Acute cerebral infarction caused by aortic dissection: caution in the thrombolytic era

Acute ischemic Stroke combined with Stanford type A aortic dissection: A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a high mortality disease that can lead to acute ischemic strokes (AIS). Some of the patients with AAD combined with AIS initially present with neurological symptoms, which can easily lead to missed or delayed AAD diagnosis. This is attributed to the lack of physician awareness or the urgency of patient thrombolysis. Intravenous administration of thrombolytic therapy (IVT) for AAD is associated with poor prognostic outcomes. We report a patient with AIS combined with AAD who developed a massive cerebral infarction after receiving IVT for a missed AAD diagnosis.

CASE SUMMARY

A 49-year-old man was admitted to a local hospital with an acute onset of left-sided limb weakness accompanied by slurred speech. The patient had a history of hypertension that was not regularly treated with medication. Physical examination revealed incomplete mixed aphasia and left limb hemiparesis. Cranial computed tomography (CT) scan showed bilateral basal ganglia and lateral ventricular paraventricular infarct lesions. The patient was diagnosed with AIS and was administered with IVT. After IVT, patient’s muscle strength and consciousness deteriorated. From the local hospital, he was referred to our hospital for further treatment. Emergency head and neck CT angiography (CTA) scans were performed. Results showed multiple cerebral infarctions, and aortic dissection in the ascending aorta, innominate artery, as well as in the right common carotid artery. Then, the CTA of thoracoabdominal aorta was performed, which revealed a Stanford type A aortic dissection and aortic dissection extending from the aortic root to the left external iliac artery. Laceration was located in the lesser curvature of the aortic arch. AAD complicated with AIS was considered, and the patient was immediately subjected to cardiovascular surgery for treatment. The next day, the patient underwent aortic arch and ascending aortic replacement and aortic valvuloplasty.

CONCLUSION

Clinical manifestations for AAD combined with AIS are diverse. Some patients may not exhibit typical chest or back pains. Therefore, patients should be carefully evaluated to exclude AAD before administering IVT in order to avoid adverse consequences.

Spinal Cord Ischemia Secondary to Aortic Dissection: Case Report with Literature Review for Different Clinical Presentations, Risk Factors, Radiological Findings, Therapeutic Modalities, and Outcome

Aortic dissection (AD) is a serious condition that causes transient or permanent neurological problems that include spinal cord ischemia (SCI), which occurs when AD extends into the descending aorta resulting in insufficient perfusion of segmental arteries that supplies the spinal cord. We report a 64-year-old male, presented with severe back pain, asymmetrical paresthesia, and weakness of both limbs, more in the left lower limb with loss of pinprick, temperature, and fine touch sensation on the lower left lower limb below the level of T5 with preserved proprioception and vibration and urine hesitancy. Computed tomography showed AD, Stanford type A, and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed hyperintense owl's eye sign at T5. The patient was diagnosed as anterior spinal artery syndrome secondary to an AD and referred for aortic surgical repair with good functional outcome. In our review to cases of SCI due to AD, it was more common in males above 55 years, pain only found in 47.8% of patients, with anterior cord syndrome on top of the clinical presentations, and hypertension is the most common risk factor. MRI spine showed thoracic location predominance. Surgical or endovascular repair especially for type A and complicated type B should be considered to avoid complications, and cerebrospinal fluid drainage is a very useful tool in reversing SCI specially if done early with favorable outcome. Only the old age is associated with increased risk of mortality. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for better outcome.

Neurologic complications of diseases of the aorta

Neurologic complications of diseases of the aorta are common, as the brain and spinal cord function is highly dependent on the aorta and its branches for blood supply. Any disease impacting the aorta may have significant impact on the ability to deliver oxygenated blood to the central nervous system, resulting in ischemia-and if prolonged-cerebral and spinal infarct. The breadth of pathology affecting the aorta is diverse and neurologic complications can vary dramatically based on the location, severity, and underlying etiology. This chapter outlines the major pathology of the aorta while highlighting the associated neurologic complications. This chapter covers the entire spectrum of neurologic complications associated with aortic disease by beginning with a detailed overview of the spinal cord vascular anatomy followed by a discussion of the most common aortic pathologies affecting the nervous system, including aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, aortic atherosclerosis, inflammatory and infectious aortopathies, congenital abnormalities, and aortic surgery.

Full-Dose Thrombolysis for a Right Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke after an Acute Aortic Dissection

Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV r-tpa) is the standard of care for patients suffering from neurological deficits due to an acute ischemic stroke within 4.5 hours in the absence of intracranial hemorrhage. We report a case of a patient with an acute right middle cerebral artery stroke due to an acute aortic dissection (Stanford Type A) who was treated with full dose IV r-tpa resulting in a good outcome.

