kingdom
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21
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Wu X, Zhang L, Miao Y, Yang J, Wang X, Wang CC, Feng J, Wang L. Homocysteine causes vascular endothelial dysfunction by disrupting endoplasmic reticulum redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2018; 20:46-59. [PMID: 30292945 PMCID: PMC6174864 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) plays a critical role in vascular pathology. However, little is known about the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) redox homeostasis in HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction. Here, we show that Hcy induces ER oxidoreductin-1α (Ero1α) expression with ER stress and inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in the arteries of HHcy mice. Hcy upregulates Ero1α expression by promoting binding of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α to the ERO1A promoter. Notably, Hcy rather than other thiol agents markedly increases the GSH/GSSG ratio in the ER, therefore allosterically activating Ero1α to produce H2O2 and trigger ER oxidative stress. By contrast, the antioxidant pathway mediated by ER glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPx7) is downregulated in HHcy mice. Ero1α knockdown and GPx7 overexpression protect the endothelium from HHcy-induced ER oxidative stress and inflammation. Our work suggests that targeting ER redox homeostasis could be used as an intervention for HHcy-related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yütong Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chih-Chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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22
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Kuang Q, Xue N, Chen J, Shen Z, Cui X, Fang Y, Ding X. Low Plasma Hydrogen Sulfide Is Associated with Impaired Renal Function and Cardiac Dysfunction. Am J Nephrol 2018; 47:361-371. [PMID: 29779029 DOI: 10.1159/000489606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been proposed to associate with decreased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) level. Nevertheless, the role of H2S in the pathogenesis of CKD has not been fully investigated. Our study aimed to investigate the plasma level of endogenous H2S in patients with different stages of CKD, and to identify the role of H2S in the progression of CKD and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases. METHODS A total of 157 non-dialysis CKD patients were recruited in our study, with 37 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals as control. Plasma concentration of H2S was measured with spectrophotometry. Sulfhemoglobin, the integration of H2S and hemoglobin, was characterized and measured by dual wavelength spectrophotometry. Serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and N-terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide were measured using automated analyzers. Conventional transthoracic echocardiography was performed and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was analyzed as a sensitive parameter of cardiac dysfunction. RESULTS The plasma H2S level (μmol/L) in CKD patients was significantly lower than those in healthy controls (7.32 ± 4.02 vs. 14.11 ± 5.24 μmol/L, p < 0.01). Plasma H2S level was positively associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; ρ = 0.577, p < 0.01) and negatively associated with plasma indoxyl sulfate concentration (ρ = -0.554, p < 0.01). The mRNA levels of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, 2 catalytic enzymes of H2S formation, were significantly lower in blood mononuclear cells of CKD patients with respect to controls; however, the mRNA level of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, as another H2S-producing enzyme, was significantly higher in CKD patients. The serum concentration of Hcy, acting as the substrate of H2S synthetase, was higher in the CKD group (p < 0.01). Specifically, the content of serum Hcy in CKD stages 3-5 patients was significantly higher than that in CKD stages 1-2, indicating an increasing trend of serum Hcy with the decline of renal function. Examination of ultrasonic cardiogram revealed a negative -correlation between plasma H2S level and LVEF (ρ = -0.204, p < 0.05) in CKD patients. The H2S level also correlated negatively with cTnT concentration (ρ = -0.249, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Plasma H2S level decreased with the decline of eGFR, which may contribute to the cardiac dysfunction in CKD -patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Kuang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China,
- Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China,
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
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Conley SM, Abais JM, Boini KM, Li PL. Inflammasome Activation in Chronic Glomerular Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:1019-1029. [PMID: 27538510 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666160817103435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intracellular multiprotein complex termed the inflammasome functions as a platform of pro-inflammatory cytokine production such as IL-1β and IL-18. Under certain conditions, however, the inflammasome produces non-canonical effects such as induction of cell death, pyroptosis and cell metabolism alterations. OBJECTIVE In mammalian cells, several types of inflammasomes were identified, but the most widely studied one is the inflammasome containing NOD-like receptor with pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3), which has recently been reported as a central pathogenic mechanism of chronic degenerative diseases. Many activators or risk factors exert their actions through the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome to produce a variety of functional changes in different cells including inflammatory, metabolic or survival responses. Several molecular signaling pathways are shown to mediate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and they are related to the modifications in K+ efflux, increased lysosome leakage and activation of cathepsin B or enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In the kidney, inflammation is believed to mediate or promote the progression of glomerular sclerotic pathologies resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). NLRP3 inflammasome activation may turn on glomerular inflammation and other cell damages, contributing to the onset of glomerular injury and ESRD. This inflammasome activation not only occurs in immune cells, but also in residential cells such as endothelial cells and podocytes in the glomeruli. SUMMARY This review briefly summarizes current evidence of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and related molecular mechanisms in renal glomeruli. The possible canonical and non-canonical effects of this inflammasome activation and its potential implication in the development of different glomerular diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabena M Conley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298. United States
| | - Justine M Abais
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298. United States
| | - Krishna M Boini
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204. United States
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298. United States
