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Johansson SE, Abdolalizadeh B, Sheykhzade M, Edvinsson L, Sams A. Vascular pathology of large cerebral arteries in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: Vasoconstriction, functional CGRP depletion and maintained CGRP sensitivity. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 846:109-118. [PMID: 30653947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with increased cerebral artery sensitivity to vasoconstrictors and release of the perivascular sensory vasodilator CGRP. In the current study the constrictive phenotype and the vasodilatory effects of exogenous and endogenous perivascular CGRP were characterized in detail applying myograph technology to cerebral artery segments isolated from experimental SAH and sham-operated rats. Following experimental SAH, cerebral arteries exhibited increased vasoconstriction to endothelin-1, 5-hydroxytryptamine and U46419. In addition, depolarization-induced vasoconstriction (60 mM potassium) was significantly increased, supporting a general SAH-associated vasoconstrictive phenotype. Using exogenous CGRP, we demonstrated that sensitivity of the arteries to CGRP-induced vasodilation was unchanged after SAH. However, vasodilation in response to capsaicin (100 nM), a sensory nerve activator used to release perivascular CGRP, was significantly reduced by SAH (P = 0.0079). Because CGRP-mediated dilation is an important counterbalance to increased arterial contractility, a reduction in CGRP release after SAH would exacerbate the vasospasms that occur after SAH. A similar finding was obtained with artery culture (24 h), an in vitro model of SAH-induced vascular dysfunction. The arterial segments maintained sensitivity to exogenous CGRP but showed reduced capsaicin-induced vasodilation. To test whether a metabolically stable CGRP analogue could be used to supplement the loss of perivascular CGRP release in SAH, SAX was systemically administered in our in vivo SAH model. SAX treatment, however, induced CGRP-desensitization and did not prevent the development of vasoconstriction in cerebral arteries after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ellinor Johansson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Bahareh Abdolalizadeh
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anette Sams
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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Ishida K, Matsumoto T, Taguchi K, Kamata K, Kobayashi T. Protein kinase C delta contributes to increase in EP3 agonist-induced contraction in mesenteric arteries from type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:593-602. [PMID: 22371141 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), an important and ubiquitously present vasoactive eicosanoid, may either constrict or dilate systemic vascular beds. However, little is known about the vascular contractile responsiveness to and signaling pathways for PGE(2) at the chronic stage of type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that PGE(2)-induced arterial contraction is augmented in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats via the protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) pathway. Here, we investigated the vasoconstrictor effects of PGE(2) and of sulprostone (EP1-/EP3-receptor agonist) in rings cut from superior mesenteric arteries isolated from GK rats (37-44 weeks old). In arteries from GK rats (vs. those from age-matched Wistar rats), examined in the presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: 1) the PGE(2)- and sulprostone-induced vasocontractions (which were not blocked by the selective EP1 receptor antagonist sc19220) were enhanced, and these enhancements were suppressed by rottlerin (selective PKCδ inhibitor) but not by Gö6976 (selective PKCα/β inhibitor); 2) the sulprostone-stimulated phosphorylation of PKCδ (at Thr(505)), which yields an active form, was increased and 3) sulprostone-stimulated caldesmon phosphorylations, which are related to isometric force generation in smooth muscle, were increased. The protein expression of EP3 receptor in superior mesenteric arteries was similar between the two groups of rats. Our data suggest that the diabetes-related enhancement of EP3 receptor-mediated vasocontraction results from activation of the PKCδ pathway. Alterations in EP3 receptor-mediated vasocontraction may be important factors in the pathophysiological influences over arterial tone that are present in diabetic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ishida
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang F, Yin YH, Jia F, Jiang JY. Antagonism of R-type calcium channels significantly improves cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. J Neurotrauma 2011; 27:1723-32. [PMID: 20568961 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of R-type calcium channels on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and vasospasm pathways following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have not been well studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of R-type calcium channels in vasospasm development and treatment. Sixty-five rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham (n = 14), SAH (n = 17), SAH + nimodipine (n = 17), and SAH + SNX-482 (n = 17). A prechiasmatic SAH model was constructed on day 0. Then 5 μg of nimodipine (an L-type calcium channel antagonist) or 0.1 μg of SNX-482 (an R-type calcium channel antagonist) was infused intracisternally on days 1 and 2. On day 3, neurological status was evaluated and CBF was determined using fluorescent microspheres. The extent of myosin light chain-2 (MLC2) phosphorylation was determined by urea-glycerol polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblotting. The relative presence of R-type calcium channels and calponin was determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblotting. Numbers of R-type calcium channels increased following SAH, and neurological deficit, CBF reduction, and enhancement of MLC2 phosphorylation as well as calponin degradation were all found to be present. There were no statistically significant differences in neurological scores among the SAH, SAH + nimodipine, and SAH + SNX-482 groups. Nimodipine had no significant effect on CBF reduction compared to the SAH group (p > 0.008), whereas SNX-482 significantly inhibited CBF reduction (p < 0.008). Both MLC2 phosphorylation and calponin degradation appeared to be inhibited by SNX-482, whereas the effects of nimodipine were relatively blunted. We concluded that an R-type calcium channel antagonist may improve CBF following SAH by partially inhibiting MLC2 phosphorylation and calponin degradation, and may exceed the potential of an L-type calcium channel antagonist, which suggests a more crucial role for R-type calcium channels in the development of SAH vasospasm and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Marbacher S, Fandino J, Kitchen ND. Standard intracranialin vivoanimal models of delayed cerebral vasospasm. Br J Neurosurg 2010; 24:415-34. [DOI: 10.3109/02688691003746274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jordan JD, Nyquist P. Biomarkers and vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2010; 21:381-91. [PMID: 20380977 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage from the rupture of a saccular aneurysm is a devastating neurological disease that has a high morbidity and mortality not only from the initial hemorrhage, but also from the delayed complications, such as cerebral vasospasm. Cerebral vasospasm can lead to delayed ischemic injury 1 to 2 weeks after the initial hemorrhage. Although the pathophysiology of vasospasm has been described for decades, the molecular basis remains poorly understood. With the many advances in the past decade in the development of sensitive molecular biological techniques, imaging, biochemical purification, and protein identification, new insights are beginning to reveal the etiology of vasospasm. These findings will not only help to identify markers of vasospasm and prognostic outcome, but will also yield potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. This review focuses on the methods available for the identification of biological markers of vasospasm and their limitations, the current understanding as to the utility and prognostic significance of identified biomarkers, the utility of these biomarkers in predicting vasospasm and outcome, and future directions of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dedrick Jordan
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 8-140, Baltimore, MD 21287-7840, USA
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Kolias AG, Sen J, Belli A. Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: putative mechanisms and novel approaches. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1-11. [PMID: 18709660 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm is a potentially incapacitating or lethal complication in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The development of effective preventative and therapeutic interventions has been largely hindered by the fact that the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm remain poorly understood. However, intensive research during the last 3 decades has identified certain mechanisms that possibly play a role in its development. Experimental data suggest that calcium-dependent and -independent vasoconstriction is taking place during vasospasm. It appears that the breakdown products of blood in the subarachnoid space are involved, through direct and/or indirect pathways, in the development of vasospasm after SAH. Free radicals reactions, an imbalance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator substances (endothelium derived substances, e.g., nitric oxide, endothelin; arachidonic acid metabolites, e.g., prostaglandins, prostacyclin), inflammatory processes, an upheaval of neuronal mechanisms that regulate vascular tone, endothelial proliferation, and apoptosis have all been put forward as causative and/or pathogenic factors. Translational research in the field of vasospasm has traditionally aimed to identify agents/interventions in order to block the cascades initiated after SAH. The combination of novel approaches such as cerebral microdialysis, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, proteomics, and lipidomics could serve a dual purpose: elucidating the complex pathobiochemistry of vasospasm and providing clinicians with tools for early detection of this feared complication. The purpose of this Mini-Review is to provide an overview of the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm and of novel approaches used in basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos G Kolias
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Kreipke CW, Rafols JA. Calponin control of cerebrovascular reactivity: therapeutic implications in brain trauma. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:262-9. [PMID: 19278456 PMCID: PMC3823353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calponin (Cp) is an actin-binding protein first characterized in chicken gizzard smooth muscle (SM). This review discusses the role of Cp in mediating SM contraction, the biochemical process by which Cp facilitates SM contraction and the function of Cp in the brain. Recent work on the role of Cp in pathological states with emphasis on traumatic brain injury is also discussed. Based on past and present data, the case is presented for targeting Cp for novel genetic and pharmacological therapies aimed at improving outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Kreipke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jose A Rafols