Painless Aortic Dissection

Painless aortic dissection (PAoD) has been previously linked to poor outcomes. We recently encountered a case of a patient with PAoD presenting with dyspnea; the clue to diagnosis was the presence of a loud aortic diastolic murmur. A systematic review of the literature revealed 86 other cases, 62% of which occurred in men with a mean age of 65 years. Left-sided neurologic deficits were the most common presentation, followed by dyspnea and bilateral lower extremity deficits. Pulse asymmetry was found in 53% of patients, as 29% had right-left asymmetry and 24% had upper-lower asymmetry. Cumulatively, 88% of the cases were type A dissection and 51% of the patients died. Erroneous application of fibrinolysis and anticoagulation occurred in multiple instances. PAoD is rare but potentially fatal; a high index of suspicion and a thorough cardiovascular examination are needed to establish the diagnosis before applying possible harmful interventions such as fibrinolysis, vasodilation or anticoagulation.

A patient with acute aortic dissection presenting with bilateral stroke - A rare experience

Acute aortic dissection is a rare, life-threatening condition requiring early recognition and proper treatment. Although chest pain remains the most frequent initial symptom, clinical manifestation of aortic dissection varies. Rarely aortic dissection starts with neurological symptoms such as ischemic stroke, which is usually right-sided. A danger of performing thrombolytic therapy in these patients exists if aortic dissection is overlooked. Herein, we present a case of a patient with acute aortic dissection without typical chest pain whose initial manifestation was bilateral stroke. The uncommon presentation which masked the underlying condition delayed implementation of appropriate management. Moreover, the late admission to hospital prevented the patient from administration of recombined tissue plasminogen activator that would certainly decrease chances of survival. Presented case highlights the need for thorough physical examination at admission to hospital in all patients with acute stroke and points out the necessity of proper clinical work-up including adequate aorta imaging modalities of patients with acute stroke and suggestive findings of aortic dissection.

Impact of Elevated D-Dimer on Diagnosis of Acute Aortic Dissection With Isolated Neurological Symptoms in Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND

Plasma D-dimer is known to be a useful clinical marker of thrombogenic status, and D-dimer is used as a diagnostic marker for acute aortic dissection (AAD). Little is known, however, regarding the clinical value of D-dimer for diagnosis of asymptomatic AAD in patients with ischemic stroke. We investigated whether D-dimer could be used for early diagnosis of AAD with isolated neurological symptoms in ischemic stroke patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We evaluated a total of 1,236 consecutive patients with symptomatic ischemic stroke without chest or back pain who underwent either head computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. D-dimer was measured within 24 h after onset. There were 9 patients with Stanford type A AAD and they had significantly higher D-dimer than the patients without AAD (mean, 46.47±54.48 μg/ml; range, 6.9-167.1 μg/ml vs. 2.33±3.58 μg/ml, 0.3-57.9 μg/ml, P<0.001). When a cut-off of 6.9 μg/ml was adopted for d-dimer on the basis of receiver operating characteristics analysis, the sensitivity and specificity for AAD were 100% and 94.8%, respectively, while the positive and negative predictive values were 14.7% and 100%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

D-dimer might be a useful marker for the early diagnosis of AAD with isolated neurological symptoms in ischemic stroke patients. Whole-body contrast-enhanced computed tomography should be performed in ischemic stroke patients who have high D-dimer.

Hemothorax after the intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator in a patient with acute ischemic stroke and rib fractures

A 79-year-old man experienced sudden-onset left hemiparesis and disturbance of consciousness. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed an acute ischemic stroke in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery. He underwent systemic thrombolysis via the intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Chest radiography and computed tomography performed the following day showed severe hemothorax with atelectasis of the left lung and multiple rib fractures; the initial chest radiogram had revealed rib fractures but we did not recognize them at the time. Conservative treatment with the placement of chest tubes was successful, and the patient recovered without further deterioration. Although systemic thrombolysis with t-PA is an accepted treatment for acute cerebral ischemic stroke, posttreatment intracranial hemorrhage has a negative effect on prognosis. Extracranial bleeding is a rare complication, and our search of the literature found no reports of hemothorax after treatment with t-PA in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke. We have reported a rare case of severe hemothorax after systemic thrombolysis with t-PA. This important complication indicates the need to rule out thoracic trauma with radiography and computed tomography of the chest.

Neurologic complications of aortic diseases and aortic surgery

Aortic disease processes have a wide range of clinical manifestations. The inflammatory disease process of Takayasu's arteritis differs dramatically from the visceral ischemia of aortic dissection. The catastrophic event of aortic rupture tends to overshadow life-altering events such as stroke and paraplegia. However, these neurologic manifestations of aortic diseases have dramatic effects that extend beyond the individual patient to include both social and financial ramifications. This chapter focuses on the major aortic disease processes and how they can initiate, both directly and indirectly, adverse neurologic events. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of aortic surgery, how interventions on the aorta can cause neurologic complications, and techniques to avoid these feared adverse neurologic outcomes.