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Yeh EL, Huang YC, Tsai SF, Yu TM, Wu MJ, Chen CH. Relationship between plasma levels of homocysteine and the related B vitamins in patients with hemodialysis adequacy or inadequacy. Nutrition 2018; 53:103-108. [PMID: 29674265 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hemodialysis (HD) with dialysis adequacy could increase the excretion of B vitamins (folate, vitamin B6, and B12) and raise the plasma level of homocysteine. Here we determined the associations of plasma homocysteine with B vitamins in patients with HD adequacy or inadequacy. METHODS We recruited 68 patients who had received HD treatments (three times a week, 4 h each). Based on the individual's hemogram and quarterly urea reduction rate (Kt/V), patients were pooled into one of the following two groups: the first group with dialysis adequacy (Kt/V > 1.2, n = 48) and the second with dialysis inadequacy (Kt/V ≤ 1.2, n = 20). We also recorded the anthropometric date of each patient and their biochemical data and dietary intakes. Plasma levels of homocysteine, cysteine, folate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), and vitamin B12 were measured twice, once before and once after HD. RESULTS The plasma levels of homocysteine, cysteine, folate, PLP, and vitamin B12 dropped significantly at the end of HD. The plasma levels of vitamin B12 were negatively correlated with the plasma levels of homocysteine, both pre- and post-HD, and in both groups regardless of dialysis adequacy or inadequacy. In contrast, plasma levels of folate and PLP were not correlated with homocysteine at both pre- or post-HD in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The plasma level of vitamin B12, but not folate or vitamin B6, was negatively correlated with that of homocysteine both before and after HD treatment, and regardless of dialysis adequacy or inadequacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Ling Yeh
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Feng Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Min Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Obi Y, Mikami S, Hamano T, Obi Y, Tanaka H, Shimomura A, Rakugi H, Inoue T, Isaka Y. Intravenous Vitamin B6 Increases Resistance to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Ren Nutr 2016; 26:380-390. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Weber GJ, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC, Sen U. Homocysteine and hydrogen sulfide in epigenetic, metabolic and microbiota related renovascular hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:300-312. [PMID: 27602985 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to be an important player in a variety of physiological functions, including neuromodulation, vasodilation, oxidant regulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. H2S is synthesized primarily through metabolic processes from the amino acid cysteine and homocysteine in various organ systems including neuronal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and kidney. Derangement of cysteine and homocysteine metabolism and clearance, particularly in the renal vasculature, leads to H2S biosynthesis deregulation causing or contributing to existing high blood pressure. While a variety of environmental influences, such as diet can have an effect on H2S regulation and function, genetic factors, and more recently epigenetics, also have a vital role in H2S regulation and function, and therefore disease initiation and progression. In addition, new research into the role of gut microbiota in the development of hypertension has highlighted the need to further explore these microorganisms and how they influence the levels of H2S throughout the body and possibly exploiting microbiota for use of hypertension treatment. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the field of hypertension research emphasizing renal contribution and how H2S physiology can be exploited as a possible therapeutic strategy to ameliorate kidney dysfunction as well as to control blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Weber
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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Shim SH, Sung KC, Kim JM, Lee MY, Won YS, Kim JH, Park KH. Association between Renal Function and Open-Angle Glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:1981-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Nigwekar SU, Kang A, Zoungas S, Cass A, Gallagher MP, Kulshrestha S, Navaneethan SD, Perkovic V, Strippoli GFM, Jardine MJ. Interventions for lowering plasma homocysteine levels in dialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD004683. [PMID: 27243372 PMCID: PMC8520736 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004683.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) have high rates of cardiovascular events. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of homocysteine-lowering therapies have not shown reductions in cardiovascular event rates in the general population. However, people with kidney disease have higher levels of homocysteine and may have different mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. We performed a systematic review of the effect of homocysteine-lowering therapies in people with ESKD. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits and harms of established homocysteine lowering therapy (folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12) on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular event rates in patients with ESKD. SEARCH METHODS We searched Cochrane Kidney and Transplant's Specialised Register to 25 January 2016 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies conducted in people with ESKD that reported at least 100 patient-years of follow-up and assessed the effect of therapies that are known to have homocysteine-lowering properties were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently extracted data using a standardised form. The primary outcome was cardiovascular mortality. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, incident cardiovascular disease (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and coronary revascularisation), cerebrovascular disease (stroke and cerebrovascular revascularisation), peripheral vascular disease (lower limb amputation), venous thromboembolic disease (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism), thrombosis of dialysis access, and adverse events. The effects of homocysteine-lowering therapies on outcomes were assessed with meta-analyses using random-effects models. Prespecified subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted. MAIN RESULTS We included six studies that reported data on 2452 participants with ESKD. Interventions investigated were folic acid with or without other vitamins (vitamin B6, vitamin B12). Participants' mean age was 48 to 65 years, and proportions of male participants ranged from 50% to 98%.Homocysteine-lowering therapy probably leads to little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality (4 studies, 1186 participants: RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.22). There was no evidence of heterogeneity among the included studies (I² = 0%). Homocysteine-lowering therapy had little or no effect on all-cause mortality or any other of this review's secondary outcomes. All prespecified subgroup and sensitivity analyses demonstrated little or no difference. Reported adverse events were mild and there was no increase in the incidence of adverse events from homocysteine-lowering therapies (3 studies, 1248 participants: RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.51 to 2.47; I(2) = 0%). Overall, studies were assessed as being at low risk of bias and there was no evidence of publication bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Homocysteine-lowering therapies were not found to reduce mortality (cardiovascular and all-cause) or cardiovascular events among people with ESKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar U Nigwekar
- Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Scholars in Clinical Sciences ProgramBostonMAUSA
| | - Amy Kang
- The University of SydneySydney Medical SchoolSydneyNSWAustralia
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of SydneyRenal and Metabolic DivisionCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Sophia Zoungas
- Monash UniversityDiabetes and Vascular Research Program, Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Alan Cass
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of SydneyRenal and Metabolic DivisionCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Menzies School of Health ResearchPO Box 41096CasuarinaNTAustralia0811
| | - Martin P Gallagher
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of SydneyRenal and Metabolic DivisionCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Satyarth Kulshrestha
- University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineDepartment of Nephrology200 Hawkins Drive‐T307GHIowa CityIAUSA52242
| | | | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of SydneyRenal and Metabolic DivisionCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Giovanni FM Strippoli
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadCochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney ResearchWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
- University of BariDepartment of Emergency and Organ TransplantationBariItaly
- DiaverumMedical Scientific OfficeLundSweden
- Diaverum AcademyBariItaly
- The University of SydneySydney School of Public HealthSydneyAustralia
| | - Meg J Jardine
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of SydneyRenal and Metabolic DivisionCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Concord Repatriation General HospitalDepartment of Renal MedicineHospital RoadConcordNSWAustralia2139
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Long Y, Nie J. Homocysteine in Renal Injury. KIDNEY DISEASES 2016; 2:80-7. [PMID: 27536696 DOI: 10.1159/000444900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate of methionine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) can result from a deficiency in the enzymes or vitamin cofactors required for Hcy metabolism. Patients with renal disease tend to be hyperhomocysteinemic, particularly as renal function declines, although the underlying cause of HHcy in renal disease is not entirely understood. SUMMARY HHcy is considered a risk or pathogenic factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as the cardiovascular complications. KEY MESSAGES In this review, we summarize both clinical and experimental findings that reveal the contribution of Hcy as a pathogenic factor to the development of CKD. In addition, we discuss several important mechanisms mediating the pathogenic action of Hcy in the kidney, such as local oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China; Division of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic and Urinary Disease, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China
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High homocysteine, low vitamin B-6, and increased oxidative stress are independently associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease. Nutrition 2016; 32:236-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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House AA, Urquhart BL. Folic Acid for Stroke Prevention: Time to Revisit Vitamin Therapy in Patients With Kidney Disease? Am J Kidney Dis 2015; 66:942-4. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms of dimesna metabolism. Amino Acids 2014; 47:511-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Xia M, Conley SM, Li G, Li PL, Boini KM. Inhibition of hyperhomocysteinemia-induced inflammasome activation and glomerular sclerosis by NLRP3 gene deletion. Cell Physiol Biochem 2014; 34:829-41. [PMID: 25171193 DOI: 10.1159/000363046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys) has been reported to initiate Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome formation and activation in podocytes, leading to glomerular dysfunction and sclerosis. However, it remains unknown whether Nlrp3 gene is critical for the formation and activation of inflammasomes in glomeruli of hHcys mice. METHODS Plasma homocysteine concentration was estimated utilizing HPLC, inflammasome formation and immunofluorescence expression from confocal microscopy, IL-1β production from ELISA. RESULTS Uninephrectomized Nlrp3 knockout (Nlrp3(-/-)) and wild type (Nlrp3(+/+)) and intra renal Nlrp3 shRNA-transfected wild type mice (Nlrp3 shRNA) were fed a folate free (FF) diet or normal chow (ND) for 4 weeks to produce hHcys. The plasma Hcys levels were significantly elevated in both Nlrp3(-/-) and Nlrp3(+/+) mice fed a FF diet compared to ND fed mice. The FF diet significantly increased the colocalization of Nlrp3 with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) or caspase-1, caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production in glomeruli of Nlrp3(+/+), but not in Nlrp3(-/-) mice and local Nlrp3 shRNA transfected mice. Correspondingly, the glomerular damage index (GDI) and urinary protein excretion were significantly higher in Nlrp3(+/+) mice compared to ND fed mice. However, the hHcys-induced increase in GDI and proteinuria were significantly lower in Nlrp3(-/-) and local Nlrp3 shRNA transfected mice than in Nlrp3(+/+) mice. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that hHcys decreased expression of podocin and nephrin, but increased desmin expression in glomeruli of Nlrp3(+/+) mice compared to Nlrp3(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION Nlrp3 gene is an essential component of Nlrp3 inflammasomes and that targeting Nlrp3 may be important therapeutic strategy to prevent inflammasome activation and thereby protect podocytes and glomeruli from hHcys-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Kidney and eye diseases: common risk factors, etiological mechanisms, and pathways. Kidney Int 2013; 85:1290-302. [PMID: 24336029 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is an emerging health problem worldwide. The eye shares striking structural, developmental, and genetic pathways with the kidney, suggesting that kidney disease and ocular disease may be closely linked. A growing number of studies have found associations of chronic kidney disease with age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataract. In addition, retinal microvascular parameters have been shown to be predictive of chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease shares common vascular risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and obesity, and pathogenetic mechanisms including inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and microvascular dysfunction, with ocular diseases supporting the 'Common Soil Hypothesis.' In this review, we present major epidemiological evidence for these associations and explore underlying pathogenic mechanisms and common risk factors for kidney and ocular disease. Understanding the link between kidney and ocular disease can lead to the development of new treatment and screening strategies for both diseases.