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Abstract
The elusive nature of events that sustain cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from a ruptured aneurysm presents major challenges in designing effective therapies for this frequently devastating condition. Protracted cerebral artery constriction entails several dynamic components in intracellular signaling events initiated by endothelial factors, products of hemolysate, and numerous kinases, as well as increased intracellular Ca(2+). The rationale for potential treatment modalities and their efficacy are discussed in this brief review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nishizawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Gomis P, Tran-Dinh YR, Sercombe C, Sercombe R. Dexamethasone preventing contractile and cytoskeletal protein changes in the rabbit basilar artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2005; 102:715-20. [PMID: 15871515 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.102.4.0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The aim of this project was to study the perturbations of four smooth-muscle proteins and an extracellular protein, type I collagen, after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and to examine the possible preventive effects of dexamethasone. METHODS Using a one-hemorrhage rabbit model, the authors first examined the effects of SAH on the expression of alpha-actin, h-caldesmon, vimentin, smoothelin-B, and type I collagen; second, they studied whether post-SAH systemic administration of dexamethasone (three daily injections) corrected the induced alterations. Measurements were obtained at Day 7 post-SAH. The proteins were studied by performing immunohistochemical staining and using a laser-scanning confocal microscope. Compared with control (sham-injured) arteries, the density of the media of arteries subjected to SAH was reduced for alpha-actin (-11%, p = 0.01) and h-caldesmon (-15%, p = 0.06) but increased for vimentin (+15%, p = 0.04) and smoothelin-B (+53%, p = 0.04). Among animals in which SAH was induced, arteries in those treated with dexamethasone demonstrated higher values of density for alpha-actin (+13%, p = 0.05) and h-caldesmon (+20%, p = 0.01), lower values for vimentin (-55%, p = 0.05), and nonsignificantly different values for smoothelin-B. The density of type I collagen in the adventitia decreased significantly after SAH (-45%, p = 0.01), but dexamethasone treatment had no effect on this decrease. CONCLUSIONS The SAH-induced alterations in the density of three of four smooth-muscle proteins were prevented by dexamethasone treatment; two of these proteins--alpha-actin and h-caldesmon--are directly related to contraction. This drug may potentially be useful to prevent certain morphological and functional changes in cerebral arteries after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gomis
- Laboratoire de Recherches Cérébrovasculaires Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 646 Paris, France.
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Obara K, Nishizawa S, Koide M, Nozawa K, Mitate A, Ishikawa T, Nakayama K. Interactive role of protein kinase C-delta with rho-kinase in the development of cerebral vasospasm in a canine two-hemorrhage model. J Vasc Res 2005; 42:67-76. [PMID: 15637442 DOI: 10.1159/000083093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that protein kinase C (PKC)-delta was initially translocated from the cytosol to the membrane fraction (on day 4), followed by PKC-alpha, with the progression of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on day 7. Rho/Rho-kinase pathways have also been proposed to be involved in the vasospasm. Thus we investigated the interactive role of Rho-kinase and PKC in the development of cerebral vasospasm after SAH. METHODS The cerebral vasospasm was produced using a 'two-hemorrhage' canine model. The animals were treated with Y-27632, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, and rottlerin, a PKC-delta inhibitor, both injected into the cisterna magna. RESULTS Y-27632 inhibited the vasospasm, 20-kDa myosin light chain (MLC20) phosphorylation, and PKC-delta translocation after the second injection of autologous blood on day 4. In contrast, Y-27632 did not affect the vasospasm on day 7. Rottlerin also inhibited the vasospasm on day 4, but had no effect on MLC20 phosphorylation and RhoA translocation. The vasospasm was accompanied with the phosphorylation of caldesmon (CaD), an actin-linked regulatory protein, which was strongly attenuated by Y-27632 and rottlerin. The application of PKC-delta to skinned strips of isolated canine basilar arteries caused a contraction and an increase in CaD phosphorylation. CONCLUSION The development of cerebral vasospasm after SAH (on day 4) is caused by at least two mechanisms: one involves MLC20 phosphorylation mediated by the inhibition of MLC20 phosphatase by Rho-kinase, and the other CaD phosphorylation mediated by the activation of PKC-delta by Rho-kinase, which results in the alleviation of the inhibition by CaD of myosin Mg2+-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Obara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Chronological Changes of the Contractile Mechanism in Prolonged Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: From Protein Kinase C to Protein Tyrosine Kinase. Neurosurgery 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200212000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Koide M, Nishizawa S, Ohta S, Yokoyama T, Namba H. Chronological Changes of the Contractile Mechanism in Prolonged Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: From Protein Kinase C to Protein Tyrosine Kinase. Neurosurgery 2002. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000309124.29656.ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Koide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nishizawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Macomson SD, Brophy CM, Miller W, Harris VA, Shaver EG. Heat shock protein expression in cerebral vessels after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2002; 51:204-10; discussion 210-1. [PMID: 12182419 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200207000-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remain controversial. Recent data have implicated two small heat shock proteins (HSPs), namely HSP20 and HSP27, in the regulation of vascular tone. Increases in the phosphorylation of HSP20 are associated with vasorelaxation, and increases in the phosphorylation of HSP27 are associated with impaired vasorelaxation. Therefore, we hypothesized that alterations in the expression and/or phosphorylation of these two small HSPs might play a role in cerebral vasospasm after SAH. METHODS A rat model of endovascular perforation was used to induce SAH. Middle cerebral arteries were harvested from control animals, sham-treated animals, and animals with SAH, 48 hours after SAH induction. Dose-response curves for endothelium-independent (sodium nitroprusside, 10(-8) to 10(-4) mol/L) and endothelium-dependent (bradykinin, 10(-10) to 10(-5) mol/L) relaxing agents were recorded ex vivo. Physiological responses were correlated with the expression and phosphorylation of HSP20 and HSP27 by using one- and two-dimensional immunoblots. RESULTS There was impaired endothelium-independent and endothelium-dependent relaxation in cerebral vessels after SAH. These changes were associated with decreased expression of both total and phosphorylated HSP20 and increases in the amount of phosphorylated HSP27. CONCLUSION In this model, impaired relaxation of cerebral vessels after SAH was associated with increases in the amount of phosphorylated HSP27 and decreases in the expression and phosphorylation of HSP20. These data are consistent with alterations in the expression and phosphorylation of these small HSPs in other models of vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Macomson
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA
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Macdonald RL, Zhang ZD, Ono S, Komuro T. Up-regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Receptor in Cerebral Arteries after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Monkeys. Neurosurgery 2002. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200205000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Macdonald RL, Zhang ZD, Ono S, Komuro T. Up-regulation of parathyroid hormone receptor in cerebral arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage in monkeys. Neurosurgery 2002; 50:1083-91; discussion 1091-3. [PMID: 11950412 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200205000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2001] [Accepted: 12/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid array analysis was used to determine whether vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with changes in gene expression. METHODS Right SAHs were created in three monkeys, and the right and left middle cerebral arteries were collected 3, 7, or 14 days after SAH. Vasospasm was assessed by angiography performed on Day 0 and at tissue harvest. A complementary deoxyribonucleic acid array containing 5184 genes was used to screen for changes in gene expression by comparing the right and left middle cerebral arteries. RESULTS There was significant expression (greater than fivefold expression of messenger ribonucleic acid compared with internal standard control) of 537 genes (10%) in the middle cerebral arteries. One hundred sixty-four genes (31%) did not change significantly, and 373 (69%) were differentially expressed at 3, 7, or 14 days after SAH. These 373 genes changed from 1.2- to 7-fold as compared with control arteries. The most common pattern was a progressive increase with increased time after SAH. The functions of differentially expressed genes included the regulation of gene expression, cell proliferation, inflammation, membrane proteins and receptors, kinases, and phosphatases. There was a marked increase in parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone receptor with time after SAH. Immunoblotting demonstrated a significant increase in parathyroid hormone receptor protein. CONCLUSION The up-regulation of these proteins involved in vascular relaxation suggests that they may play a role in vasospasm. The progressive increase in messenger ribonucleic acids involved in the functions noted suggests that the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm involves cell proliferation, inflammation, and possibly smooth muscle phenotype change.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loch Macdonald
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine and University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Abstract