Guidelines for the intravenous application of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase), the second edition, October 2012: a guideline from the Japan Stroke Society

In Japan, intravenous alteplase, a recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA), was approved for an indication of ischemic stroke in 2005 on the basis of the results of a clinical trial with a unique dose of the drug (0.6 mg/kg). The Japan Stroke Society published the guidelines for intravenous application of rt-PA and organized training sessions for proper use all over Japan in an effort to promote the safe, widespread use of intravenous alteplase. Seven years following its approval, clinical experience with intravenous alteplase has accumulated, additional evidence of intravenous alteplase has been found in Japan and overseas, and the medical environment has substantially changed, including approvals for new drugs and medical devices. Notably, the use of alteplase in the extended therapeutic time window (within 4.5 hours of symptom onset) became covered by insurance in Japan in August 2012. To address these changing situations, we have decided to prepare the revised guidelines. In preparing the second edition, we took care to make its contents more practical by emphasizing information needed in clinical practice. While the first edition was developed with emphasis on safety in light of limited clinical experience with intravenous alteplase in Japan in 2005, this second edition is a substantial revision of the first edition mainly in terms of eligibility criteria, on the basis of accumulated evidence and the clinical experience.

[72-year-old man with syncope and left hemiparesis]

A 72-year-old man was admitted with left hemiparesis after a painless syncope with suspected ischemic stroke. So far he was a healthy man without any cardiovascular risk factors. A computed tomography scan of the head did not show any abnormal findings. In the clinical evaluation we revealed pulse deficits in the left-sided extremities and the blood pressure of the left arm was not measurable. The final diagnosis was an acute aortic dissection, beginning in the proximal portion of the ascending aorta, leading to the iliacal arteries. The patient was transferred and surgery was performed immediately with success. Painless acute aortic dissection presenting only with neurologic symptoms made the correct diagnosis extremely difficult. Correct diagnosis, however, is essential, otherwise thrombolytic therapy - indicated for acute-stage cerebral infarction - would have been performed, probably with a fatal outcome.

Hyper-acute stroke patients associated with aortic dissection

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Intravenous thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can improve patient outcomes in acute stroke if administered within 3 hours of onset. However, patients with aortic dissection should avoid tPA therapy due to the possibility of tPA administration inducing rupture of the aortic dissection. We studied the frequency and clinical characteristics of stroke patients presenting with aortic dissection within 3 hours of onset.

METHODS

Among stroke patients admitted to our hospital within 3 hours of onset, we examined the frequency of patients presenting with aortic dissection. Next, we examined the clinical characteristics of such patients, including cases published on PubMed.

RESULTS

Among 208 stroke patients presenting within 3 hours of onset, 2 patients (1%) displayed aortic dissection. Carotid duplex ultrasonography could exclude them from tPA therapy. For 19 patients, including 17 published cases from PubMed, median age was 61.0 years, 47% were women, right pulse weakness was seen in 70%, chest pain in 22%, and lone left hemiparesis in 72%. In 6 patients, carotid ultrasonography showed arterial dissection due to aortic dissection.

CONCLUSION

Aortic dissection may not be a rare complication in acute stroke within 3 hours of onset. Right pulse weakness and left hemiparesis are often present. Carotid ultrasonography may be useful in diagnosing aortic dissection before tPA infusion.

Risk factors for diagnostic delay in acute aortic dissection

In acute aortic dissection (AAD), timely diagnosis is challenging. However, dedicated studies of the entity and determinants of delay are currently lacking. We surveyed pre-/in-hospital time to diagnosis and explored risk factors for diagnostic delay. We analyzed the dedicated database of a metropolitan AAD network (161 patients diagnosed since 1996; 115 Stanford type A) in terms of hospital arrival times (from pain to presentation at any hospital) and in-hospital diagnostic times (presentation to final diagnosis). Median (interquartile range) in-hospital diagnostic times were approximately twofold greater than hospital arrival times (177 minutes, 644, vs 75 minutes, 124, p = 0.0001, Wilcoxon test). Median annual in-hospital diagnostic times were most often approximately 3 hours (spread was wide, but decreased after 2001; rho = -0.94, p = 0.005). Risk factors (univariate analysis) for in-hospital diagnostic time >75th percentile (12 hours) included pleural effusion (odds ratio 3.96, 95% confidence interval 1.80 to 8.69), dyspneic presentation (odds ratio 3.33, 95% confidence interval 1.93 to 8.59), and age <70 years (odds ratio 2.34, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 5.36). Systolic arterial pressure < or =105 mm Hg decreased the likelihood of lengthy diagnosis (odds ratio 0.08, 95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.59). In patients (n = 82) with routine values (since 2000), troponin positivity (odds ratio 3.63, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 11.84) and an acute coronary syndrome-like electrocardiogram (odds ratio 2.88, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 8.17) were also risk factors. In conclusion, in a metropolitan setting, most of the diagnostic delay may occur in hospital. At presentation, pleural effusion, troponin positivity, acute coronary syndrome-like electrocardiogram, and dyspnea are possible "clinical confounders" associated with particularly long in-hospital diagnostic times.