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Gregory JF, Park Y, Lamers Y, Bandyopadhyay N, Chi YY, Lee K, Kim S, da Silva V, Hove N, Ranka S, Kahveci T, Muller KE, Stevens RD, Newgard CB, Stacpoole PW, Jones DP. Metabolomic analysis reveals extended metabolic consequences of marginal vitamin B-6 deficiency in healthy human subjects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63544. [PMID: 23776431 PMCID: PMC3679127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Marginal deficiency of vitamin B-6 is common among segments of the population worldwide. Because pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) serves as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, and neurotransmitters, as well as in aspects of one-carbon metabolism, vitamin B-6 deficiency could have many effects. Healthy men and women (age: 20-40 y; n = 23) were fed a 2-day controlled, nutritionally adequate diet followed by a 28-day low-vitamin B-6 diet (<0.5 mg/d) to induce marginal deficiency, as reflected by a decline of plasma PLP from 52.6±14.1 (mean ± SD) to 21.5±4.6 nmol/L (P<0.0001) and increased cystathionine from 131±65 to 199±56 nmol/L (P<0.001). Fasting plasma samples obtained before and after vitamin B6 restriction were analyzed by 1H-NMR with and without filtration and by targeted quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry (MS). Multilevel partial least squares-discriminant analysis and S-plots of NMR spectra showed that NMR is effective in classifying samples according to vitamin B-6 status and identified discriminating features. NMR spectral features of selected metabolites indicated that vitamin B-6 restriction significantly increased the ratios of glutamine/glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate/glutamate (P<0.001) and tended to increase concentrations of acetate, pyruvate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide (adjusted P<0.05). Tandem MS showed significantly greater plasma proline after vitamin B-6 restriction (adjusted P<0.05), but there were no effects on the profile of 14 other amino acids and 45 acylcarnitines. These findings demonstrate that marginal vitamin B-6 deficiency has widespread metabolic perturbations and illustrate the utility of metabolomics in evaluating complex effects of altered vitamin B-6 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse F Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
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Abais JM, Zhang C, Xia M, Liu Q, Gehr TWB, Boini KM, Li PL. NADPH oxidase-mediated triggering of inflammasome activation in mouse podocytes and glomeruli during hyperhomocysteinemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1537-48. [PMID: 23088210 PMCID: PMC3613176 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our previous studies have shown that NOD-like receptor protein (NALP3) inflammasome activation is importantly involved in podocyte dysfunction and glomerular sclerosis induced by hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys). The present study was designed to test whether nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-mediated redox signaling contributes to homocysteine (Hcys)-induced activation of NALP3 inflammasomes, an intracellular inflammatory machinery in podocytes in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In vitro confocal microscopy and size-exclusion chromatography revealed that upon NADPH oxidase inhibition by gp91(phox) siRNA, gp91ds-tat peptide, diphenyleneiodonium, or apocynin, aggregation of inflammasome proteins NALP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and caspase-1 was significantly attenuated in mouse podocytes. This NADPH oxidase inhibition also resulted in diminished Hcys-induced inflammasome activation, evidenced by reduced caspase-1 activity and interleukin-1β production. Similar findings were observed in vivo where gp91(phox-/-) mice and mice receiving a gp91ds-tat treatment exhibited markedly reduced inflammasome formation and activation. Further, in vivo NADPH oxidase inhibition protected the glomeruli and podocytes from hHcys-induced injury as shown by attenuated proteinuria, albuminuria, and glomerular sclerotic changes. This might be attributed to the fact that gp91(phox-/-) and gp91ds-tat-treated mice had abolished infiltration of macrophages and T-cells into the glomeruli during hHcys. INNOVATION Our study for the first time links NADPH oxidase to the formation and activation of NALP3 inflammasomes in podocytes. CONCLUSION Hcys-induced NADPH oxidase activation is importantly involved in the switching on of NALP3 inflammasomes within podocytes, which leads to the downstream recruitment of immune cells, ultimately resulting in glomerular injury and sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Abais
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Perna AF, Lanza D, Sepe I, Conzo G, Altucci L, Ingrosso D. Altered folate receptor 2 expression in uraemic patients on haemodialysis: implications for folate resistance. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1214-24. [PMID: 23439585 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate therapy reduces, but does not normalize homocysteine (Hcy) levels, frequently elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mechanisms of this folate resistance are unknown. Cellular acquisition of folate is mediated by folate receptors (FRs), whose expression is also modulated by folate status, through an Hcy-dependent regulation mechanism involving heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-E1 (hnRNP-E1). Our objective was to evaluate whether an alteration of the FR2 (the form present in nucleated blood cells) expression is present in CKD patients on haemodialysis (HD), and its susceptibility to folate treatment. METHODS A population of chronic uraemic patients on HD was enrolled, along with a control group, and studies on FR2 receptor expression and related items were performed in plasma and mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. A subgroup of patients was treated with methyltetrahydrofolate for 1 month. RESULTS In HD, there was a significant reduction in FR2 protein expression compared with controls, not correlated with Hcy concentrations, while its mRNA levels were significantly increased. After folate treatment, there was a significant mRNA decrease, in the absence of significant changes in receptor protein expression. hnRNP-E1 gene and protein expression levels increased pre-treatment, while decreased post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS In HD, FR2 expression is altered in peripheral mononuclear cells, since its levels are decreased and are not responsive to variations in Hcy concentration, while the intracellular machinery (receptor mRNA and hnRNP-E1), possibly triggering its regulation, is conserved. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of folate resistance in uraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra F Perna
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardio-thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, School of Medicine, Naples, Italy.