ObjectAlthough the agents responsible for production of vasospasm have not yet been clearly identified, the author reviews the molecular mechanisms involved in development of vasospasm mainly based on the experimental data in a canine two-hemorrhage model.MethodsThe blood products after subarachnoid hemorrhage most likely stimulate many cell membrane receptors, such as G protein–coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, to activate the tyrosine kinase pathway of the vascular smooth muscle cells. The activation of the tyrosine kinase pathway is associated with continuous elevation of intracellular Ca++levels and activation of μ-calpain; the former may result mainly not from Ca++release but from Ca++influx from outside the cells. The increased intracellular Ca++concentrations stimulate Ca++/calmodulin (CaM)–dependent myosin light chain kinase to phosphorylate myosin light chain continuously during vasospasm. A topical application of genistein, ethylene-glycol-bis(β-aminoethylether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid, or various L-type Ca++channel blockers likely induces reversal of vasospasm as a result of a decrease in intracellular Ca++levels. The blood products also activate the rho/rho-associated kinase pathway during vasospasm most likely via G protein–coupled receptors, and the activated rho-associated kinase inhibits myosin phosphatase through phosphorylation at its myosin-binding subunit to induce Ca++-independent development of vasospasm. The enhanced generation of arachidonic acid during vasospasm may also contribute to inhibition of myosin phosphatase, at least in part, through the rho/rho-associated kinase pathway. The activity of myosin phosphatase in vasospam can also be inhibited by activated protein kinase C independently of the rho/rho-associated kinase pathway, but the inhibition may play a minor and transient role in contractile regulation. The protein levels of thin filament–associated proteins, calponin and caldesmon, are progressively decreased in vasospasm, whereas their phosphorylation levels are increased. Both changes probably contribute to the enhancement of smooth muscle contractility. Contractile and cytoskeletal proteins appear to be degraded in vasospasm by proteolysis with activated μ-calpain, suggesting that the intracellular devices responsible for smooth-muscle contraction are severely degraded in vasospasm.ConclusionsIt remains to be determined the extent to which Ca++-dependent and -independent contractile regulations, proteolysis and phosphorylation of thin filament–associated proteins, and degradation of contractile and cytoskeletal proteins are involved in the development of vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Tani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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Macdonald RL. Pathophysiology and molecular genetics of vasospasm. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2002; 77:7-11. [PMID: 11563312 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6232-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Macdonald
- Section of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Wickman G, Nessim MA, Cook DA, Vollrath B. The polycationic aminoglycosides modulate the vasoconstrictive effects of endothelin: relevance to cerebral vasospasm. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:5-12. [PMID: 11325788 PMCID: PMC1572750 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The vasoactive peptide endothelin (ET) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage. In these studies we investigated the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in sustained vasoconstriction induced by ET-1 in canine cerebral arteries. We also examined the ability of the aminoglycoside antibiotics to reverse the effects mediated by ET-1 in canine cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells (CVSMC). 2. The ET(A) receptor antagonist, BQ-123, showed a competitive inhibition of the ET-1 responses. 3. The vasoconstrictor action of both ET-1 (0.5 nM) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (160 nM) was reversed by a selective PKC inhibitor, Ro-32-0432. 4. In cerebral arteries precontracted with ET-1 the aminoglycosides caused a concentration-dependent relaxation. The EC(50s) for the relaxation were as follows: 0.54+/-0.05, 0.63+/-0.01, 1.88+/-0.46 and 2.3+/-0.92 mM for gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin and kanamycin, respectively. 5. Gentamicin caused a concentration-dependent decrease of the PMA-induced responses in calcium free medium. 6. PKC activity was elevated in CVSMC exposed to ET-1 (170%) and PMA (167%) for a period of time (60 min) corresponding to maximum tonic contraction induced by these agents in arterial rings. 7. The administration of the aminoglycosides to CVSMC, in concentrations corresponding to the EC(50s) from contractility studies, reduced the effects of both ET-1 and PMA on PKC activity to the levels not different from controls. 8. These results show that the aminoglycosides are able to inhibit sustained vasoconstriction induced by ET-1, an effect which is due, at least in part, to the inhibition of PKC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Arteries/cytology
- Cerebral Arteries/drug effects
- Cerebral Arteries/enzymology
- Cerebral Arteries/metabolism
- Dogs
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Female
- Gentamicins/pharmacology
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Isometric Contraction/drug effects
- Kanamycin/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Neomycin/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Polyamines/pharmacology
- Polyelectrolytes
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Streptomycin/pharmacology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/enzymology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Mourad A Nessim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - David A Cook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Bozena Vollrath
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada, T6G 2H7
- Author for correspondence:
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Miyagi Y, Carpenter RC, Meguro T, Parent AD, Zhang JH. Upregulation of rho A and rho kinase messenger RNAs in the basilar artery of a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2000; 93:471-6. [PMID: 10969946 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.93.3.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Rho A, a small guanosine triphosphate-binding protein, and rho kinases have been suggested to play an important role in the agonist-induced myofilament Ca++ sensitization and cytoskeletal organization of smooth-muscle cells. To discover their possible roles in the prolonged contraction seen in cerebral vasospasm, the authors investigated the messenger (m)RNA expressions of rho A and rho-associated kinases alpha and beta in the basilar artery (BA) of a rat double cisternal blood-injection model. METHODS An experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was achieved in rats by twice injecting autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna of each animal. The mRNAs for rho A and rho-associated kinases alpha and beta of the rat BA were analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cisternal blood injection induced a marked corrugation of elastic lamina and contraction of smooth-muscle cells observed with the aid of light and transmission electron microscopy in the rat BA on Days 3, 5, and 7. Results of the RT-PCR revealed that mRNAs for rho A and rho kinases alpha and beta were expressed in the rat BA and that they were significantly upregulated and reached their peaks on Day 5. CONCLUSIONS The mRNA upregulation of these proteins indicates that activation of rho A/rho kinase-related signal transduction pathways is involved in the development of long-lasting contraction of cerebral arteries after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
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Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced vasospasm are under intense investigation but remain incompletely understood. A consequence of SAH-induced vasospasm, cerebral infarction, produces a nonrecoverable ischemic tissue core surrounded by a potentially amenable penumbra. However, successful treatment has been inconsistent. In this review, we summarize the basic molecular biology of cerebrovascular regulation, describe recent developments in molecular biology to elucidate the mechanisms of SAH-induced vasospasm, and discuss the potential contribution of cerebral microcirculation regulation to the control of ischemia. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of SAH-induced vasospasm remains a major scientific challenge; however, molecular biological techniques are beginning to uncover the intracellular mechanisms involved in vascular regulation and its failure. Recent findings of microvascular regulatory mechanisms and their failure after SAH suggest a role in the development and size of the ischemia. Progress is being made in identifying the various components in the blood that cause SAH-induced vasospasm. Thus, our evolving understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism may provide the basis for improved treatment after SAH-induced vasospasm, especially at the level of the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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21
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Kim I, Leinweber BD, Morgalla M, Butler WE, Seto M, Sasaki Y, Peterson JW, Morgan KG. Thin and thick filament regulation of contractility in experimental cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 2000; 46:440-6; discussion 446-7. [PMID: 10690734 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200002000-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral vasospasm is a potentially fatal consequence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and influences the prognosis of the patient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filament regulation of smooth muscle contraction in the double-subarachnoid hemorrhage canine model of cerebral vasospasm and to determine the effects of a kinase inhibitor reported to be effective in vasospasm, HA1077, on thin and thick filament regulation. METHODS Cerebral vasospasm was assessed by vertebral angiography. Myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation was measured using glycerol-urea gels, whereas protein levels of the thin filament-associated protein calponin were measured by Western blot. RESULTS The basilar arteries of dogs in which subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced narrowed to 36% +/- 2.0% of their size on the first day (n = 12). The phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain tended to increase, but the change did not reach statistical significance (35% +/- 5.9% [n = 12] versus 25% +/- 4.8% [n = 10] in control arteries). In contrast to this increase, significant degradation of calponin was observed in the samples from vasospastic dogs (85.4% +/- 5.45% [n = 5] versus 15.2% +/- 6.21% [n = 5]; P < 0.01). Prophylactic treatment with intravenous injections of HA1077 at 0.67 mg/kg b.i.d. significantly inhibited vasospasm (diameters, 65% +/- 10.2% of Day 1 diameters [n = 5]; P < 0.05), and calponin degradation (57.8% +/- 13.9% [n = 4]) was substantially reduced. CONCLUSION These data suggest that degradation of the thin filament-associated protein calponin plays a role in cerebral vasospasm and that the antivasospastic action of HA1077 is, at least in part, due to prevention of calponin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kim
- Signal Transduction Group, Boston Biomedical Research Institute Massachusetts 02114-2500, USA
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