Painless acute aortic dissection with a left hemiparesis: a case report

We report a patient with completely painless acute aortic dissection who presented with transient left hemiparesis. A 59-year-old male presented to our Emergency Department with left-sided weakness of sudden onset. We therefore suspected cerebrovascular accident. A computed tomography scan of the head did not show any abnormal findings; however, the patient's neurologic symptoms disappeared suddenly, and he recovered fully. We therefore considered the diagnosis of transient ischemic attack. However, immediately thereafter, the patient's neurologic symptoms returned. The cycle of symptom appearance and recovery recurred 3 times over a period of a few minutes. The final diagnosis was acute aortic dissection (DeBakey type II Stanford type A). Completely painless acute aortic dissection who presented with only neurologic symptoms, which made the diagnosis of acute aortic dissection extremely difficult.

Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis in a patient with acute ischemic stroke secondary to aortic dissection

Background

Acute ischemic stroke secondary to aortic dissection (AoD) is challenging in the era of thrombolysis owing to the diagnostic difficulty within a narrow time window and the high risk of complications.

Case Report

A 64-year-old woman with middle cerebral artery occlusion syndrome admitted to the emergency room within intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) time window. Her neurological symptoms improved during thrombolysis, but chest and abdominal pain developed. Repeated history-taking, physical examination, and imaging studies led to the timely diagnosis and surgical treatment of AoD, which produced a successful outcome.

Conclusions

Clinical suspicion is invaluable for the diagnosis of this rare cause of stroke. Considering the stroke mechanism and complications, the risks of thrombolysis might outweigh its benefits.

Ischemic stroke, aortic dissection, and thrombolytic therapy--the importance of basic clinical skills

Aortic dissection masquerading as ischemic stroke is particularly challenging in the era of thrombolysis as a result of narrow diagnostic time window and severe hemorrhagic potential. We describe a case of a 77-year-old patient with a presumed ischemic cerebral infarct, in whom planned treatment with tissue plasminogen activator therapy (TPA) was withheld because of partial spontaneous improvement in his condition. Shortly afterwards, newly elicited clues in the medical history and physical examination led to timely diagnosis and treatment of ascending thoracic aorta dissection, which was the underlying disorder. Analysis of the features of this case and similar previously published cases illustrates the importance of using and mastering basic diagnostic skills.

Acute Aortic Dissection Presenting as a Neurologic Disorder

We present 3 patients who had dissections of the aorta that resulted in neurologic disorders. One patient had an altered mental state and developed cardiopulmonary arrest. Two patients had acute hemimotor findings. In 1 of these 2 cases, progression to cardiopulmonary arrest occurred. We discuss the possibility of neurologic disorder, especially acute ischemic stroke, caused by aortic dissection with reviewed reports, and emphasize that thrombolytic therapy may not be easily indicated for acute-stage stroke. We also mention the usefulness of noninvasive techniques, such as chest X-ray, transesophageal echocardiography, color coded Doppler echocardiography, and carotid ultrasound, for accurate diagnosis of the aortic dissection with neurologic deficit.

Thrombolysis in young adults

Obstacles to thrombolytic treatment could be unique in young stroke patients and identifying and addressing them would potentially enhance outcomes. However, it has not been well studied how age affects the time to presentation, diagnosis or treatment of acute strokes. Although studies suggest that younger patients may be more aware of stroke symptoms and signs than older ones, they may be less likely to use emergency medical services. Importantly, for strokes of similar severity, younger patients have more favorable outcomes with thrombolysis than older patients. On the other hand, young patients who experience extensive middle cerebral artery strokes are more likely to develop fatal brain edema than older patients. Current data support the use of thrombolytics for all ischemic stroke etiologies, including entities such as cervical artery dissection that are more common in young patients.

An unusual presentation of ascending aortic arch dissection

The following case report is that of a young man who collapsed on a golf course during a heat advisory. The prehospital presentation suggested that the patient was suffering from heat exhaustion. In the Emergency Department, the patient's condition continued to deteriorate despite aggressive rehydration and cooling efforts. Aggressive evaluation and treatment of the patient led to the diagnosis of an acute painless dissection of the ascending aorta.