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Li Y, Zhang H, Jiang C, Xu M, Pang Y, Feng J, Xiang X, Kong W, Xu G, Li Y, Wang X. Hyperhomocysteinemia promotes insulin resistance by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in adipose tissue. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9583-9592. [PMID: 23417716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.431627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic inflammatory metabolic disease, the key point being insulin resistance. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Previously, we found that hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) induced insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Here, we hypothesized that HHcy induces ER stress, which in turn promotes insulin resistance. In the present study, the direct effect of Hcy on adipose ER stress was investigated by the use of primary rat adipocytes in vitro and mice with HHcy in vivo. The mechanism and the effect of G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) were also investigated. We found that phosphorylation or expression of variant ER stress markers was elevated in adipose tissue of HHcy mice. HHcy activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the downstream signal of ER stress in adipose tissue, and activated JNK participated in insulin resistance by inhibiting Akt activation. Furthermore, JNK activated c-Jun and p65, which in turn triggered the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines. Both in vivo and in vitro assays revealed that Hcy-promoted macrophage infiltration aggravated ER stress in adipose tissue. Chemical chaperones PBA and TUDCA could reverse Hcy-induced inflammation and restore insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and Akt activation. Activation of GPR120 reversed Hcy-induced JNK activation and prevented inflammation but not ER stress. Therefore, HHcy inhibited insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue by inducing ER stress, activating JNK to promote proinflammatory cytokine production and facilitating macrophage infiltration. These findings reveal a new mechanism of HHcy in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanli Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinxin Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guoheng Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10091, China and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
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Ma T, Ding G. Effects of residual renal function on left ventricle and analysis of related factors in patients with hemodialysis. Ren Fail 2012. [PMID: 23181804 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.745153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and systolic dysfunction would predict the mortality of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. The cause of LVH is usually related to the increase of total peripheral vascular resistance and overloading volume. The presence of residual diuresis enables greater control of the volume. This study evaluated the effects of residual renal function (RRF) on the left ventricle and analyzed the related factors involved in hemodialysis patients. METHODS A total of 59 hemodialysis patients were classified into two groups. The patients in the RRF (RRF+) group had a urine volume greater than 200 mL/24 h, and the patients in the non-RRF (RRF-) group had a urine volume less than 200 mL/24 h. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), blood total homocysteine (tHcy), and blood biochemical indexes were determined for the patients in both groups. Echocardiography and Doppler tests were performed to determine the cardiac indexes. RESULTS LVH and systolic dysfunction in the RRF+ group were less severe than those in the RRF- group. The concentration of tHcy and BNP in patients with RRF was decreased in comparison with those without RRF. The concentration of tHcy and BNP was positively correlated with the residual diuresis. CONCLUSIONS There were distinct ventricular geometric patterns and different functional performances between RRF+ and RRF- groups. The presence of residual diuresis had a beneficial effect on the left ventricular function in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tean Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Role of homocysteine in end-stage renal disease. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1286-94. [PMID: 22683753 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhao M, Lamers Y, Ralat MA, Coats BS, Chi YY, Muller KE, Bain JR, Shankar MN, Newgard CB, Stacpoole PW, Gregory JF. Marginal vitamin B-6 deficiency decreases plasma (n-3) and (n-6) PUFA concentrations in healthy men and women. J Nutr 2012; 142:1791-7. [PMID: 22955512 PMCID: PMC3442793 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.163246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous animal studies showed that severe vitamin B-6 deficiency altered fatty acid profiles of tissue lipids, often with an increase of linoleic acid and a decrease of arachidonic acid. However, little is known about the extent to which vitamin B-6 deficiency affects human fatty acid profiles. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of marginal vitamin B-6 deficiency on fatty acid profiles in plasma, erythrocytes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy adults fed a 28-d, low-vitamin B-6 diet. Healthy participants (n = 23) received a 2-d, controlled, vitamin B-6-adequate diet followed by a 28-d, vitamin B-6-restricted diet to induce a marginal deficiency. Plasma HDL and LDL cholesterol concentrations, FFA concentrations, and erythrocyte and PBMC membrane fatty acid compositions did not significantly change from baseline after the 28-d restriction. Plasma total arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA concentrations decreased from (mean ± SD) 548 ± 96 to 490 ± 94 μmol/L, 37 ± 13 to 32 ± 13 μmol/L, and 121 ± 28 to 109 ± 28 μmol/L [positive false discovery rate (pFDR) adjusted P < 0.05], respectively. The total (n-6):(n-3) PUFA ratio in plasma exhibited a minor increase from 15.4 ± 2.8 to 16.6 ± 3.1 (pFDR adjusted P < 0.05). These data indicate that short-term vitamin B-6 restriction decreases plasma (n-3) and (n-6) PUFA concentrations and tends to increase the plasma (n-6):(n-3) PUFA ratio. Such changes in blood lipids may be associated with the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease in vitamin B-6 insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhao
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
| | - Yvonne Lamers
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
| | - Maria A. Ralat
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
| | - Bonnie S. Coats
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine
| | | | | | - James R. Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Peter W. Stacpoole
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Jesse F. Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Jardine MJ, Kang A, Zoungas S, Navaneethan SD, Ninomiya T, Nigwekar SU, Gallagher MP, Cass A, Strippoli G, Perkovic V. The effect of folic acid based homocysteine lowering on cardiovascular events in people with kidney disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 344:e3533. [PMID: 22695899 PMCID: PMC3374481 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the effect of folic acid based homocysteine lowering on cardiovascular outcomes in people with kidney disease. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov to June 2011. STUDY SELECTION Randomised trials in people with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease or end stage kidney disease or with a functioning kidney transplant reporting at least 100 patient years of follow-up and assessing the effect of folic acid based homocysteine lowering therapy. No language restrictions were applied. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently extracted data on study setting, design, and outcomes using a standardised form. The primary endpoint was cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality, or as defined by study author). Secondary endpoints included the individual composite components, all cause mortality, access thrombosis, requirement for renal replacement therapy, and reported adverse events, including haematological and neurological events. The effect of folic acid based homocysteine lowering on outcomes was assessed with meta-analysis using random effects models. RESULTS 11 trials were identified that reported on 4389 people with chronic kidney disease, 2452 with end stage kidney disease, and 4110 with functioning kidney transplants (10,951 participants in total). Folic acid based homocysteine therapy did not prevent cardiovascular events (relative risk 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.92 to 1.03, P = 0.326) or any of the secondary outcomes. There was no evidence of heterogeneity in subgroup analyses, including those of kidney disease category, background fortification, rates of pre-existing disease, or baseline homocysteine level. The definitions of chronic kidney disease varied widely between the studies. Non-cardiovascular events could not be analysed as few studies reported these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Folic acid based homocysteine lowering does not reduce cardiovascular events in people with kidney disease. Folic acid based regimens should not be used for the prevention of cardiovascular events in people with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg J Jardine
- George Institute for Global Health, PO Box M201, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Zhang C, Boini KM, Xia M, Abais JM, Li X, Liu Q, Li PL. Activation of Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasomes turns on podocyte injury and glomerular sclerosis in hyperhomocysteinemia. Hypertension 2012; 60:154-62. [PMID: 22647887 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.189688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasome is a multiprotein complex consisting of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NALP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and caspase 1 or 5, which functions to switch on the inflammatory process. The present study hypothesized that the formation and activation of NALP3 inflammasomes turn on podocyte injury leading to glomerulosclerosis during hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys). RT-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that murine podocytes expressed 3 essential components of the NALP3 inflammasome complex, namely, NALP3, ASC, and caspase 1. Treatment of podocytes with l-homocysteine induced the formation of NALP3 inflammasome complex, an increase in caspase 1 activity, podocyte cytoskeleton rearrangement, and decreased production of vascular endothelial growth factor from podocytes, which were all blocked by silencing the ASC gene or inhibiting caspase 1 activity. In mice with hHcys induced by feeding them a folate-free diet, NALP3 inflammasome formation and activation in glomerular podocytes were detected at an early stage, as shown by confocal microscopy, size exclusion chromatography of the assembled inflammasome complex, and increased interleukin-1β production in glomeruli. Locally silencing the ASC gene in the kidney significantly reduced NALP3 inflammasome formation and interleukin 1β production in glomeruli of mice with hHcys. Pathologically, hHcys-associated albuminuria, foot process effacement of podocytes, loss of podocyte slit diaphragm molecules, and glomerulosclerosis at the late stage were significantly improved by local ASC gene silencing or by caspase 1 inhibition. In conclusion, NALP3 inflammasome formation and activation on stimulation of homocysteine are important molecular mechanisms triggering podocyte injury and ultimately resulting in glomerulosclerosis in hHcys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th St, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Mutluay R, Degertekin CK, Poyraz F, Yılmaz MI, Yücel C, Turfan M, Tavil Y, Derici Ü, Arınsoy T, Sindel S. Dialysis type may predict carotid intima media thickness and plaque presence in end-stage renal disease patients. Adv Ther 2012; 29:370-82. [PMID: 22467434 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-012-0011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaques (CP) were shown to be independent predictors of mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. In this study, the authors aimed to compare the two dialysis modalities for CIMT and CP presence (CPP). METHODS ESRD patients who had been on the same renal replacement therapy for at least 24 months were selected. CIMT, CPP, known risk factors, and laboratory parameters for atherosclerosis were determined for each patient. RESULTS A total of 77 hemodialysis (HD) patients (68% male, 47.6±17.0 years), 61 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients (51% male, 45.3±13.9 years), and 36 age- and sex-matched controls (61% male, 43.3±10.6 years) were included. The mean CIMT (m-CIMT) were 0.99±0.24, 0.86±0.22, and 0.60±0.13 mm in the HD, CAPD, and control groups, respectively (HD vs. CAPD, P=0.001; HD vs. control, P<0.001; and CAPD vs. control, P<0.001). The CPP occurred more frequently in the HD group compared to the CAPD group (64% vs. 39%, respectively, P=0.004). The backward linear and logistic regression analysis of potential confounders revealed that both m-CIMT and CPP was independently associated with dialysis type (beta=0.249, P=0.008; and odds ratio [OR]=4.11, 95% CI, 1.72 to 6.73, P=0.015, respectively). CONCLUSION The authors have shown that dialysis type may be an independent predictor of m-CIMT and CPP in long-term ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüya Mutluay
- Department of Nephrology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Lamarre SG, Molloy AM, Reinke SN, Sykes BD, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. Formate can differentiate between hyperhomocysteinemia due to impaired remethylation and impaired transsulfuration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E61-7. [PMID: 21934042 PMCID: PMC3328090 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00345.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Formate can differentiate between hyperhomocysteinemia due to impaired remethylation and impaired transsulfuration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 301: E000-E000, 2011. First published September 20, 2011; 10.1152/ajpendo.00345.2011.-We carried out a (1)H-NMR metabolomic analysis of sera from vitamin B(12)-deficient rats. In addition to the expected increases in methylmalonate and homocysteine (Hcy), we observed an approximately sevenfold increase in formate levels, from 64 μM in control rats to 402 μM in vitamin B(12)-deficient rats. Urinary formate was also elevated. This elevation of formate could be attributed to impaired one-carbon metabolism since formate is assimilated into the one-carbon pool by incorporation into 10-formyl-THF via the enzyme 10-formyl-THF synthase. Both plasma and urinary formate were also increased in folate-deficient rats. Hcy was elevated in both the vitamin B(12)- and folate-deficient rats. Although plasma Hcy was also elevated, plasma formate was unaffected in vitamin B(6)-deficient rats (impaired transsulfuration pathway). These results were in accord with a mathematical model of folate metabolism, which predicted that reduction in methionine synthase activity would cause increased formate levels, whereas reduced cystathionine β-synthase activity would not. Our data indicate that formate provides a novel window into cellular folate metabolism, that elevated formate can be a useful indicator of deranged one-carbon metabolism and can be used to discriminate between the hyperhomocysteinemia caused by defects in the remethylation and transsulfuration pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Lamarre
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Abstract
While overt vitamin B6 deficiency is not a frequent finding nowadays in medical practice, evidence suggests that insufficiency of this vitamin is rather widespread in a quite large portion of the population such as the elderly or in not unusual conditions such as that of alcohol addiction. Moreover, a mild deficiency in B6 vitamin is a state that may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic evidence from case control and prospective studies have suggested that low dietary intake or reduced blood concentrations of vitamin B6 is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, although most recent trials demonstrated the ineffectiveness of vitamin B6 supplementation on the prevention of cardiovascular events recurrence. Due to limited and somewhat inconsistent data together with the ample variety of critical functions in which vitamin B6 is involved in the human body, it is very challenging to attempt at establishing a cause and effect relationship between vitamin B6 and risk of cardiovascular disease as it is to delineate the exact mechanism(s) by which vitamin B6 may modulate such risk. In the present chapter we review the currently available knowledge deriving from both epidemiological and mechanistic studies designed to define potential candidate mechanisms for the association of vitamin B6 impairment and risk of cardiovascular disease development.
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Cacciapuoti F. Hyper-homocysteinemia: a novel risk factor or a powerful marker for cardiovascular diseases? Pathogenetic and therapeutical uncertainties. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2011; 32:82-8. [PMID: 21234645 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-011-0550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased homocysteine levels can be responsible for arterial ischemic events, such as MI, stroke or peripheral vascular disease. Homocysteine is metabolized by two pathways: re-methylation and trans-sulfuration. Both involve folic acid, and vitamins B(6-12.) Several studies assumed that the folates and vitamins B supplementation or dietary source to normalize plasma homocysteine. But, even if tends to normalize homocysteine levels, lowering homocysteine by B-group vitamins and/or folates does not reduce cardiovascular risk. In fact, recent reports confirmed that hyper-homocysteinemia is not directly responsible for cardiovascular disease, but is merely present in individuals suffering for acute and/or chronic cardiovascular events, as a collateral finding. Reduced methylation potential (MP) [due to decreased S-adenosyl-methionine (AdoMet)/S-adenosyl-homocysteine (AdoHcy) ratio] induced by the elevated plasma homocysteine levels seems to be the true responsible for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The pathogenic mechanisms responsible for CVD appear to be dependent of DNA hypomethylation inducing an inhibition of cyclin A transcription and a reduction of endothelial cells growth. But, other human studies performed in a wide range are requested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cacciapuoti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second University of Naples, Piazza L. Miraglia, Naples, Italy.
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Gheissari A, Sirous M, Hajzargarbashi T, Kelishadi R, Merrikhi A, Azhir A. Carotid intima-media thickness in children with end-stage renal disease on dialysis. Indian J Nephrol 2011; 20:29-33. [PMID: 20535268 PMCID: PMC2878408 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.62095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are common in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. There is scarce data on carotid and bulb intima-media thickness (IMT-C and IMT-B) as an early marker of atherosclerosis and related factors in children on hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Since we did not have enough information about our patients, this study was carried on all ESRD children (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) in a referral center. Data was collected from 16 ESRD children under 18 years with seven patients on PD and nine on HD. Lab tests and biochemical parameters including serum von Willebrand factor (vWF), homocystein, apo lipoprotein A, apo lipoprotein B and quantitative CRP were measured in fasting patients just before initiating dialysis. IMT-C and IMT-B were measured by gray scale ultrasound using 7.5 MHZ probe. The mean of age was 12.76±4.5 years. The mean duration of dialysis in HD and PD patients were not significantly different; 11.88±3.25 months and 10.14±2.4 months respectively. Mean of systolic blood pressure in HD group was significantly higher than PD group, 135.55±25.54 mmHg versus 121.42±12.14 mmHg, P<0.05. Significant differences among all following parameters in ESRD patients, with normal laboratory values, were clarified: cholesterol, triglycerides, apo A, apo B, quantitative CRP, VWF, homocystein and IMT-C. However, we could not demonstrate any difference between IMT-B in case and control group. After adjusting for age, partial correlation showed significant correlation between IMT-C and following factors: N-PTH and serum alkaline phosphatase. Longitudinal studies with large size samples are needed to clarify the contributing factors with intima-media thickness in ESRD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gheissari
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in podocytes mediated by activation of NADPH oxidase in hyperhomocysteinemia. Pflugers Arch 2011; 462:455-67. [PMID: 21647593 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-0981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys) induces podocytes to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the activation of NADPH oxidase (Nox). It was found that increased homocysteine (Hcys) level suppressed the expression of slit diaphragm-associated proteins, P-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), in conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes, indicating the loss of their epithelial features. Meanwhile, Hcys remarkably increased the abundance of mesenchymal markers, such as fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). These phenotype changes in podocytes induced by Hcys were accompanied by enhanced superoxide (O⁻₂) production, which was substantially suppressed by inhibition of Nox activity. Functionally, Hcys significantly enhanced the permeability of the podocyte monolayer coupled with increased EMT, and this EMT-related increase in cell permeability could be restored by Nox inhibitors. In mice lacking gp91( phox ) (gp91(-/-)), an essential Nox subunit gene, hHcys-enhanced podocyte EMT and consequent glomerular injury were examined. In wild-type (gp91(+/+)) mice, hHcys induced by a folate-free diet markedly enhanced expression of mesenchymal markers (FSP-1 and α-SMA) but decreased expression of epithelial markers of podocytes in glomeruli, which were not observed in gp91(-/-) mouse glomeruli. Podocyte injury, glomerular sclerotic pathology, and marked albuminuria observed in gp91(+/+) mice with hHcys were all significantly attenuated in gp91(-/-) mice. These results suggest that hHcys induces EMT of podocytes through activation of Nox, which represents a novel mechanism of hHcys-associated podocyte injury.
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Zhang C, Yi F, Xia M, Boini KM, Zhu Q, Laperle LA, Abais JM, Brimson CA, Li PL. NMDA receptor-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase and glomerulosclerosis in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:975-86. [PMID: 20406136 PMCID: PMC2959176 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of NMDA receptor in hyperhomocyteinemia (hHcys)-induced NADPH oxidase (Nox) activation and glomerulosclerosis. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a folate-free (FF) diet to produce hHcys, and a NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, was administrated. Rats fed the FF diet exhibited significantly increased plasma homocysteine levels, upregulated NMDA receptor expression, enhanced Nox activity and Nox-dependent O(2)(.-) production in the glomeruli, which were accompanied by remarkable glomerulosclerosis. MK-801 treatment significantly inhibited Nox-dependent O(2)(.-) production induced by hHcys and reduced glomerular damage index as compared with vehicle-treated hHcys rats. Correspondingly, glomerular deposition of extracellular matrix components in hHcys rats was ameliorated by the administration of MK-801. Additionally, hHcys induced an increase in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression and a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 activities, all of which were abolished by MK-801 treatment. In vitro studies showed that homocysteine increased Nox-dependent O(2)(.-) generation in rat mesangial cells, which was blocked by MK-801. Pretreatment with MK-801 also reversed homocysteine-induced decrease in MMP-1 activity and increase in TIMP-1 expression. These results support the view that the NMDA receptor may mediate Nox activation in the kidney during hHcys and thereby play a critical role in the development of hHcys-induced glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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